Clinical Progress of Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.

The discovery of effective breast cancer therapy is both urgent and daunting, beset by a myriad of challenges that range from the disease's inherent heterogeneity to its complex molecular underpinnings. Drug resistance, the intricacies of the tumor microenvironment, and patient-specific variables further complicate this landscape. The stakes are even higher when dealing with subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer, which eludes targeted hormonal therapies due to its lack of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Strategies to overcome such challenges include combinations of drugs and identifying new drug targets. Developing new drugs based on such targets could be a better solution than relying on costly immunotherapy or combinational therapies. In this review, we have endeavored to comprehensively examine the proven therapeutic drug targets associated with breast cancer and elucidate their respective molecular mechanisms and current clinical status. This study aims to facilitate researchers in conducting a comparative analysis of different targets to select single and multi- targeted drug discovery approaches for breast cancer.

Revolutionizing Skin Cancer Treatment: The Rise of PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 as Key Therapeutic Targets.

Skin cancer is a significant health concern, affecting millions of individuals globally on an annual basis. According to data from the World Health Organization, it stands as the most prevalent form of cancer within the white population. Current treatments for skin cancer typically involve a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. However, these methods often come with drawbacks, such as side effects and potential scarring. Therefore, there is a growing need for alternative treatments that can offer effective results with fewer adverse effects, driving ongoing research in skin cancer therapy. The advancement of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been facilitated by a more profound comprehension of the interplay between tumors and the immune system, along with the regulatory mechanisms governing T-cells. As cancer treatment continues to evolve, immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful strategy, leading to a growing interest in the role of immunological checkpoints in skin cancer. Various types of immune checkpoints and their expression, including PD-1, PDL-1, CTLA-4, lymphocyte activation gene 3, and B7-H3, along with their blockers and monoclonal antibodies, have been established for various cancers. PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 are crucial immune system regulators, acting as brakes to prevent T-- cell overactivation and potential autoimmunity. However, tumors can exploit these checkpoints to evade immune detection. Inhibiting these immune checkpoints can enhance the body's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. This review focuses on the characteristics of PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints, their mechanism of action, and their role in skin cancer. Additionally, it summarizes the ongoing clinical trials sponsored or conducted by various pharmaceutical companies and provides insights into the latest patent data.

Acyl Urea Compounds Therapeutics and its Inhibition for Cancers in Women: A Review.

Acyl urea compounds have garnered significant attention in cancer therapeutics, particularly for their potential effectiveness against cancers that predominantly affect women, such as breast and ovarian cancers. The paper presents a report on the investigation of acyl urea compounds that are reported to involve a multi-faceted approach, including synthetic chemistry, biological assays, and computational modeling. A wealth of information on acyl urea and its purported effects on cancer affecting women has been gathered from different sources and condensed to provide readers with a broad understanding of the role of acyl urea in combating cancer. Acylureas demonstrate promising results by selectively inhibiting key molecular targets associated with cancer progressions, such as EGFR, ALK, HER2, and the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Specifically, targeting acyl ureas impedes tumor proliferation and metastasis while minimizing harm to healthy tissues, offering a targeted therapeutic approach with reduced side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy. Continued research and clinical trials are imperative to optimize the efficacy and safety profiles of acylurea-based therapies and broaden their applicability across various cancer types. Acyl urea compounds represent a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of cancers in women, particularly due to their ability to selectively inhibit key molecular targets involved in tumor growth and progression. The combination of synthetic optimization, biological evaluation, and computational modeling has facilitated the identification of several lead compounds with significant anticancer potential. This abstract explores the therapeutic mechanisms and targeted pathways of acyl ureas in combating these malignancies, which will be useful for future studies.

Role of PD-1 in Skin Cancer: Molecular Mechanism, Clinical Applications, and Resistance.

