SMC3 epigenetic silencing regulates Rab27a expression and drives pancreatic cancer progression.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to soon surpass colorectal cancer as a leading cause of cancer mortality in both males and females in the US, only lagging behind lung cancer. The lethality of PDAC is driven by late diagnosis and inefficient therapies. The complex biology of PDAC involves various cellular components, including exosomes that carry molecular information between cells. Thus, recipient cells can be reprogrammed, impacting tumorigenesis. Rab27a is a GTPase responsible for the last step of exosomes biogenesis. Hence, dissecting the mechanisms that regulate the expression of Rab27a and that control exosomes biogenesis can provide fundamental insights into the molecular underpinnings regulating PDAC progression. METHODS: To assess the mechanism that regulates Rab27a expression in PDAC, we used PDAC cell lines. The biological significance of these findings was validated in PDAC genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and human samples. RESULTS: In this work we demonstrate in human PDAC samples and GEMMs that Rab27a expression decreases throughout the development of the disease, and that Rab27a knockout promotes disease progression. What is more, we demonstrate that Rab27a expression is epigenetically regulated in PDAC. Treatment with demethylating agents increases Rab27a expression specifically in human PDAC cell lines. We found that SMC3, a component of the cohesin complex, regulates Rab27a expression in PDAC. SMC3 methylation is present in human PDAC specimens and treatment with demethylating agents increases SMC3 expression in human PDAC cell lines. Most importantly, high levels of SMC3 methylation are associated with a worse prognosis in PDAC. Mechanistically, we identified an enhancer region within the Rab27a gene that recruits SMC3, and modulates Rab27a expression. CONCLUSION: Overall, we dissected a mechanism that regulates Rab27a expression during PDAC progression and impacts disease prognosis.

Extracellular Vesicles from Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells Lead an Intratumor Communication Network (EVNet) to fuel tumour progression.

OBJECTIVE: Intratumor heterogeneity drives cancer progression and therapy resistance. However, it has yet to be determined whether and how subpopulations of cancer cells interact and how this interaction affects the tumour. DESIGN: We have studied the spontaneous flow of extracellular vesicles (EVs) between subpopulations of cancer cells: cancer stem cells (CSC) and non-stem cancer cells (NSCC). To determine the biological significance of the most frequent communication route, we used pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) orthotopic models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). RESULTS: We demonstrate that PDAC tumours establish an organised communication network between subpopulations of cancer cells using EVs called the EVNet). The EVNet is plastic and reshapes in response to its environment. Communication within the EVNet occurs preferentially from CSC to NSCC. Inhibition of this communication route by impairing Rab27a function in orthotopic xenographs, GEMMs and PDXs is sufficient to hamper tumour growth and phenocopies the inhibition of communication in the whole tumour. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that CSC EVs use agrin protein to promote Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP) activation via LDL receptor related protein 4 (LRP-4). Ex vivo treatment of PDXs with antiagrin significantly impairs proliferation and decreases the levels of activated YAP.Patients with high levels of agrin and low inactive YAP show worse disease-free survival. In addition, patients with a higher number of circulating agrin+ EVs show a significant increased risk of disease progression. CONCLUSION: PDAC tumours establish a cooperation network mediated by EVs that is led by CSC and agrin, which allows tumours to adapt and thrive. Targeting agrin could make targeted therapy possible for patients with PDAC and has a significant impact on CSC that feeds the tumour and is at the centre of therapy resistance.

eRNAs are required for p53-dependent enhancer activity and gene transcription.

Binding within or nearby target genes involved in cell proliferation and survival enables the p53 tumor suppressor gene to regulate their transcription and cell-cycle progression. Using genome-wide chromatin-binding profiles, we describe binding of p53 also to regions located distantly from any known p53 target gene. Interestingly, many of these regions possess conserved p53-binding sites and all known hallmarks of enhancer regions. We demonstrate that these p53-bound enhancer regions (p53BERs) indeed contain enhancer activity and interact intrachromosomally with multiple neighboring genes to convey long-distance p53-dependent transcription regulation. Furthermore, p53BERs produce, in a p53-dependent manner, enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that are required for efficient transcriptional enhancement of interacting target genes and induction of a p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest. Thus, our results ascribe transcription enhancement activity to p53 with the capacity to regulate multiple genes from a single genomic binding site. Moreover, eRNA production from p53BERs is required for efficient p53 transcription enhancement.

