Association between cervical lesion grade and micronucleus frequency in the Papanicolaou test.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and the cellular changes detected in the conventional Papanicolaou test. One hundred and seventy-four Papanicolaou test smears with cellular changes were examined. MN screening was done in cytopathological smears by counting 1,000 cervical cells in a light microscope. MN frequencies were significantly higher in the group with cellular changes compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The mean MN frequencies were 0.95 ± 1.12 (mean ± SD) in the control group (n = 223), 2.98 ± 1.20 in individuals with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) (n = 50), 4.04 ± 1.45 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I (n = 52), 5.97 ± 1.83 in CIN II (n = 30), 7.29 ± 1.55 in CIN III (n = 17) and 8.64 ± 1.55 in invasive cancer (n = 25). These findings suggest that MN monitoring should be included as an additional criterion for the early detection of cytogenetic damage in routine examinations. This monitoring should be done in the same smear as used for cytopathological examination. More specific and systematic studies are necessary to confirm this proposal.

Vascular complications with injection implants: treatment with hyperbaric chamber.

INTRODUCTION: The use of facial fillers has increased over the years because they are less invasive and present lower risks and faster results, along with shorter recovery time. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a possible treatment for vascular complications resulting from facial fillers. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective study of a series of patients treated at with hyperbaric oxygen therapy at the Brazilian Institute for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (Instituto de Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica do Brasil), after vascular complications from facial fillers. CONCLUSION: The association of oxygen therapy in a hyperbaric chamber with the conventional protocol for treating vascular occlusion from facial filler procedures was found to be effective.

Replacement of gluteal implants by polymethyl methacrylate filler: case report.

Silicone prostheses are an alternative to shape the buttock but further studies are still needed to support the effectiveness of its use. A patient sought medical attention for being dissatisfied with the glutaeal silicone prostheses inserted using subcutaneous technique four years before. The treatment adopted was prosthesis removal surgery, and subsequent filling with PMMA.

Aesthetic correction of lesion by post-liposuction corticoid infiltration using subcision, PMMA filling, and CO2 laser.

INTRODUCTION: Post-liposuction fibrosis is a relatively common complication which can be repaired. CASE REPORT: We report a case of cutaneous atrophy and diffuse irregularity of the abdominal region with achromia post-liposuction. She was treated with subcision, PMMA filler and fractioned CO2 laser. RESULTS: Cutaneous colour and irregularities get improved.

The evaluation of maté (Ilex paraguariensis) genetic toxicity in human lymphocytes by the cytokinesis-block in the micronucleus assay.

The present study evaluates the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential of maté (Ilex paraguariensis) - previously tested for the presence of 48 organophosphorous pesticides - in the culture of human lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Peripheral blood was obtained once from three healthy female donors for lymphocyte cell cultures. The cultures were treated with maté infusion (filtered in sterilized sartorius filter with a 0.22 mm pore membrane), distilled water (negative control), and 6 microg/ml bleomycin (positive control). For each experimental person, 3000 binucleated cells (BN) from two independent cultures (1000 cells from replicate cultures) were scored for the presence of micronuclei (MN). No statistical differences between maté infusion concentrations were observed: 1400 microg/ml (0.001+/-0.002), 700 microg/ml (0.0006+/-0.0015), 350 microg/ml (0.002+/-0.002), 175 microg/ml (0.002+/-0.003) and negative control (0.001+/-0.001). The present findings show that there is no clastogenic or/and aneugenic basis underlying maté action in the CBMN assay.

[Pattern of drug consumption without medical prescription in the city of Porto Alegre, RS]. / Padrão de consumo de medicamentos sem prescrição médica na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS.

