Subacute ruminal acidosis induces pyroptosis via the mitophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the livers of dairy cows fed a high-grain diet.

High-grain (HG) feeding can trigger subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and subsequent liver tissue injury. This study investigated pyroptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in SARA-induced liver injury, and the role of mitophagy during this process. Twelve mid-lactating Holstein cows equipped with rumen fistulas were randomly divided into 2 groups: a low-grain (LG) diet group (grain:forage = 4:6) and a HG diet group (grain:forage = 6:4). Each group had 6 cows. The experiment lasted for 3 wk. The ruminal fluid was collected through the rumen fistula on experimental d 20 and 21, and the pH immediately measured. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered, and peripheral blood and liver tissue were collected. The ruminal pH was lower in the HG group than that in the LG group at all time points. In addition, the ruminal pH in the HG group was lower than 5.6 at 3 consecutive time points after feeding (4, 6, and 8 h on d 20; 2, 4, and 6 h on d 21), indicating that HG feeding induced SARA. The content of lipopolysaccharide, IL-1ß, and apoptosis-related cysteine protease 1 (caspase-1) and the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood plasma of the HG group were all significantly increased. Hepatic caspase-1 activity was increased in the livers of the HG group. The increased expression levels of pyroptosis- and NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes IL1B, IL18, gasdermin D (GSDMD), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a card (ASC), NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), and caspase-1 (CASP1) in liver tissue of the HG group were detected. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that HG feeding led to increased expression of pyroptosis- and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins GSDMD N-terminal (GSDMD-NT), IL-1ß, IL-18, cleaved-caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, and cleaved-caspase-11 and upregulated expression of mitophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (MAP1LC3-II), beclin 1 (BECN1), Parkin, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) in liver tissue. Collectively, our results revealed that SARA caused increased mitophagy and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, causing pyroptosis and subsequent liver injury in dairy cows fed a HG diet.

High concentrate diet induced inflammatory response and tight junction disruption in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of a high concentrate (HC) diet on the inflammatory response and cellular tight junctions (TJs) in the mammary gland of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned into low concentrate (LC) and HC groups (n = 6), which were fed with LC diet and HC diet respectively for 3 weeks. The HC diet lead to subacute ruminant acidosis with a rumen pH < 5.6 more than 3 h daily. The HC diet triggered an inflammatory response with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lacteal vein, upregulated expression of inflammation-related genes, elevated activity of myeloperoxidase, and inflammatory cells infiltration in the mammary gland. Furthermore, the HC diet induced the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways with enhanced phosphorylation ratios of NF-κB P65, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), P38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) as well as decreased ratios of DNA methylation and chromatin compaction of genes coding for proinflammatory cytokines, which contributed to the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression. The HC diet also destroyed the integrity of TJ with discontinuous and decreased expression levels of zonula occludens-1, Occludin, Claudin-4 and increased expression level of Claudin-1 in the mammary epithelial cells compared with LC group. Conclusively, the HC diet induced the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications, promoted the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, and finally caused inflammatory response and TJ disruption in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

High-concentrate diet elevates histone lactylation mediated by p300/CBP through the upregulation of lactic acid and induces an inflammatory response in mammary gland of dairy cows.

High-concentrate diet can cause metabolic diseases, such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), and secondary mastitis. To investigate the effect of SARA induced by high-concentrate diet on the lysine lactylation (Kla) and inflammatory responses in the mammary gland of dairy cows and the mechanism between them, we selected twelve mid-lactation Holstein cows with similar body conditions for modelling. They were randomly divided into two groups, fed a low-concentrate diet (LC) and a high-concentrate diet (HC) for 21 days. Our results showed that high-concentrate diet feeding significantly reduced ruminal pH, and the pH was below 5.6 for more than 3 h per day, indicating successful induction of the SARA model. Lactic acid concentrations in mammary gland and plasma were higher in the HC group than that in the LC group. HC diet feeding significantly up-regulated the expression levels of the Pan Kla, H3K18la, p300/CBP and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the mammary gland. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors were significantly regulated, including IL-1ß, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, SAA3, and TNF-α, while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was down-regulated. The mammary gland of HC group was structurally disorganized with incomplete glandular vesicles, with a large number of detached mammary epithelial cells and inflammatory cells infiltration. The up-regulation of TLR4, TNF-α, p-p65, and p-IκBα indicated that the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated. In conclusion, this study found that HC diet feeding can induce SARA and increase the concentration of lactic acid in mammary gland and plasma. Then, lactic acid could be transported into cells by MCT1 and up-regulate the expression level of histone lactylation mediated by p300/CBP, and subsequently promote the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately causing inflammatory responses in the mammary gland.