Effects of spin-orbit coupling on the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition and the vortex-antivortex structure in two-dimensional Fermi gases.

We investigate the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition in a 2D Fermi gas with spin-orbit coupling (SOC), as a function of the two-body binding energy and a perpendicular Zeeman field. By including a generic form of the SOC, as a function of Rashba and Dresselhaus terms, we study the evolution between the experimentally relevant equal Rashba-Dresselhaus (ERD) case and the Rashba-only (RO) case. We show that in the ERD case, at a fixed nonzero Zeeman field, the BKT transition temperature T(BKT) is increased by the presence of SOC for all values of the binding energy. We also find a significant increase in the value of the Clogston limit compared to the case without SOC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the superfluid density tensor becomes anisotropic (except in the RO case), leading to an anisotropic phase-fluctuation action that describes elliptic vortices and antivortices, which become circular in the RO limit. This deformation constitutes an important experimental signature for superfluidity in a 2D Fermi gas with ERD SOC. Finally, we show that the anisotropic sound velocities exhibit anomalies at low temperatures, in the vicinity of quantum phase transitions between topologically distinct uniform superfluid phases.

Molecular mimicry of NF-κB by vaccinia virus protein enables selective inhibition of antiviral responses.

Infection of mammalian cells with viruses activates NF-κB to induce the expression of cytokines and chemokines and initiate an antiviral response. Here, we show that a vaccinia virus protein mimics the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to inhibit selectively the expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the vaccinia virus protein F14 associates with NF-κB co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and disrupts the interaction between p65 and CBP. This abrogates CBP-mediated acetylation of p65, after which it reduces promoter recruitment of the transcriptional regulator BRD4 and diminishes stimulation of NF-κB-regulated genes CXCL10 and CCL2. Recruitment of BRD4 to the promoters of NFKBIA and CXCL8 remains unaffected by either F14 or JQ1 (a competitive inhibitor of BRD4 bromodomains), indicating that BRD4 recruitment is acetylation-independent. Unlike other viral proteins that are general antagonists of NF-κB, F14 is a selective inhibitor of NF-κB-dependent gene expression. An in vivo model of infection demonstrated that F14 promotes virulence. Molecular mimicry of NF-κB may be conserved because other orthopoxviruses, including variola, monkeypox and cowpox viruses, encode orthologues of F14.

Stability of superfluid and supersolid phases of dipolar bosons in optical lattices.

We perform a stability analysis of superfluid (SF) and supersolid (SS) phases of polarized dipolar bosons in two-dimensional optical lattices at high filling factors and zero temperature, and obtain the phase boundaries between SF, checkerboard SS (CSS), striped SS (SSS), and collapse. We show that the phase diagram can be explored through the application of an external field and the tuning of its direction with respect to the optical lattice plane. In particular, we find a transition between the CSS and SSS phases.

Enhancer-associated RNAs as therapeutic targets.

INTRODUCTION: Regulation of gene expression involves a variety of mechanisms driven by a complex regulatory network of factors. Control of transcription is an important step in gene expression regulation, which integrates the function of cis-acting and trans-acting elements. Among cis-regulatory elements, enhancer RNA (eRNA)-producing domains recently emerged as widespread and potent regulators of transcription and cell fate decision. Thus, manipulation of eRNA levels becomes a novel and appealing avenue for the design of new therapeutic treatments. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we focus on eRNA-producing domains. We describe mechanisms involved in their cell-type specific selection and activation as well as their epigenetic features. In addition, we present their function and the growing evidences of their deregulation in human diseases. Finally, we discuss eRNAs as potential therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION: As key factors in the control of transcription, eRNAs appear to possess a great potential for the establishment of new therapy options. However, thorough testing as well as providing the genetic toolbox to target eRNAs will be needed to fully assess the practical and clinical possibilities.

Genome-wide profiling of p53-regulated enhancer RNAs uncovers a subset of enhancers controlled by a lncRNA.

p53 binds enhancers to regulate key target genes. Here, we globally mapped p53-regulated enhancers by looking at enhancer RNA (eRNA) production. Intriguingly, while many p53-induced enhancers contained p53-binding sites, most did not. As long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are prominent regulators of chromatin dynamics, we hypothesized that p53-induced lncRNAs contribute to the activation of enhancers by p53. Among p53-induced lncRNAs, we identified LED and demonstrate that its suppression attenuates p53 function. Chromatin-binding and eRNA expression analyses show that LED associates with and activates strong enhancers. One prominent target of LED was located at an enhancer region within CDKN1A gene, a potent p53-responsive cell cycle inhibitor. LED knockdown reduces CDKN1A enhancer induction and activity, and cell cycle arrest following p53 activation. Finally, promoter-associated hypermethylation analysis shows silencing of LED in human tumours. Thus, our study identifies a new layer of complexity in the p53 pathway and suggests its dysregulation in cancer.