Self-medication is a very common practice not only in Brazil but also in other countries. It is defined as medication of oneself without medical advice, the patient himself deciding which drug to use. The overall objective of this study is to describe the pattern of drug consumption without medical prescription in the city of Porto Alegre between January and February 2007. It was an observational, transversal, descriptive and prospective study. Seven hundred and forty two individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 70 years and resident in Porto Alegre where interviewed between January and February 2007 after self-medication had been confirmed. With respect to sex, there was a predominance of self-medicating women (57.54%) in the studied sample. As refers to media influence, the majority (76.28%) was not influenced by the media in the choice of a medicament. In relation to the variable medical consultations during the last twelve months the majority (26.81%) had seen the doctor twice. The data here presented confirm the importance of studying the practice of self-medication and support the hypothesis of a naive and excessive belief of our society in the power of medicines.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and fluoxetine in the rat forced swimming test.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and fluoxetine on depressive behaviors in rodents. METHODS: Eighteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, fluoxetine, or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. RESULTS: Rats given injections of fluoxetine displayed significantly less immobility (p = 0.02) and fewer stops than the control group (p = 0.003). Duloxetine significantly reduced the number of stops (p = 0.003), but did not effect immobility (p = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine and fluoxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced FST. However, our findings suggest that fluoxetine is more effective than duloxetine.

The effect of maternal hypercholesterolemia on the placenta and fetal arteries in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of placental permeability in dyslipidemic rabbits and the consequent vascular dysfunction in fetuses of female rabbits with high lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Fifteen adult females New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=5) - hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5% cholesterol, and Group 2 (n=10) - control. On day 30, the levels of plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides were analyzed in the mothers, and the presence of collagen was analyzed in the placenta as well as in fetal coronary and aorta. Statistical analyses used the Student's t and the Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Lipoprotein levels were significantly different (p=0.02 to p<0.001) in experimental and control groups. In the hypercholesterolemic group, total cholesterol levels were in average 793 mg/dl; triglycerides were in average 257 mg/dl; HDL-C was 48 mg/dl, and LDL-C was in average 692 mg/dl. The amount of collagen per micrometers square (mµ²) in samples from hypercholesterolemic animals was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed placental permeability to lipoproteins, shown by increased amounts of collagen in fetal tissues. This alteration results in increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life, representing a risk factor for the early development of disease, which may appear even in the prenatal period.

Comparison of rimonabant and sibutramine treatment effects on food compulsion in rats.

PURPOSE: To compare the therapeutic effect of rimonabant, a new drug which is a selective antagonist of CB1 receptors, with the sibutramine. METHODS: It is an experimental clinical trial, prospective, placebo controlled. Our test was performed in 38 rats, adults females with a hyper caloric diet. We collected their blood 3 times and weighted them once a week. We divided the rats in 3 groups: Rimonabant, Sibutramine and Control. Statistic analysis has been made through ANOVA test, Tukey test and t Student test. RESULTS: The Rimonabant group demonstrated a significant reduction of the weight increase in rats. The Sibutramine group showed a significant reduction on blood glycemia compared to Rimonabant group and Control group. CONCLUSIONS: Rimonabant showed to be more effective than Sibutramine by decreasing weight gain. Sibutramine has been more effective than Rimonabant and Control groups by decreasing the blood glycemia.

Oclusão percutânea da persistência do ducto arterioso / Percutaneous occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus

Introdução: A persistência do ducto arterioso é uma condição congênita de alta morbidade, especialmente em recém-nascidos prematuros de extremo baixo peso, representando 5 a 10% das cardiopatias congênitas. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as abordagens realizadas em hospital de referência para o tratamento da persistência do ducto arterioso com o método percutâneo de oclusão. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo do tratamento transcateter da persistência do ducto arterioso no período de abril de 2008 a abril de 2010. Resultados: Foram revisados 47 casos, a maioria (78,8%) tratada com molas Flipper®; os demais tratados com a prótese Amplatzer®. A configuração morfológica ductal foi do tipo A de Krichenko em 89,4% (34 no grupo molas Flipper® e 8 no grupo Amplatzer®), tipo D em 6,4% (2 no grupo molas Flipper® e 1 no grupo Amplatzer®) e tipo E em 4,2% (1 em cada grupo) dos pacientes. Os diâmetros mínimos pré-cateterismo foram de 2,6 ± 0,8 mm e 3,8 ± 1,6 mm para os grupos de molas Flipper® e Amplatzer®, respectivamente. Obteve-se oclusão imediata total do defeito na angiografia de controle em 72,3% dos pacientes tratados. Sete pacientes tratados com molas Flipper® receberam molas adicionais e os tratados com prótese Amplatzer® mostraram apenas shunts residuais mínimos em dois casos. Não ocorreram complicações do procedimento. No acompanhamento após a alta, um paciente permaneceu com mínimo shunt residual à ecografia, 45 dias após o cateterismo. Conclusões: A oclusão da persistência do ducto arterioso por método percutâneo tem-se mostrado segura e efetiva na maioria dos casos...

