Cognitive screening tools for identification of dementia in illiterate and low-educated older adults, a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The majority of older adults with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Illiteracy and low educational background are common in older LMIC populations, particularly in rural areas, and cognitive screening tools developed for this setting must reflect this. This study aimed to review published validation studies of cognitive screening tools for dementia in low-literacy settings in order to determine the most appropriate tools for use. METHOD: A systematic search of major databases was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Validation studies of brief cognitive screening tests including illiterate participants or those with elementary education were eligible. Studies were quality assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Good or fair quality studies were included in a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curve constructed. RESULTS: Forty-five eligible studies were quality assessed. A significant proportion utilized a case-control design, resulting in spectrum bias. The area under the ROC (AUROC) curve was 0.937 for community/low prevalence studies, 0.881 for clinic based/higher prevalence studies, and 0.869 for illiterate populations. For the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (and adaptations), the AUROC curve was 0.853. CONCLUSION: Numerous tools for assessment of cognitive impairment in low-literacy settings have been developed, and tools developed for use in high-income countries have also been validated in low-literacy settings. Most tools have been inadequately validated, with only MMSE, cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI), Eurotest, and Fototest having more than one published good or fair quality study in an illiterate or low-literate setting. At present no screening test can be recommended.

Can home monitoring reduce mortality in infants at increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome? A systematic review.

AIM: To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of home monitoring devices in the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). METHODS: Systematic literature review to June 30, 2010. RESULTS: Eleven unique studies were identified. Only one of these studies involved a comparison of home monitoring with a control intervention and so could be deemed level I evidence. The remaining studies constituted level III evidence. CONCLUSIONS: There is no high-level evidence that home monitoring may be of use in preventing SIDS; further research is needed.

Frailty Screening in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review of frailty screening tools used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN: Systematic review. SETTING: LMICs, as defined by the World Bank on June 30, 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly adults (as defined by the authors) living in LMICs. MEASUREMENTS: Studies were included if the population under consideration lived in a LMIC, the study involved an assessment of frailty, the study population was elderly adults, and the full text of the study was available in English. The Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsychINFO databases were searched up to June 30, 2014. RESULTS: Seventy studies with data from 22 LMICs were included in the review. Brazil, Mexico, and China provided data for 60 of the 70 studies (85.7%), and 15 countries contributed data to only one study. Thirty-six studies used the Fried criteria to assess frailty, 20 used a Frailty Index, and eight used the Edmonton Frailty Scale; none of the assessment tools used had been fully validated for use in a LMIC. CONCLUSION: There has been a rapid increase in the number of published studies of frailty in LMICs over the last 5 years. Further validation of the assessment tools used to identify frail elderly people in LMICs is needed if they are to be efficient in identifying those most in need of health care in such settings.