A high-concentrate diet induces mitochondrial dysfunction by activating the MAPK signaling pathway in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

Subacute rumen acidosis can lead to mastitis in dairy cows. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to the inflammatory response. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-concentrate diet on mammary gland inflammation and mitochondrial damage in dairy cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed a 40% concentrate (low concentrate, LC) diet or a 60% concentrate (high concentrate, HC) diet. Cows were fed individually, and the experiment lasted for 3 wk. After the experiment, mammary gland tissue, blood, and rumen fluid were collected. Compared with the LC diet, the HC diet significantly decreased rumen pH; the pH was <5.6 for more than 3 h. The HC diet also increased the concentration of LPS in the blood (7.17 ± 1.25 µg/mL vs. 12.12 ± 1.26 µg/mL), which indicated that feeding the HC diet successfully induced subacute rumen acidosis. The HC diet also increased the concentration of Ca2+ (34.80 ± 4.23 µg/g vs. 46.87 ± 7.24 µg/g) in the mammary gland and upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 (1,128.31 ± 147.53 pg/g vs. 1,538.42 ± 241.38 pg/g), IL-1ß (69.67 ± 5.86 pg/g vs. 90.13 ± 4.78 pg/g), and tumor necrosis factor-α (91.99 ± 10.43 pg/g vs. 131.75 ± 17.89 pg/g) in mammary venous blood. The HC diet also increased the activity of myeloperoxidase (0.41 ± 0.05 U/g vs. 0.71 ± 0.11 U/g) and decreased the content of ATP (0.47 ± 0.10 µg/mL vs. 0.32 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the mammary gland. In addition, phosphorylation of JNK (1.00 ± 0.21 vs. 2.84 ± 0.75), ERK (1.00 ± 0.20 vs. 1.53 ± 0.31), and p38 (1.00 ± 0.13 vs. 1.47 ± 0.41) and protein expression of IL-6 (1.00 ± 0.22 vs. 2.21 ± 0.27) and IL-8 (1.00 ± 0.17 vs. 1.96 ± 0.26) were enhanced in cows of the HC group, indicating that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was activated. Compared with the LC diet, the HC diet reduced the protein expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins PGC-1α (1.00 ± 0.17 vs. 0.55 ± 0.12), NRF1 (1.00 ± 0.17 vs. 0.60 ± 0.10), TFAM (1.00 ± 0.10 vs. 0.73 ± 0.09), and SIRTI (1.00 ± 0.44 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10). The HC diet promoted mitochondrial fission and inhibited mitochondrial fusion by reducing protein expression of MFN1 (1.00 ± 0.31 vs. 0.49 ± 0.09), MFN2 (1.00 ± 0.19 vs. 0.69 ± 0.13), and OPA1 (1.00 ± 0.08 vs. 0.72 ± 0.07), and by increasing that of DRP1 (1.00 ± 0.09 vs. 1.39 ± 0.10), MFF (1.00 ± 0.15 vs. 1.89 ± 0.12), and TTC1/FIS1 (1.00 ± 0.08 vs. 1.76 ± 0.14), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The HC diet increased mitochondrial permeability by upregulating the protein expression of VDAC1 (1.00 ± 0.42 vs. 1.90 ± 0.44), ANT (1.00 ± 0.22 vs. 1.27 ± 0.17), and CYPD (1.00 ± 0.41 vs. 1.82 ± 0.43). Taken together, these results indicated that feeding the HC diet induced mitochondrial damage via the MAPK signaling pathway in the mammary gland of dairy cows.