Skin cancer is a widespread worldwide health concern, manifesting in many subtypes such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Although all these types occur frequently, they generally lack the possibility of being cured, emphasizing the importance of early discovery and treatment. This comprehensive study explores the role of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in skin cancer, focusing on its molecular mechanisms in immune regulation and its critical role in tumor immune evasion, while also clarifying the complexities of immune checkpoints in cancer pathogenesis. It critically evaluates the clinical applications of PD-1 inhibitors, spotlighting their therapeutic potential in treating skin cancer, while also addressing the significant challenge of resistance. This work further discusses the evolution of resistance mechanisms against PD-1 inhibitors and suggests potential approaches to mitigate these issues, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of these therapies. The study further highlights the current state of PD-1 targeted therapies and sets the stage for future research aimed at optimizing these treatments for better clinical outcomes in skin cancer.

Recent Insight into Herbal Bioactives-based Novel Approaches for Chronic Intestinal Inflammatory Disorders Therapy.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a life-threatening complex disease. It causes chronic intestinal inflammation in GIT. IBD significantly affects people's lifestyles and carries a high risk of colon cancer. IBD involves the rectum, ileum, and colon, with clinical manifestations of bloody stools, weight loss, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The prevalence of inflammatory disease is increasing dramatically worldwide. Over 16 million people are affected annually in India, with an economic burden of $6.8- $8.8 billion for treatment. Modern medicine can manage IBD as immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor antagonists, integrin blockers, and amino-salicylates. However, these approaches are allied with limitations such as limited efficacy, drug resistance, undesired side effects, and overall cost, which cannot be ignored. Hence, the herbal bioactives derived from various plant resources can be employed in managing IBD. Science Direct, PubMed, Google, and Scopus databases have been searched for conclusively relevant herbal plant-based anti-inflammatory agent compositions. Studies were screened through analysis of previously published review articles. Eminent herbal bioactives, namely curcumin, resveratrol, ellagic acid, silybin, catechin, kaempferol, icariin, glycyrrhizin acid, berberine, quercetin, rutin, and thymol are reported to be effective against IBD. Herbal leads are promising treatment options for IBD; they have been shown to display antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties by targeting enzymes and regulating the expressions of various inflammatory mediators. Natural products have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in various clinical and preclinical studies, and some are available as herbal preparations. Herbal medicine would be promising in association with the implication of a novel drug delivery system for managing IBD.

Recent Research Trends Against Skin Carcinoma - An Overview.

Skin cancer is a prevalent and sometimes lethal cancer that affects a wide range of people. UV radiation exposure is the main cause of skin cancer. Immunosuppression, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition are other contributing variables. Fair-skinned people and those with a history of sunburns or severe sun exposure are more likely to experience this condition. Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are the three main forms. Melanoma poses a bigger hazard because of its tendency for metastasis, while SCC and BCC have limited metastatic potential. Genetic mutations and changes to signalling pathways such as p53 and MAPK are involved in pathogenesis. Early diagnosis is essential, and molecular testing, biopsy, dermoscopy, and visual inspection can all help. In addition to natural medicines like curcumin and green tea polyphenols, treatment options include immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Reducing the incidence of skin cancer requires preventive actions, including sun protection and early detection programs. An overview of skin cancers, including their forms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment, highlighting herbal therapy, is given in this review.

Liquid Crystalline Lipid Nanoparticles: Emerging Trends and Applications in Skin Cancer.

Liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles (LCNPs) represent a type of membrane-based nano-carriers formed through the self-assembly of lyotropic lipids. These lipids, such as unsaturated monoglycerides, phospholipids, and co-lipids, create liquid crystals or vesicles with an aqueous core enclosed by a natural or synthetic phospholipid bilayer upon exposure to an aqueous medium. Liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles (LCNPs), akin to liposomes, have garnered significant attention as nanocarriers suitable for a diverse range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. Their notable structural advantage lies in a mono-channel network organization and the presence of multiple compartments, resulting in heightened encapsulation efficiency for various substances. Cubosomes, spongosomes, hexosomes, and multicompartment nanoparticles are examples of lipid nanocarriers with interior liquid crystalline structures that have recently gained a lot of interest as effective drug delivery systems. Additionally, LCNPs facilitate the sustained release of encapsulated compounds, including therapeutic macromolecules. This review delves into the structure of liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles, explores preparation techniques, and outlines their applications in the context of skin cancer.

