Pachyonychia congenita - pathogenesis of pain and approaches to treatment.

Pachyonychia congenita is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by a triad of chronic severe plantar pain, focal palmoplantar keratoderma, and hypertrophic nail dystrophy. Plantar pain can be debilitating and have a profound impact on quality of life. Current therapeutic options for pain in PC are limited to lifestyle adjustment and mechanical techniques, with a small subgroup of patients benefiting from oral retinoids. This review investigates the pathogenesis of pain in pachyonychia congenita and provides a summary of the current and future therapeutic options.

Risk-reducing surgery for individuals with cancer-predisposing germline pathogenic variants and no personal cancer history: a review of current UK guidelines.

Identifying healthy carriers of germline pathogenic variants in high penetrance cancer susceptibility genes offers the potential for risk-reducing surgery. The NHS England National Genomic Test Directory offers germline and somatic testing to patients with certain cancers or rare and inherited diseases, or, in some cases, to their relatives. This review summarises current UK guidelines for risk-reducing surgical interventions available for individuals with no personal history of cancer, who are determined to carry germline pathogenic variants. An electronic literature search of NICE guidelines and PubMed citable articles was performed. NICE guidelines are available for bilateral mastectomy and are currently in development for risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Guidelines developed with affiliation to, or through relevant British Surgical Societies or international consensus, are available for risk-reducing hysterectomy, polypectomy, gastrectomy, and thyroidectomy. There is a disparity in the development and distribution of national guidelines for interventions amongst tumour types. Whilst we are focusing on UK guidelines, we anticipate they will be relevant much more generally and so of interest to a wider audience including where there are no national guidelines to refer to. We suggest that, as genetic testing becomes rapidly more accessible, guideline development for interventions should be more closely aligned to those for testing.

Vitamin D deficiency and atopic dermatitis severity in a Bangladeshi population living in East London: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Atopic eczema is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin condition with considerable heterogeneity. South Asian people living in the UK frequently have low serum vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), and those with atopic disease can present with severe eczema. The association between vitamin D deficiency and eczema severity, and the role of vitamin D supplementation in atopic eczema is inconsistent, and under-researched in people with Asian ancestry. Objectives: This cross-sectional study investigates the association between serum 25(OH)D3 and eczema severity in a cohort of South Asian children and young adults living in London. Methods: Eligible participants were Bangladeshi children and young adults aged 0-30 years with eczema, living in London and participating in the Tower Hamlets Eczema Assessment study. Data was collected via parent/patient self-reporting, clinical history and examination, and hospital databases. 25(OH)D3 levels were documented retrospectively, if available, from hospital databases. Eczema severity was classified by Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score less than or greater than 10 (clear-mild vs. moderate-severe). Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors. Results: 681 participants were included in analyses. 25(OH)D3 results were available for 49.6% (338/681), 84.3% of which had deficient or insufficient lowest 25(OH)D3. Lowest 25(OH)D3 was inversely correlated with EASI score (Spearman's rank R 2 = -0.24, p < 0.001). 26.1% (178/681) had EASI >10 and a lower median lowest and nearest 25(OH)D3. After adjustment for confounding EASI > 10 was significantly associated with a lowest 25(OH)D3 < 25 (OR 3.21, 95%CI 1.35, 8.60), use of mild-moderate potency topical steroid on the face and neck (OR 3.11, 95%CI 1.86, 5.31), calcineurin inhibitor on the face and neck (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.26, 6.10) and potent - very potent topical steroid on the face and neck (OR2.23, 95%CI 1.02, 4.77) and body (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.18, 3.87). Discussion: Vitamin D plays a role in modulation of proteins required for skin barrier function and regulation of the innate immune system, suggesting 25(OH)D3 deficiency contributes to skin inflammation. This study demonstrates a relationship between 25(OH)D3 deficiency and worse eczema severity in a cohort of South Asian children and young adults.

Pachyonychia Congenita: Clinical Features and Future Treatments.

Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder of keratinization that is characterized by a triad of focal palmoplantar keratoderma, plantar pain, and hypertrophic nail dystrophy. It can be debilitating, causing significantly impaired mobility. PC is diagnosed clinically alongside identification of a heterozygous pathogenic mutation in one of five keratin genes: KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT16, or KRT17. Each keratin gene mutation is associated with a distinct clinical phenotype, with variable age of onset and additional features, which has allowed classification by genotype. Additional features include pilosebaceous cysts, follicular hyperkeratosis, natal teeth, oral leukokeratosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, itching, and neurovascular structures. Although classed as rare, the prevalence of PC is likely to be underestimated. There is no cure or specific treatment for PC at present. Current treatments are limited to conservative measures to reduce plantar friction and trauma, mechanical debridement, topical treatments, and treatments for associated features or complications, most commonly infection. However, through active research in collaboration with PC Project, a patient-advocacy group, and the International PC Research Registry, a global registry of PC patients, there are now many new potential therapeutic options on the horizon. This review summarizes the clinical features associated with PC and highlights the current and future treatment of its manifestations.