Subclinical ketosis leads to lipid metabolism disorder by downregulating the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 in dairy cows.

Ketosis is a metabolic disease that often occurs in dairy cows postpartum and is a result of disordered lipid metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is important for balancing cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) metabolism; however, its role in subclinical ketotic dairy cows is unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential correlation between ACAT2 and lipid metabolism disorders in subclinical ketotic cows through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vivo experiment, liver tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy cows (CON, n = 6, ß-hydroxybutyric acid [BHBA] concentration <1.0 mM) and subclinical ketotic cows (subclinical ketosis [SCK], n = 6, BHBA concentration = 1.2-3.0 mM) to explore the effect of ACAT2 on lipid metabolism disorders in SCK cows. For the in vitro experiment, bovine hepatocytes (BHEC) were used as the model. The effects of BHBA on ACAT2 and lipid metabolism were investigated via BHBA concentration gradient experiments. Subsequently, the relation between ACAT2 and lipid metabolism disorder was explored by transfection with siRNA of ACAT2. Transcriptomics showed an upregulation of differentially expression genes during lipid metabolism and significantly lower ACAT2 mRNA levels in the SCK group. Compared with the CON group in vivo, the SCK group showed significantly higher expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulator element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and significantly lower expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Moreover, the SCK group had a significantly higher liver TG content and significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol content. These results were indicative of TG and cholesterol metabolism disorders in the liver of dairy cows with SCK. Additionally, the SCK group showed an increased expression of perilipin-2 (PLIN2), decreased expression of apolipoprotein B, and decreased plasma concentration of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) by downregulating ACAT2, which indicated an accumulation of TG in liver. In vitro experiments showed that BHBA induced an increase in the TG content of BHEC, decreased content TC, increased expression of PPARγ and SREBP1c, and decreased expression of PPARα, CPT1A, SREBP2, and HMGCR. Additionally, BHBA increased the expression of PLIN2 in BHEC, decreased the expression and fluorescence intensity of ACAT2, and decreased the VLDL and LDL-C contents. Furthermore, silencing ACAT2 expression increased the TG content; decreased the TC, VLDL, and LDL-C contents; decreased the expression of HMGCR and SREBP2; and increased the expression of SREBP1c; but had no effect on the expression of PLIN2. These results suggest that ACAT2 downregulation in BHEC promotes TG accumulation and inhibits cholesterol synthesis, leading to TG and cholesterol metabolic disorders. In conclusion, ACAT2 downregulation in the SCK group inhibited cholesterol synthesis, increased TG synthesis, and reduced the contents of VLDL and LDL-C, eventually leading to disordered TG and cholesterol metabolism.

iE-DAP Induced Inflammatory Response and Tight Junction Disruption in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via NOD1-Dependent NF-κB and MLCK Signaling Pathway.

γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), a bacterial cell wall component, can trigger an inflammatory response. A mammary inflammatory response causes tight junction (TJ) dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the effects and involved mechanisms of iE-DAP-induced inflammatory response on the TJ integrity in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The results showed that iE-DAP-induced inflammatory response and TJ disruption was associated with increased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and decreased gene expression of ZO-1 and Occludin, as well as a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance and elevation in paracellular dextran passage. While MLCK inhibitor ML-7 reversed the TJ disruption induced by iE-DAP. NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7085 hindered the activation of NF-κB and MLCK signaling pathways, the inflammatory response and TJ disruption induced by iE-DAP. NOD1-specific shRNA also inhibited the activation of the NOD1/NF-κB signaling pathway and reversed the inflammatory response and TJ injury in iE-DAP-treated BMECs. Above results suggest that iE-DAP activated the NF-κB and MLCK signaling pathway in NOD1-dependent manner, which promoted the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and altered the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins, finally caused inflammatory response and TJ disruption. This study might provide theoretical basis and scientific support for the prevention and treatment of mastitis.

A high-concentrate diet provokes inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis in mammary tissue of dairy cows through the upregulation of STIM1/ORAI1.