Synthesis, in silico screening, and biological evaluation of novel pyridine congeners as anti-epileptic agents targeting AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptors.

The research involves the synthesis of a series of new pyridine analogs 5(i-x) and their evaluation for anti-epileptic potential using in silico and in vivo models. Synthesis of the compounds was accomplished by using the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction principle. AutoDock 4.2 was used for their in silico screening against AMPA (-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptor (PDB ID:3m3f). For in vivo testing, the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model was used. The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-like, and drug-score features of all synthesized compounds were assessed using the online Swiss ADME and Protein Plus software. The in silico results showed that all the synthesized compounds 5(i-x) had 1-3 interactions and affinities ranging from -6.5 to -8.0 kJ/mol with the targeted receptor compared to the binding affinities of the standard drug phenytoin and the original ligand of the target (P99), which were -7.6 and -6.8 kJ/mol, respectively. In vivo study results showed that the compound 5-Carbamoyl-2-formyl-1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-pyridinium gave 60% protection against epileptic seizures compared to 59% protection afforded by regular phenytoin. All of them met Lipinski's rule of five and had drug-likeness and drug score values of 0.55 and 0.8, respectively, making them chemically and functionally like phenytoin. According to the findings of the studies, the synthesized derivatives have the potential to be employed as a stepping stone in the development of novel anti-epileptic drugs.

Phytoconstituents-Based Nanotherapeutic Approach for the Effective Management of Joint Inflammatory Condition: Arthritis.

Arthritis, a prevalent inflammatory joint condition, presents challenges for effective therapeutic interventions, with conventional treatments often limited in efficacy and associated with adverse effects. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in exploring natural compounds, particularly phytoconstituents, renowned for their anti-inflammatory and joint-protective properties. This review aims to illuminate the potential of employing nanotherapeutic approaches with phytoconstituents for enhanced arthritis management. The integration of nanotechnology with phytoconstituents emerges as a promising strategy, addressing limitations in traditional arthritis treatments. Nanocarriers like liposomes and nanoparticles provide a platform for targeted drug delivery, improving the bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Furthermore, the combined effects of phytoconstituents can be leveraged to target multiple pathways in arthritis pathogenesis, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cartilage degradation. Key phytoconstituents, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin, exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, their therapeutic potential is often impeded by challenges like poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Nanocarriers offer solutions by enhancing pharmacokinetics and enabling sustained release, thereby boosting overall therapeutic efficacy. The review explores the mechanisms underlying the anti-arthritic effects of phytoconstituents and their nanoformulations, including the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, and reduction of oxidative stress. In summary, the integration of phytoconstituents with nanotechnology presents a promising avenue for developing targeted and effective arthritis therapies. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical developers seeking innovative approaches to address the intricate challenges associated with arthritis management.

Alleviating Neurodegenerative Diseases Associated with Mitochondrial Defects by Therapeutic Biomolecules.