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital condition with high morbidity, especially in preterm infants of extremely low birth weight, representing 5% to 10% of congenital heart diseases. Our objective was to describe the approaches used at a reference hospital for the percutaneous occlusion of PDA. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on the transcatheter treatment of patent ductus arteriosus from April of 2008 to April of 2010. Results: Forty-seven cases were reviewed and most of them (78.8%) were treated with FlipperTM coils while the remaining patients received the AmplatzerTM device. Ductal morphological configuration was Krichenko type A in 89.4% (34 in the FlipperTM coil group and 8 in the AmplatzerTM group), type D in 6.4% (2 in the FlipperTM coil group and 1 in the AmplatzerTM group) and type E in 4.2% (1 in each group) of patients. Pre-catheterization minimum diameters were 2.6 ± 0.8 mm and 3.8 ± 1.6 mm for the FlipperTM coil and AmplatzerTM groups, respectively. Immediate total occlusion of the defect was obtained in the control angiography in 72.3% of the patients. Seven patients treated with the FlipperTM coil received additional coils and two patients treated with the AmplatzerTM device presented minimal residual shunts. There were no procedure-related complications. In the follow-up after hospital discharge, one patient presented minimal residual shunt at the echography, 45 days after catheterization. Conclusions: Percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus occlusion has proven to be safe and effective in most cases...

Regression of gestational diabetes induced cardiomegaly in offspring of diabetic rat.

PURPOSE: To compare body weight and length, heart weight and length, heart-to-body weight ratio, glycemia, and morphometric cellular data of offspring of diabetic rats (ODR) and of normal rats (control). METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 3 pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 30 rats, on the 11th day after conception by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Six normal pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 50 rats, made up the control group. Morphometric data were obtained using a scale for the weight, length, heart and body measurements. Morphometric cellular data were obtained by a computer assisted method applied to the measurements of myocytes. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t-test, ANOVA and Levene test. RESULTS: Control offspring had greater mean body weight and length than offspring of diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Heart weight and length and heart-to-body ratios of newborn rats differed between groups at birth (p < 0.001), but showed no difference at 21 days. Mean nuclei area and perimetric value of the myocytes decrees throughout the first 21 days of life (p < 0.01) in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS: Heart hypertrophy on the offspring of diabetic rats at birth was demonstrated by the significant difference between the groups. After the eleventh day, no difference was found, which confirmed regression of cardiomegaly. The significant difference between the first and the 21th day of life, for nuclei area feature, demonstrate regression of cardiac hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic rats.

Remoção de tatuagem com laser Q-switched NdYAG em população brasileira / Tattoo removal with Q-switched Nd: YAG laser in a Brazilian population

INTRODUÇÃO: Na prática da remoção de tatuagem, já foram utilizadas a dermo a brasão e a cirurgia. Atualmente, se utiliza o laser. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a remoção de tatuagens utilizando-se o laser Q-switched NdYAG. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, com pacientes tratados com laser Q-switched NdYAG. Foram coletados dados a partir de prontuários e fotos dos pacientes, e de contato por telefone ou e-mail. A análise estatística foi feita através da análise de distribuição, regressão multivariada e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 304 pacientes com média de idade de 29,8 anos (±7,86), sendo que 297 (97,69%) foram classificados como brancos (fotótipos I, II e III); destes, 270 (88,81%) haviam feito tatuagens profissionais. A tatuagem mais antiga tinha 360 meses e a mais recente, um mês, obtendo-se uma média de 64,56 meses (± 63,54). O tamanho das tatuagens foi, em média, de 12,92 cm, sendo preta a cor predominante, estando presente em 291(86,51%) tatuagens. A média de sessões por paciente foi de 3,77 sessões (±2,99) e o intervalo entre estas foi de 49,23 dias. Com isso, foi observado, pelo terapeuta, que 52,96% das tatuagens foram parcialmente removidas; 21,38%, não removidas; 86,51%, cicatrização normal; 8,55%, cicatriz hipertrófica, e 3,29%, queloide. Dos 304 pacientes, 26,64% (81) relataram estar satisfeitos e 58,88% (179) relataram estar parcialmente satisfeitos com o resultado. A hipocromia esteve presente em 33,55% (102) dos indivíduos. CONCLUSÕES: O laser Q-switched NdYAG é um método seguro e eficaz, apresentando bom grau de satisfação e poucos efeitos indesejáveis na remoção de tatuagem.