High-concentrate feeding can induce subacute ruminal acidosis, which leads to mammary tissue injury in dairy cows. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of high-concentrate feeding on STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1)/ORAI1 (Orai calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1)-mediated inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis in the mammary tissue of dairy cows. A total of 12 healthy mid-lactating Holstein cows of similar weight were randomly allotted into the following 2 groups: a high-concentrate (HC) group (concentrate:forage = 6:4) and a low-concentrate (LC) group (concentrate:forage = 4:6). The trial lasted for 3 wk. After the feeding experiment, rumen fluid, lacteal vein blood, and mammary tissue samples were collected. The results showed that the HC diet significantly increased blood lipopolysaccharide levels, decreased ruminal pH, and upregulated the concentrations of Ca2+ and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, and the enzyme activities of caspase-3, caspase-9, PKC, and IKK. The upregulation of STIM1, ORAI1, PKCα, IKKß, phosphorylated-IκBα, phosphorylated-p65, TNF-α, and IL-1α proteins in the HC group indicated activation of the STIM1/ORAI1-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway compared with that in the LC group. The HC diet also induced ERS by increasing the mRNA and protein abundances of GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α in the mammary tissue. Compared with the LC group, the mRNA expression levels and protein abundances of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and BAX were markedly increased in the HC group. However, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2 were significantly decreased in the HC group. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the HC diet can activate the store-operated calcium entry channel by upregulating the expression of STIM1 and ORAI1 and induce inflammation, ERS, and apoptosis in the mammary tissue of dairy cows.

Rumen-derived lipopolysaccharide induced ruminal epithelium barrier damage in goats fed a high-concentrate diet.

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released in the rumen on epithelium barrier function of goats fed a HC diet. Twelve Boer goats were randomly divided into two groups: low-concentrate(LC) diet and high-concentrate(HC) diet treatment. We found that the pH of rumen fluid in the HC group was lower than in the LC group (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the rumen epithelium were lower in the LC group than the HC group (P < 0.05). Gene expression and protein levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and Zona occludin-1 were all greater in the LC group than the HC group (P < 0.05). Staining of claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 was became irregular. In conclusion, high concentrate diet feeding can impair rumen epithelium function and decrease tight junction protein expression through MAPK signaling pathway.

Replacement of grains with soybean hulls ameliorates SARA-induced impairment of the colonic epithelium barrier function of goats.

BACKGROUND: The effect of soybean hull feeding on the disruption of colonic epithelium barrier function was investigated in goats fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-one Boer goats (live weight, 32.57 ± 2.26 kg; age, 1 year) were randomly divided into three groups: low-concentrate diet (LC), high-concentrate diet (HC), and high-concentrate diet with soybean hulls (SH). RESULTS: We found that the rumen fluid in the LC and SH group shown a higher pH value compared with the HC group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the colonic epithelium were significantly decreased in the SH group than in the HC group. Moreover, in goats fed the HC diet, SH treatment promoted gene expression and protein abundance of claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and ZO-1 in the colonic epithelium. Additionally, the injury to the colonic epithelium barrier caused by the HC diet was reversed by SH treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that supplemental SH feeding reverses the damage to colonic epithelium tight junctions by inhibiting the MAPK signalling pathway and has a protective effect on the colonic epithelium during SARA.