Neurodegenerative diseases are emerging as a global health concern in the current scenario, and their association with mitochondrial defects has been a potential area of research. Mitochondria, one of the essential organelles of the cell, serve as the cell's powerhouse, producing energy and ensuring cellular health. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease have been found to be primarily triggered by mitochondrial malfunction. One of the key byproducts of mitochondrial respiration, reactive oxygen species, also contributes significantly to mitochondrial DNA mutations that eventually cause mitochondrial breakdown. This review paper comprehensively examines the potential of therapeutic biomolecules, specifically mitochondria-specific antioxidants, in mitigating the impact of mitochondrial defects on neurodegenerative diseases. It provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, the potential therapeutic targets of these biomolecules, and their structureactivity relationship information are also discussed in this review. Various research articles and publications were used extensively in compiling the data, and the structures of biomolecules were prepared using software such as ChemDraw and ChemSketch. Crucial elements triggering mitochondrial abnormalities were identified and a tabular compilation of bioactive antioxidant compounds along with their therapeutic targets, was presented. Mitochondria-specific antioxidant therapy is an innovative and promising strategy for the management of neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial defects. This review provides a thorough summary of the current state of research and promising avenues of research and development in this field, emphasizing the importance of further investigations and clinical trials to elucidate their therapeutic benefits.

Advancements of Glucose Monitoring Biosensor: Current State, Generations of Technological Progress, and Innovation Dynamics.

Glucose monitoring is essential for managing diabetes, and continuous glucose monitoring biosensors can offer real-time monitoring with little invasiveness. However, challenges remain in improving sensor accuracy, selectivity, and overall performance. This article aims to review current trends and recent advancements in glucose-monitoring biosensors while evaluating their benefits and limitations for diabetes monitoring. An analysis of current literature on transdermal glucose sensors was conducted, focusing on detection techniques, novel nanomaterials, and integrated sensor systems. Recent research has led to advancements in electrochemical, optical, electromagnetic, and sonochemical sensors for transdermal glucose detection. The use of novel nanomaterials and integrated sensor designs has improved sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy. However, issues like calibration requirements, motion artifacts, and skin irritation persist. Transdermal glucose sensors show promise for non-invasive, convenient diabetes monitoring but require further enhancements to address limitations in accuracy, reliability, and biocompatibility. Continued research and innovation focusing on sensor materials, designs, and surface chemistry is needed to optimize biosensor performance and utility. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of the present status of technological advancement and highlights areas that need more research.

miRNA-Targeted Vaccines: A Promising Approach for Viral Attenuation and Immunogenicity Enhancement.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a significant tool in the realm of vaccinology, offering novel approaches to vaccine development. This study investigates the potential of miRNAs in the development of advanced vaccines, with an emphasis on how they regulate immune response and control viral replication. We go over the molecular features of miRNAs, such as their capacity to direct post-transcriptional regulation toward mRNAs, hence regulating the expression of genes in diverse tissues and cells. This property is harnessed to develop live attenuated vaccines that are tissue-specific, enhancing safety and immunogenicity. The review highlights recent advancements in using miRNA-targeted vaccines against viruses like influenza, poliovirus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus, demonstrating their attenuated replication in specific tissues while retaining immunogenicity. We also explored the function of miRNAs in the biology of cancer, highlighting their potential to develop cancer vaccines through targeting miRNAs that are overexpressed in tumor cells. The difficulties in developing miRNA vaccines are also covered in this work, including delivery, stability, off-target effects, and the requirement for individualized cancer treatment plans. We wrap off by discussing the potential of miRNA vaccines and highlighting how they will influence the development of vaccination techniques for cancer and infectious diseases in the future.

Current Market Potential and Prospects of Copper-based Pyridine Derivatives: A Review.

Nicotine, minodronic acid, nicotinamide (niacin), zolpidem, zolimidine, and other pyridine-based chemicals play vital roles in medicine and biology. Pyridine-containing drugs are widely available on the market to treat a wide range of human ailments. As a result of these advances, pyridine research is continually expanding, and there are now higher expectations for how it may aid in the treatment of numerous ailments. This evaluation incorporates data acquired from sources, like PubMed, to provide a thorough summary of the approved drugs and bioactivity data for compounds containing pyridine. Most of the reactions discussed in this article will provide readers with a deeper understanding of various pyridine-related examples, which is necessary for the creation of copper catalysis-based synthetic processes that are more accessible, secure, environmentally friendly, and practical, and that also have higher accuracy and selectivity. This paper also discusses significant innovations in the multi-component copper-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles (pyridine), with the aim of developing precise, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly oxygenation and oxidation synthetic methods for the future synthesis of additional novel pyridine base analogs. Therefore, the review article will serve as a novel platform for researchers investigating copper-based pyridine compounds.