MicroRNA biogenesis: dicing assay.

RNA-induced silencing complex is the cytoplasmic effector machine of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway and contains a single-stranded miRNA guiding it to its target mRNAs. The biogenesis of mature miRNAs is a regulatory process achieved by complex machinery composed of few protein components, among which the ribonuclease III Dicer plays a central role. Dicer is essential for miRNA maturation and catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps of miRNA production. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to study the catalytic activity of Dicer in cell extracts by measuring their ability to process precursor RNA (pre-miRNAs) into functional mature miRNAs. Impairment of the miRNA biogenesis machinery due to loss-of-function mutations in effectors of the pathway such as Dicer has been demonstrated before. Dicing assay can be used in cancer to assess Dicer enzymatic activity compared with healthy controls. Therefore, this experimental approach is likely to be useful to researchers investigating the main steps of miRNA biogenesis and function in human health and diseases.

Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent microRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis.

Exosomes are secreted by all cell types and contain proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we report that breast cancer associated exosomes contain microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the RISC-Loading Complex (RLC) and display cell-independent capacity to process precursor microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) into mature miRNAs. Pre-miRNAs, along with Dicer, AGO2, and TRBP, are present in exosomes of cancer cells. CD43 mediates the accumulation of Dicer specifically in cancer exosomes. Cancer exosomes mediate an efficient and rapid silencing of mRNAs to reprogram the target cell transcriptome. Exosomes derived from cells and sera of patients with breast cancer instigate nontumorigenic epithelial cells to form tumors in a Dicer-dependent manner. These findings offer opportunities for the development of exosomes based biomarkers and therapies.

eRNAs reach the heart of transcription.

Recently, various studies shed light on the functional significance of enhancer RNAs. Two recent studies published in Nature by Li et al. and Lam et al. highlight the importance of these newly characterized RNA molecules and their key role in controlling transcriptional programs.

Selective inhibition of microRNA accessibility by RBM38 is required for p53 activity.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interact with 3'-untranslated regions of messenger RNAs to restrict expression of most protein-coding genes during normal development and cancer. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) can control the biogenesis, stability and activity of miRNAs. Here we identify RBM38 in a genetic screen for RBPs whose expression controls miRNA access to target mRNAs. RBM38 is induced by p53 and its ability to modulate miRNA-mediated repression is required for proper p53 function. In contrast, RBM38 shows lower propensity to block the action of the p53-controlled miR-34a on SIRT1. Target selectivity is determined by the interaction of RBM38 with uridine-rich regions near miRNA target sequences. Furthermore, in large cohorts of human breast cancer, reduced RBM38 expression by promoter hypermethylation correlates with wild-type p53 status. Thus, our results indicate a novel layer of p53 gene regulation, which is required for its tumour suppressive function.

Reducción del tamaño del infarto de miocardio mediante la transferencia génica de VEGF en ovejas / Myocardial infarct size reduction after VEGF gene transfer in sheep

La transferencia génica de plásmido codificante para VEGF (pVEGF) induce angiogénesis, incremento del índice mitótico e hiperplasia miocítica en cerdos con isquemia miocárdica crónica. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto del pVEGF sobre el tamaño del infarto de miocardio. Una hora después de la ligadura de la descendente anterior, 28 ovejas de 23 ± 0,5 kg se agruparon al azar para recibir 10 inyecciones intramiocárdicas de 3,8 mg de pVEGF (n = 14) o placebo (n= 14) distribuídas en la periferia del infarto. La función miocárdica se estudió con SPECT gatillado y los animales se sacrificaron 7, 10 y 15 días después del tratamiento. El tamaño del infarto fue el 34 por ciento menor en el grupo tratado que en el placebo (placebo: 17,1 ± 2,1 por ciento, VEGF: 11,2 ± 1,5 por ciento, p < 0,05) a los 15 pero no a los 10 días. Aunque hubo una leve tendencia a favor del grupo tratado, la mejoría de la función miocárdica no fue diferente entre grupos (placebo: 3,3 ± 1,4; VEGF: 3,8 ± 2,4; p = NS). El estudio histológico mostró que los mecanismos involucrados fueron la respuesta angiogénica a los 7 días (placebo: 676 ± 31 capilares / mm²: VEGF: 1925 ± 262; p <0,05), la menor fibrosis periinfarto a los 10 días (contenido de colágeno; placebo: 70, 1 ± 1,7 por ciento; VEGF: 43,5 ± 4,4 por ciento; p < 0,05); la proliferación de mioblastos a los 7 y 10 días. La expresión del pVEGF fue positiva a los 3 (ARNm), 7 y 10 días. La expresión del pVEGF fue positiva a los 3 (ARNm), 7 y 10 días (proteína) posadministración. Conclusión: A los 15 días la transferencia génica de VEGF humano reduce el tamaño de infarto en ovejas mediante angiogénesis, disminución de la fibrosis e inducción de proliferación de mioblastos (miocardiogénesis).

Reducción del tamaño del infarto de miocardio mediante la transferencia génica de VEGF en ovejas / Myocardial infarct size reduction after VEGF gene transfer in sheep

La transferencia génica de plásmido codificante para VEGF (pVEGF) induce angiogénesis, incremento del índice mitótico e hiperplasia miocítica en cerdos con isquemia miocárdica crónica. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto del pVEGF sobre el tamaño del infarto de miocardio. Una hora después de la ligadura de la descendente anterior, 28 ovejas de 23 ± 0,5 kg se agruparon al azar para recibir 10 inyecciones intramiocárdicas de 3,8 mg de pVEGF (n = 14) o placebo (n= 14) distribuídas en la periferia del infarto. La función miocárdica se estudió con SPECT gatillado y los animales se sacrificaron 7, 10 y 15 días después del tratamiento. El tamaño del infarto fue el 34 por ciento menor en el grupo tratado que en el placebo (placebo: 17,1 ± 2,1 por ciento, VEGF: 11,2 ± 1,5 por ciento, p < 0,05) a los 15 pero no a los 10 días. Aunque hubo una leve tendencia a favor del grupo tratado, la mejoría de la función miocárdica no fue diferente entre grupos (placebo: 3,3 ± 1,4; VEGF: 3,8 ± 2,4; p = NS). El estudio histológico mostró que los mecanismos involucrados fueron la respuesta angiogénica a los 7 días (placebo: 676 ± 31 capilares / mm²: VEGF: 1925 ± 262; p <0,05), la menor fibrosis periinfarto a los 10 días (contenido de colágeno; placebo: 70, 1 ± 1,7 por ciento; VEGF: 43,5 ± 4,4 por ciento; p < 0,05); la proliferación de mioblastos a los 7 y 10 días. La expresión del pVEGF fue positiva a los 3 (ARNm), 7 y 10 días. La expresión del pVEGF fue positiva a los 3 (ARNm), 7 y 10 días (proteína) posadministración. Conclusión: A los 15 días la transferencia génica de VEGF humano reduce el tamaño de infarto en ovejas mediante angiogénesis, disminución de la fibrosis e inducción de proliferación de mioblastos (miocardiogénesis). (AU)

Micropropagación clonal, una alternativa biotecnológica en el cultivo de macroalgas marinas chilenas de importancia económica / Clonal micropropagation, a biotechnological alternative in the culture of chilean marine macroalgae of economical importance

Vegetative propagation of higler plants have been practiced since antiquity. He modern approach relies upon the totipotency of somatic cells to give rise to a fully differentiated plant. In this context, this paper presntes the potential of plant biotechonology on economically interesting marine algae from Chile and outlines the ongoing research on seaweeds micropropagatin. Micropropagation techniques are seen as the means of speeding up the production of desirable strains (e.g., higher growth rate, enhanced phycocolloid production, epiphyte resistance, etc.) that would be available as seed stocks for the development of chilean mariculture. We report our advances in tissue culture techniques on Gracilaria chilensis Bird, MacLachlan & Oliveira; Gelidium lingulatum Kützing; Gelidium rex Santelices & Abbbott and Lessonia nigrescens Bory. Our efforts are focused on the development of procedures for calli or totipotent cells induction and their pathways to plantlets,stages of micropropagation, its limitations, advantages and future research involving protoplasts isolation