Effect of parathyroid hormone on serum magnesium levels: the neglected relationship in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is an important complication in patients with end-stage renal disease. Since recent studies have shown that magnesium (Mg) disturbance plays an important role in CKD-MBD and cardiovascular mortality, the interest on magnesium has grown recently. Although much concern focused on the effect of Mg on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, however, the influence of PTH on serum Mg levels is nearly unexplored. To evaluate the effect of PTH on serum Mg levels, we first described the relationship between serum Mg and PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Besides, we also monitored the changes of serum Mg concentration after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in 23 patients. In our study, we found that hypermagnesemia (>2.5 mg/dL) occurred in up to 44% of cases and hypomagnesemia did not present. No statistically significant correlations were found between serum Mg levels and PTH (r = -0.143, p = 0.134). Correlation analysis and regression analysis suggested that the derangement of magnesium homeostasis was consistent with the derangement of calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. However, after PTX, serum magnesium levels dropped immediately after the surgery, minimally at the first day and gradually restored from the third day. The changes of serum Mg after surgery was positive correlated with the changes of serum phosphate (r = 0.558, p = 0.003). Taken altogether, our data suggested that the therapeutic strategies to achieve optimum serum magnesium levels in CKD-MBD should take into account the varying stages of disease development since PTH could also influence magnesium metabolism and this problem might be important in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Relationship between parathyroid mass and parathyroid hormone level in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the influence of parathyroid mass on the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, we investigated the relationship between the resected parathyroid gland in total parathyroidectomy and the parathyroid hormone level in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: From January 2009 to July 2014, 223 patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy were included. The size and the weight of parathyroid gland were measured during the operation. RESULTS: 874 parathyroid glands were removed. A positive correlation was identified between the size and the weight of resected parathyroid glands. We found that both the preoperative PTH and the reduction of PTH were significantly correlated with the size and the weight of parathyroid glands in a positive manner. However, in the subgroup of patients with PTH < 1000 pg/ml, no significant correlation was found. CONCLUSIONS: Larger parathyroid gland secretes more PTH and high level of serum PTH usually indicated that surgical removal might be required. However, since PTH levels could be influenced by the pharmaceutical drug, the large size of parathyroid gland might be used as a much more appropriate guide that indicates the requirement of surgery treatment even when the parathyroid hormone was less than 1000 pg/ml.

Lentinan Ameliorates ß-Hydroxybutyrate-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Bovine Hepatocytes by Upregulating the Expression of Acetyl-coenzyme A Acetyltransferase 2.

Ketosis in dairy cows is often accompanied by the dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in the liver. Acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is specifically expressed in the liver and is important for regulating lipid homeostasis in ketotic cows. Lentinan (LNT) has a wide range of pharmacological activities, and this study investigates the protective effects of LNT on ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)-induced lipid metabolism disorder in bovine hepatocytes (BHECs) and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. BHECs were first pretreated with LNT to investigate the effect of LNT on BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. ACAT2 was then silenced or overexpressed to investigate whether this mediated the protective action of LNT against BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. Finally, BHECs were treated with LNT after silencing ACAT2 to investigate the interaction between LNT and ACAT2. LNT pretreatment effectively enhanced the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol, inhibited the synthesis of triglycerides, increased the expression of ACAT2, and elevated the contents of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thereby ameliorating BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. The overexpression of ACAT2 achieved a comparable effect to LNT pretreatment, whereas the silencing of ACAT2 aggravated the effect of BHBA on inducing disorder in lipid metabolism in BHECs. Moreover, the protective effect of LNT against lipid metabolism disorder in BHBA-induced BHECs was abrogated upon silencing of ACAT2. Thus, LNT, as a natural protective agent, can enhance the regulatory capacity of BHECs in maintaining lipid homeostasis by upregulating ACAT2 expression, thereby ameliorating the BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder.

Disodium Fumarate Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Mitochondrial Damage, and Oxidative Stress Induced by the High-Concentrate Diet in the Mammary Gland Tissue of Hu Sheep.