An Insight into the Hepatoprotective Activity and Structure-activity Relationships of Flavonoids.

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic bioactive compounds obtained from plants, which have a wide range of chemical structures and properties. More than 9000 distinct flavonoid molecules have been identified and have been found to regulate numerous developmental processes and play key biological roles in living organisms. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to highlight the hepatoprotective potentiality of flavonoids and corelate their pharmacological activity with their chemical structure. METHODS: With the advancement in the field of research related to phytochemicals, it is evident that flavonoids have versatile health benefits, viz., antioxidant property, free radical scavenging capacity, anticancer activity. The basic structures are C6-C3-C6 rings with various substitution patterns, resulting in a succession of subclass compounds, and the relationships between chemical structures and bioactivity have previously been investigated. RESULTS: The hepatoprotective effects of bioactive flavonoids derived from plants have been widely linked to their antioxidant activity, antiinflammatory activity, effects on Sterol Regulatory Element- binding Proteins (SREBP), Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) receptors, and inflammatory mediator cytokines according to numerous studies. The C2-C3 double bond at the A ring, as well as the hydroxyl groups of C3'or C4', and the carbonyl group at position C4, have been shown to augment their hepatoprotective activities; however, hydroxymethylation at C3' and C4' has been found to diminish the hepatoprotective activity. CONCLUSION: The impact of flavonoid moieties and the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids related to combating various hepatic disorders have been vividly discussed in this review paper.

Cancer Proteomics for Cellular Dysfunction: Insights and Trends.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is an ailment with having a very low survival rate globally. Poor cancer prognosis is primarily caused by the fact that people are found to have the disease when it is already well advanced. The goal of this study is to compile information on new avenues of investigation into biomarkers that may facilitate the routine detection of cancer. Proteomic analysis has recently developed into a crucial technique for cancer biology research, working in tandem with genomic analysis. Mass spectrometry techniques are one of several proteome analysis techniques that allow for the highly precise quantitative and qualitative recognition of hundreds of proteins in small quantities from various biological materials. These findings might soon serve as the foundation for better cancer diagnostic techniques. METHODS: An exhaustive literature survey has been conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed with keywords of proteomics, applications of proteomics, the technology of proteomics, biomarkers, and patents related to biomarkers. RESULT: Studies reported till 2021 focusing on cancer proteomics and the related patents have been included in the present review to obtain concrete findings, highlighting the applications of proteomics in cancer. CONCLUSION: The present review aims to present the overview and insights into cancer proteomics, recent breakthroughs in proteomics techniques, and applications of proteomics with technological advancements, ranging from searching biomarkers to the characterization of molecular pathways, though the entire process is still in its infancy.

Novel Approaches for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Update.

Diabetes mellitus is an irreversible, chronic metabolic disorder indicated by hyperglycemia. It is now considered a worldwide pandemic. T2DM, a spectrum of diseases initially caused by tissue insulin resistance and slowly developing to a state characterized by absolute loss of secretory action of the ß cells of the pancreas, is thought to be caused by reduced insulin secretion, resistance to tissue activities of insulin, or a combination of both. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat T2DM. Several of these medication's traditional dosage forms have some disadvantages, including frequent dosing, a brief half-life, and limited absorption. Hence, attempts have been made to develop new drug delivery systems for oral antidiabetics to ameliorate the difficulties associated with conventional dosage forms. In comparison to traditional treatments, this review examines the utilization of various innovative therapies (such as microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, phytosomes, and transdermal drug delivery systems) to improve the distribution of various oral hypoglycemic medications. In this review, we have also discussed some new promising candidates that have been approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of T2DM, like semaglutide, tirzepatide, and ertugliflozin. They are used as a single therapy and also as combination therapy with drugs like metformin and sitagliptin.