INTRODUCTION: Both dermabrasion and surgery have been used in the practice of tattoo removal. Currently, laser is also being used. The aim of this study is to evaluate tattoo removal with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. METHOD: This is a retrospective study on patients treated by using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The data were collected from medical records and patient photographs, and through phone or e-mail contact. Statistical tests were done through the analysis of distribution, multivariate regression, and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 304 patients with an average age of 29.8 years (±7.86 years) were assessed. Of the total, 297 (97.69%) were classified as white (phototypes I, II, and III), 270 (88.81%) of whom had professional tattoos done. The oldest tattoo was 360 months old and the most recent was 1 month old, with an average of 64.56 months (±63.54 months). The tattoo size was, on average, 12.92 cm, with black being the predominant color (i.e., present in 291 [86.51%] tattoos). The average number of sessions per patient was 3.77 (±2.99), and the interval between sessions was 49.23 days. The therapist observed that 52.96% of the tattoos were partially removed, 21.38% were not removed, 86.51% showed normal healing, 8.55% developed a hypertrophic scar, and 3.29% developed a keloid. Of the 304 patients, 81 (26.64%) reported being satisfied and 179 (58.88%) reported being partially satisfied with the outcome. Hypochromia was present in 102 (33.55%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is a safe and effective method for tattoo removal that results in a good degree of patient satisfaction and few undesirable effects.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and amitriptyline in the rat forced swimming test.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and amitriptyline on depressive behaviors in rats. METHODS: Fifteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, amitriptyline or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis. RESULTS: Rats given injections of duloxetine displayed fewer stops than the amitriptyline and control group (p< 0.05). The control group and Amitriptyline showed no difference (p=0.8). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced Swimming Test been more effective than amitriptyline.

The effect of maternal hypercholesterolemia on the placenta and fetal arteries in rabbits / Efeito da hipercolesterolemia maternal sobre a placenta e as artérias fetais em coelhos

PURPOSE: To investigate the degree of placental permeability in dyslipidemic rabbits and the consequent vascular dysfunction in fetuses of female rabbits with high lipoprotein levels. METHODS: Fifteen adult females New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups. Group 1(n=5) - hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5 percent cholesterol, and Group 2 (n=10) - control. On day 30, the levels of plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides were analyzed in the mothers, and the presence of collagen was analyzed in the placenta as well as in fetal coronary and aorta. Statistical analyses used the Student's t and the Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Lipoprotein levels were significantly different (p=0.02 to p<0.001) in experimental and control groups. In the hypercholesterolemic group, total cholesterol levels were in average 793mg/dl; triglycerides were in average 257mg/dl; HDL-C was 48mg/dl, and LDL-C was in average 692mg/dl. The amount of collagen per micrometers square (mµ²) in samples from hypercholesterolemic animals was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed placental permeability to lipoproteins, shown by increased amounts of collagen in fetal tissues. This alteration results in increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in adult life, representing a risk factor for the early development of disease, which may appear even in the prenatal period.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a permeabilidade placentária em coelhos adultos fêmeas dislipidêmicas e a consequente disfunção vascular em seus fetos. MÉTODOS: Quinze coelhos adultos fêmeas Nova Zelândia Brancas foram distribuídas em grupo dislipidêmico e grupo controle. No trigésimo dia de gestação foram medidos os triglicerídeos e as lipoproteínas nas coelhas e verificada a presença de colágeno na placenta e coronárias fetais. Análise estatística foi feita com teste t de Student´s e Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de lipoproteínas foram diferentes estatisticamente entre os grupos (p=0,02 a p<0,001). A quantidade de colágeno por micrômetro quadrado foi significantemente maior no grupo hipercolesterolêmico em comparação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo confirmou a permeabilidade placentária para lipoproteínas demonstrando aumento de colágeno nos tecidos fetais. Esta alteração induz ao aumento da suscetibilidade para aterosclerose na vida adulta, representando um fator de risco para desenvolvimento precoce da doença aterosclerótica a qual pode estar presente mesmo no período pré-natal.