The long-term feeding of the high-concentrate diet (HC) reduced rumen pH and induced subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), leading to mammary gland tissue damage among ruminants. Disodium fumarate enhanced rumen bufferation and alleviated a decrease in rumen pH induced by the HC diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether disodium fumarate could alleviate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress induced by the high-concentrate diet in the mammary gland tissue of Hu sheep. In this study, 18 Hu sheep in mid-lactation were randomly divided into three groups: one fed with a low-concentrate diet (LC) diet, one fed with a HC diet, and one fed with a HC diet with disodium fumarate (AHC). Each sheep was given an additional 10 g of disodium fumarate/day. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. After the experiment, rumen fluid, blood, and mammary gland tissue were collected. The results show that, compared with the LC diet, the HC diet could reduce rumen pH, and the pH below 5.6 was more than 3 h, and the LPS content of blood and rumen fluid in HC the diet was significantly higher than in the LC diet. This indicates that the HC diet induced SARA in Hu sheep. However, the supplementation of disodium fumarate in the HC diet increased the rumen pH and decreased the content of LPS in blood and rumen fluid. Compared with the LC diet, the HC diet increased Ca2+ content in mammary gland tissue. However, the AHC diet decreased Ca2+ content. The HC diet induced ER stress in mammary gland tissue by increasing the mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78, CHOP, PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α. The HC diet also activated the IP3R-VDAC1-MCU channel and lead to mitochondrial damage by inhibiting mitochondrial fusion and promoting mitochondrial division, while disodium fumarate could alleviate these changes. In addition, disodium fumarate alleviated oxidative stress induced by the HC diet by activating Nrf2 signaling and reducing ROS production in mammary gland tissue. In conclusion, the supplementation of disodium fumarate at a daily dose of 10 g/sheep enhanced rumen bufferation by maintaining the ruminal pH above 6 and reduced LPS concentration in ruminal fluid and blood. This reaction avoided the negative effect observed by non-supplemented sheep that were fed with a high-concentrate diet involving endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage in the mammary gland tissue of Hu sheep.

Butyrate Protects against γ-d-Glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic Acid-Induced Inflammatory Response and Tight Junction Disruption through Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibition in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the regulatory actions and underlying mechanisms of butyrate on the inflammatory response and tight junction (TJ) disruption in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Results showed that butyrate declined histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) expression, blocked NF-κB activation, and thus suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP)-triggered BMECs. Butyrate also depressed the protein abundance of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), elevated the expression of TJ proteins, and restored the cellular distribution of TJ proteins and the barrier function of epithelial cells. HDAC3 overexpression abolished the protective effects of butyrate. In conclusion, butyrate alleviated the iE-DAP-induced inflammatory response and TJ injury by blocking NF-κB activation and decreasing inflammatory cytokine production and MLCK expression in a HDAC3-dependent manner. Our finding provides a mechanistic basis for further exploring the regulatory effects of butyrate on the mammary inflammatory response.

Effects of dietary disodium fumarate supplementation on muscle quality, chemical composition, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism of Hu sheep induced by high concentrate diet.

Long-term feeding of high-concentrate (HC) diet causes the decrease of rumen pH, and induces subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), which results in metabolic disorders in sheep. This not only reduces animal performance, but also increases the risk of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. Disodium fumarate can improve the rumen buffering capacity and increase rumen pH. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high concentrate diet on muscle quality, chemical composition, oxidative damage and lipid metabolism of Hu sheep, and the regulating effect of disodium fumarate. The results showed that HC diet induced SARA by reducing rumen pH value, thus causing oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorder in longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of Hu sheep, which also reduced meat quality by increasing shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, chewiness and hardness, and reducing the contents of crude fat and crude protein in LL muscle. However, disodium fumarate can improve meat quality of SARA Hu sheep by regulating rumen pH, inhibiting muscle oxidative stress and promoting lipid metabolism.

Dietary disodium fumarate supplementation alleviates subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA)-induced liver damage by inhibiting pyroptosis via mitophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in lactating Hu sheep.

Liver damage is common in ruminants with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Disodium fumarate (DF) could regulate rumen microbial community and neutralize ruminal organic acids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary DF supplementation on SARA-induced liver damage and investigate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that feeding a high-concentrate diet induced decreased rumen fluid pH and increased ruminal LPS. The rumen fluid pH in the HC group was less than 5.6 at 4 time points, indicating that SARA was successfully induced. The histopathological analysis showed that in the HC group, hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in liver tissue. Using ELISA kits and biochemical analyzer, we identified that the contents of interleukin 1beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 18 (IL-18), caspase-1, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in hepatic vein were elevated in the HC group. However, DF supplementation increased rumen fluid pH value, decreased ruminal LPS, attenuated hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver tissue, and decreased contents of IL-1ß, IL-18, caspase-1, AST, and ALT in the hepatic vein. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis displayed that SARA-induced increased expression of pyroptosis-related proteins (GSDMD-NT) was attenuated in the HCDF group. Meanwhile, SARA induced increased expression of mitophagy and inflammasome-related proteins (MAP1LC3-II, PINK1, Parkin, cleaved-caspase-11, cleaved-caspase-1, NLRP3, and ASC) and elevated expression of inflammasome-related genes (NLRP3, CASP1, and ASC), which was reversed by DF supplementation. Moreover, SARA activated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inhibited the entry of forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) into the nucleus, which was reversed by DF supplementation. Collectively, our data suggest that dietary DF supplementation inhibited hepatocyte pyroptosis by regulating the mitophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus alleviating SARA-induced liver damage in Hu sheep.