Exploring Synthesis and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Thiosemicarbazide Analogs.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Researchers are continually finding new and more effective medications to battle the diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify the emerging role of Thiosemicarbazide analogs for different types of cancer targets with a glance at different novel synthetic routes reported for their synthesis. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted from various sources over the last 15 years with the inclusion of published research and review articles that involves the synthesis and use of thiosemicarbazide analogs for different targets of cancer. Data from the literature review for synthesis and anticancer potential for specific targets for cancer studies of thiosemicarbazide analogs are summarized in the paper. RESULTS: There are several emerging studies for new synthetic routes of thiosemicarbazide derivatives with their role in various types of cancers. The main limitation is the lack of clinical trial of the key findings for the emergence of new anticancer medication with thiosemicarbazide moiety. CONCLUSION: Emerging therapies exist for use of a limited number of medications for the treatment of cancer; results of the ongoing studies will provide more robust evidence in the future.

An Insight into Diverse Activities and Targets of Flavonoids.

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids belong to the chemical class of polyphenols and are in the category of secondary metabolites imparting a wide protective effect against acute and chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate and summarize the information of various flavonoids extracted, isolated from various sources, and possess different pharmacological properties by acting on multiple targets. METHODS: This comprehensive review summarizes the research information related to flavonoids and their pharmacological action targets from various sources like PubMed, Google Scholar and Google websites. RESULTS: Extracted information in the paper discusses various therapeutic effects of flavonoids isolated from medicinal plant sources, which have the property to inhibit several enzymes, which finally results in health benefits like anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-viral effects. This study also showed the different solvents and methods involved in the extraction and characterization of the isolated phytochemical constituents. CONCLUSION: The findings showed the contribution of several flavonoids in the management and inhibition of various acute and chronic sicknesses by acting on different sites in the body. This study may lead to gaining interest for more research on the bioactives of different medicinal plants for the discovery of new lead compounds or further improvement of the efficacy of the existing compound.

Recent updates on transdermal drug delivery approaches for the management of gout and its clinical perspective.

Oral and injectable drug administration have recently been replaced with transdermal drug delivery (TDD) approaches, which are less intrusive, less likely to be rejected by patients, and easier to administer. There is still room for improvement in the treatment of gout with the use of a TDD system. Gout has become a worldwide epidemic and a severe threat to human beings. Gout treatment can be accomplished in various ways, including orally and intravenously. Several traditional options are still useless, cumbersome, and potentially dangerous. Hence, gout therapeutic options are desperately required for more effective and less toxic drug delivery methods. Anti-gout medications using TDD could substantially influence obese people in the future, even if most trials are still in the animal stages. Thus, this review aimed to provide a concise overview of recent TDD technologies and anti-gout medication delivery methods that improved therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. Moreover, clinical updates on investigational drugs have been discussed to address the potential findings against gout.

Insight into the Various Approaches for the Enhancement of Bioavailability and Pharmacological Potency of Terpenoids: A Review.

Terpenoids are naturally occurring secondary metabolites that consist of isoprene units (i.e., 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene). Terpenoids became recognized because of their diverse pharmacological benefits, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities. But most of these compounds have limited lipophilicity, dissolution rate, aqueous solubility, and drug permeability, so they are not used effectively. The low bioavailability significantly interferes with the performance of terpenoids to cure diseases, and the absorption process of terpenoids also becomes disrupted; therefore, their bioavailability in the blood becomes insufficient to achieve optimal treatment activity. Thus, to overcome this limitation, some strategies are used, such as nanotechnology (nanoparticles, carrier complexation), cocrystal, and glycosylation. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry of terpenoids, factors that limit the bioavailability of terpenoids, and strategies employed to date with their design principles and outcomes possibly increasing their bioactivity.