Ácido Láctico como indicativo de aptidão física em ratos / Lactic acid as an indication of physical fitness in rats

INTRODUÇÃO: Os modelos experimentais são utilizados para simulações de situações relacionadas ao treinamento físico. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a aptidão física de ratos em treinamento através da avaliação das concentrações de ácido láctico sérico. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado estudo experimental utilizando 40 ratos machos Wistar, adultos, divididos em cinco grupos de oito indivíduos, havendo um grupo controle. Foi realizado o primeiro teste de esforço máximo (TE) após uma semana de familiarização com a esteira rolante e antes do primeiro dia de treinamento. Os testes de esforço seguintes foram feitos a cada 10 dias de treinamento. No final de cada teste de esforço foi coletado 1ml de sangue para medir o ácido láctico. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparação das médias. RESULTADOS: O ácido láctico sérico diminuiu significativamente entre o primeiro e o último teste de esforço máximo nos grupos GE10, 20 e 30. No G30 pode-se demonstrar diferença significativa entre os testes inicial e final no que se refere à velocidade (p = 0,003) e tempo (p = 0,018), assim como no G40 velocidade inicial (p = 0,0006) e tempo (p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados demonstraram que ratos submetidos a treinamento físico apresentam capacidade metabólica medida pelo ácido láctico, que demonstra aptidão física e treinamento adequado com aumento do esforço físico, sendo bem tolerado até 40 dias de treinamento em esteira rolante.

INTRODUCTION: Experimental models are used for simulation of situations related to physical training. OBJECTIVE: This study had the objective of verifying the fitness of rats in training; this was achieved through the measurement of the concentration of lactic acid in the blood serum. METHODOLOGY: An experimental study using 40 Wistar male adult rats, divided into five groups of eight individuals and a control group was carried out. The first test of Maximum Effort (TE) was applied after one week of familiarization with the treadmill running and right before the first day of training. The following effort tests were applied at every ten days. In order to measure the concentration of lactic acid in the blood after the test; it 1ml of blood was collected from each rat. The Student t test was used to compare the means. RESULTS: Lactic acid serum significantly decreased in groups GE10, 20, 30 between the first and the last effort test. In the G30 there was a significant difference between the initial and final tests regarding speed (p = 0.003) and time (p = 0.018), as well as in the G40 group, where the initial velocity was (p = 0.0006) and time (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results measured through the lactic acid in the blood showed that rats submitted to physical training present better metabolic capacity and that with suitable training, the physical fitness increased after the physical effort. This effort is well tolerated by the rats up to 40 days of treadmill running.

Comparison of rimonabant and sibutramine treatment effects on food compulsion in rats / Comparação do efeito do rimonabanto e da sibutramina no tratamento da compulsão alimentar em ratos

PURPOSE: To compare the therapeutic effect of rimonabant, a new drug which is a selective antagonist of CB1 receptors, with the sibutramine. METHODS: It is an experimental clinical trial, prospective, placebo controlled. Our test was performed in 38 rats, adults females with a hyper caloric diet. We collected their blood 3 times and weighted them once a week. We divided the rats in 3 groups: Rimonabant, Sibutramine and Control. Statistic analysis has been made through ANOVA test, Tukey test and t Student test. RESULTS: The Rimonabant group demonstrated a significant reduction of the weight increase in rats. The Sibutramine group showed a significant reduction on blood glycemia compared to Rimonabant group and Control group. CONCLUSIONS: Rimonabant showed to be more effective than Sibutramine by decreasing weight gain. Sibutramine has been more effective than Rimonabant and Control groups by decreasing the blood glycemia.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito do rimonabanto, nova droga seletivamente antagonista dos receptores CB1, com a sibutramina. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico experimental, prospectivo, placebo controlado. Realizado com 38 ratas, adultas, submetidas a dieta hipercalórica. Foram coletadas 3 amostras de sangue e o peso controlado semanalmente. Foram divididas em 3 grupos: Rimonabanto, Sibutramina e Controle. Analise estatística realizada com ANOVA, teste t de Student e teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: O grupo Rimonabanto obteve redução significante do ganho de peso. O grupo Sibutramina teve redução significativa da glicemia quando comparado aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Rimonabanto foi mais efetivo que a Sibutramina na redução do ganho de peso. A Sibutramina foi mais efetiva na redução da glicemia do que os grupos controle e Rimonabanto.

Regression of gestational diabetes induced cardiomegaly in offspring of diabetic rat / Regressão da miocardiopatia hipertrófica em filhotes de ratas diabéticas

PURPOSE: To compare body weight and length, heart weight and length, heart-to-body weight ratio, glycemia, and morphometric cellular data of offspring of diabetic rats (ODR) and of normal rats (control). METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 3 pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 30 rats, on the 11th day after conception by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Six normal pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 50 rats, made up the control group. Morphometric data were obtained using a scale for the weight, length, heart and body measurements. Morphometric cellular data were obtained by a computer assisted method applied to the measurements of myocytes. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t-test, ANOVA and Levene test. RESULTS: Control offspring had greater mean body weight and length than offspring of diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Heart weight and length and heart-to-body ratios of newborn rats differed between groups at birth (p < 0.001), but showed no difference at 21 days. Mean nuclei area and perimetric value of the myocytes decrees throughout the first 21 days of life (p < 0.01) in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS: Heart hypertrophy on the offspring of diabetic rats at birth was demonstrated by the significant difference between the groups. After the eleventh day, no difference was found, which confirmed regression of cardiomegaly. The significant difference between the first and the 21th day of life, for nuclei area feature, demonstrate regression of cardiac hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic rats.

OBJETIVO: Comparar as medidas cardíacas e a morfometria celular miocárdica dos filhotes de ratas diabéticas (FRD) com filhotes de ratas normais (FRN). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 30 filhotes de 3 ratas Wistar com diabetes gestacional induzido por 50mg/kg de estreptozotocina, no 11° dia após a concepção. O grupo controle foi de 50 filhotes de 6 ratas Wistar normais. As medidas de comprimento, peso corporal e peso cardíaco foram realizadas com paquímetro e balança e as medidas celulares por analisador computadorizado de imagem. A análise estatística usou o Teste t de Student, ANOVA e teste de Levene. RESULTADOS: A média de peso e comprimento dos filhotes, desde o nascimento até os 21 dias de vida, foi significativamente maior (p<0,001) no grupo dos FRN. O peso, tamanho cardíaco e a proporção cardíaca dos FRD, ao nascimento, foi, significativamente, maior (p<0,001), regredindo ao longo dos 21 dias de vida. Os FRD apresentaram uma regressão significativa da área e perímetro nuclear (p<0,01) do nascimento aos 21 dias de vida, o mesmo não ocorrendo no grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: Os FRD apresentaram, ao nascimento, maior tamanho cardíaco, maior peso cardíaco e maior proporção peso cardíaco-peso corporal do que FRN, havendo igualdade estatística entre os dois grupos a partir do 11° dia de vida. Houve diferença significativa entre o nascimento e o 21º dia de vida nas medidas celulares demonstrando regressão da hipertrofia miocárdica nos filhotes das ratas diabéticas.

Padrão de consumo de medicamentos sem prescrição médica na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS / Pattern of drug consumption without medical prescription in the city of Porto Alegre, RS

A automedicação é uma prática bastante difundida não apenas no Brasil, mas também em outros países. Essa é definida como uso de medicamentos sem prescrição médica, na qual o próprio paciente decide qual fármaco utilizar. O objetivo geral deste projeto de pesquisa é descrever o padrão de consumo de medicamentos sem prescrição médica na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, entre os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2007. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e prospectivo, no qual foram estudadas 742 pessoas, de ambos os sexos, com idades que variavam entre os 18 e 70 anos, residentes em Porto Alegre, RS entre os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2007, após a confirmação de que estas se automedicam. Houve um predomínio (57,54 por cento) de mulheres na amostra estudada. Em relação à influência de meios de comunicação para optar por um fármaco, a maioria (76,28 por cento) não é sugestionada por tais meios. Em relação à variável número de consultas médicas, nos últimos doze meses verificou-se que a maioria (26,81 por cento) consultou duas vezes. Os presentes dados confirmam a importância do estudo da automedicação e apóiam a hipótese da ingênua e excessiva crença da sociedade atual no poder dos medicamentos.

Self-medication is a very common practice not only in Brazil but also in other countries. It is defined as medication of oneself without medical advice, the patient himself deciding which drug to use. The overall objective of this study is to describe the pattern of drug consumption without medical prescription in the city of Porto Alegre between January and February 2007. It was an observational, transversal, descriptive and prospective study. Seven hundred and forty two individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 70 years and resident in Porto Alegre where interviewed between January and February 2007 after self-medication had been confirmed. With respect to sex, there was a predominance of self-medicating women (57.54 percent) in the studied sample. As refers to media influence, the majority (76.28 percent) was not influenced by the media in the choice of a medicament. In relation to the variable medical consultations during the last twelve months the majority (26.81 percent) had seen the doctor twice. The data here presented confirm the importance of studying the practice of self-medication and support the hypothesis of a naive and excessive belief of our society in the power of medicines.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and amitriptyline in the rat forced swimming test / Efeitos antidepressivos da duloxetina e da amitriptilina no teste do nado forçado em ratos

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and amitriptyline on depressive behaviors in rats. METHODS: Fifteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, amitriptyline or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis. RESULTS: Rats given injections of duloxetine displayed fewer stops than the amitriptyline and control group (p< 0.05). The control group and Amitriptyline showed no difference (p=0.8). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced Swimming Test been more effective than amitriptyline.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito antidepressivo da droga cloridrato de duloxetina com a amitriptilina. MÉTODOS: O teste do nado forçado, teste comportamental que avalia a atividade antidepressiva em ratos, foi utilizado em 15 ratos Wistar, machos adultos, divididos em três grupos iguais: duloxetina, amitriptilina e controle. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste One-way ANOVA e Kruskall-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre o número de paradas (p <0,05) entre os grupos duloxetina e amitriptilina e o grupo controle. Grupo amitriptilina e controle não apresentaram diferença (p=0,8). CONCLUSÃO: A duloxetina reduziu o comportamento depressivo sendo mais efetiva do que a amitriptilina.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and fluoxetine in the rat forced swimming test

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and fluoxetine on depressive behaviors in rodents. METHODS: Eighteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, fluoxetine, or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. RESULTS: Rats given injections of fluoxetine displayed significantly less immobility (p = 0.02) and fewer stops than the control group (p = 0.003). Duloxetine significanlty reduced the number of stops (p = 0.003), but did not effect immobility (p = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine and fluoxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced FST. However, our findings suggest that fluoxetine is more effective than duloxetine.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito antidepressivo da droga cloridrato de duloxetina com a fluoxetina. MÉTODOS: O teste do nado forçado, teste comportamental que avalia a atividade antidepressiva em ratos, foi utilizado em 18 ratos Wistar, machos adultos, divididos em três grupos iguais: duloxetina, fluoxetina e controle. RESULTADOS: Os dados do teste do nado forçado foram analisados pelo teste One-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis.Houve diferença significativa (p = 0,003) entre o número de paradas dos grupos duloxetina e fluoxetina e o grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A duloxetina e a fluoxetina tiveram frequência de paradas similares. A fluoxetina mostrou ser mais efetiva que a duloxetina no teste do nado forçado em ratos.