ß-carotene targets IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1-MCU axis to renovate LPS-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage by regulating STIM1.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are the main sites for the storage and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. An imbalance of Ca2+ homeostasis can cause ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby inducing apoptosis. The store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the main channel for extracellular calcium influx. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (MAM) is an important agent for Ca2+ transfer from the ER to the mitochondria. Therefore, regulation of SOCE and MAMs has potential therapeutic value for disease prevention and treatment. In this study, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and mice were used as models to explore the mechanisms of ß-carotene to relieve ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BAPTA-AM, EGTA (Ca2+ inhibitor), and BTP2 (SOCE channel inhibitor) alleviated ER stress and mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by increased intracellular Ca2+ levels after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA (ER stress inhibitor), 2-APB (IP3R inhibitor), and ruthenium red (mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) inhibitor) restored mitochondrial function by reducing mitochondrial ROS. Our data also confirm that ß-carotene targeted STIM1 and IP3R channels to repair LPS-induced ER stress and mitochondrial disorders. Consistent with the in vitro study, in vito experiments in mice further showed that ß-carotene attenuated LPS-induced ER stress and mitochondrial oxidative damage by inhibiting the expression of STIM1 and ORAI1, and reducing the level of Ca2+ in mouse mammary glands. Therefore, ER stress-mitochondrial oxidative damage mediated by the STIM1-ER-IP3R/GRP75/VDAC1-MCU axis plays an vital role in the development of mastitis. Our results provided novel ideas and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of mastitis.

A high-concentrate diet induces inflammatory injury via regulating Ca2+/CaMKKß-mediated autophagy in mammary gland tissue of dairy cows.

Introduction: Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ß (CaMKKß) is closely related to Ca2+ concentration. An increase in Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm activates CaMKKß, and activated CaMKKß affects the activities of AMPK and mTOR and induces autophagy. A high-concentrate diet leads to Ca2+ disorder in mammary gland tissue. Objectives: Therefore, this study mainly investigated the induction of mammary gland tissue autophagy by a high-concentrate diet and the specific mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Material and Methods: Twelve mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were fed with a 40% concentrate diet (LC) and a 60% concentrate diet (HC) for 3 weeks. At the end of the trial, rumen fluid, lacteal vein blood, and mammary gland tissue were collected. The results showed that the HC diet significantly decreased rumen fluid pH, with a pH lower than 5.6 for more than 3 h, indicating successfully induction of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). The mechanism of LPS-induced autophagy in BMECs was studied in vitro. First, the cells were divided into a Ctrl group and LPS group to study the effects of LPS on the concentration of Ca2+ and autophagy in BMECs. Then, cells were pretreated with an AMPK inhibitor (compound C) or CaMKKß inhibitor (STO-609) to investigate whether the CaMKKß-AMPK signaling pathway is involved in LPS-induced BMEC autophagy. Results: The HC diet increased the concentration of Ca2+ in mammary gland tissue and pro-inflammatory factors in plasma. The HC diet also significantly increased the expression of CaMKKß, AMPK, and autophagy-related proteins, resulting in mammary gland tissue injury. In vitro cell experiments showed that LPS increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and upregulated protein expression of CaMKKß, AMPK, and autophagy-related proteins. Compound C pretreatment decreased the expression of proteins related to autophagy and inflammation. In addition, STO-609 pretreatment not only reversed LPS-induced BMECs autophagy but also inhibited the protein expression of AMPK, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response in BMECs. These results suggest that inhibition of the Ca2+/CaMKKß-AMPK signaling pathway reduces LPS-induced autophagy, thereby alleviating inflammatory injury of BMECs. Conclusion: Therefore, SARA may increase the expression of CaMKKß by increasing Ca2+ levels and activate autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway, thereby inducing inflammatory injury in mammary gland tissue of dairy cows.

Efficacy of prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil for immunoglobulin A nephropathy with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a common form of chronic glomerulonephritis. Currently, IgAN is one of the main causes of chronic renal failure in China; its prognosis varies greatly between patients, with renal function at the time of diagnosis and prognosis being strongly correlated. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a drug with a good immunomodulatory effect and is commonly used clinically. However, its effects in IgAN have not yet been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, herein, we retrospectively compared the effectiveness and safety of prednisone alone or combined with MMF for the treatment of primary IgAN with moderate-to-severe renal impairment. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of prednisone and MMF in treating IgAN with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2020, 200 patients with moderate-to-severe IgAN were included in this study, all of whom were admitted to Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University. All patients underwent a renal puncture biopsy, which revealed primary IgAN with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30-60 mL/min. The patients were divided into a glucocorticoid therapy group (GTG) and an immunosuppressive therapy group (ITG) according to the different treatment regimens, with 100 patients in each group. Based on general treatments, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin receptor blockers, patients in the GTG were administered prednisone 0.5-0.8 mg/ (kg·d-1) for 4-8 wk, which was reduced by 5 mg every two weeks until the maintenance(30 mg/d) dose was reached and maintained for 12 mo. In the ITG, MMF was administered at 1.0 g/d for 6-12 mo, followed by a maintenance dosage of 0.5 g/d for 12 mo. Age, sex, blood pressure, 24-h urinary egg white measurement, serum creatinine (Scr), blood uric acid, blood albumin, blood potassium (K), hemoglobin, GFR, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol (T-CHO), fasting blood glucose, and body mass index were recorded. The 24-h urinary protein, Scr, and GFR levels were recorded 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after treatment. Follow-up data were also collected. RESULTS: No discernible differences existed between the two groups in terms of age, sex, blood pressure, creatinine, 24-h urinary protein level, GFR, or other biochemical indicators at the time of enrollment. Both regimens significantly reduced the 24-h urinary protein quantitation and stabilized renal function. Nine months after treatment, the 24-h urinary protein and Scr of the ITG decreased more significantly than those of the GTG. By the 12th month of treatment, the 24-h urinary protein and Scr in both groups continued to decrease compared to those by the 9th month. In addition, the overall response rate in the ITG was significantly higher than that in the GTG. The occurrence of side effects did not vary significantly between the two regimens; however, endpoint events were significantly more common in the GTG than in the ITG. The follow-up time for the GTG was noticeably lower than that for the ITG. CONCLUSION: Prednisone combined with MMF was effective for the treatment of IgAN with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction.

ß-carotene alleviates LPS-induced inflammation through regulating STIM1/ORAI1 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

ß-carotene has anti-inflammatory properties. STIM1(Stromol interaction molecule 1)/ORAI1 (Orai calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1) is an important inflammatory receptor, participating in the regulation of intracellular calcium signals by inflammation. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between STIM1/ORAI1-mediated Ca2+ signaling and inflammation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ß-carotene on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The results showed that LPS activated SOCE channels and induced Ca2+ influx via up-regulating the expression of STIM1 and ORAI1, leading to cell injury. STO-609, BTP2, STIM1 or ORAI1 sclienced attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. However, overexpression of STIM1 or ORAI1 induced inflammatory response by activating NF-κB signaling pathway, and which had synergistic effect with LPS. ß-carotene inhibited NF-κB activation by decreasing STIM1/ORAI1 expression, and thus alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in BMECs. Therefore, SOCE-targeting inhibitors are promising as new anti-inflammatory agents, and ß-carotene may be considered for the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows.