Synthesis and evaluation of carbamate and aryl ether substituted pyrazinones as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists.

A series of pyrazinone-based compounds incorporating either carbamate or aryl ether groups was synthesized and evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly potent CRF1 receptor antagonists 14a (IC50=0.74 nM) and 14b (IC50=1.9 nM). The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vitro metabolic stability properties of compounds in this series will be described.

Discovery of D1 Dopamine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators: Characterization of Pharmacology and Identification of Residues that Regulate Species Selectivity.

The present studies represent the first published report of a dopamine D1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM). D1 receptors have been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. However, the clinical utility of orthosteric agonist compounds is limited by cardiovascular side effects, poor pharmacokinetics, lack of D1 selectivity, and an inverted dose response. A number of these challenges may be overcome by utilization of a selective D1 PAM. The current studies describe two chemically distinct D1 PAMs: Compound A [1-((rel-1S,3R,6R)-6-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)-4-(2-bromo-5-chlorobenzyl)piperazine] and Compound B [rel-(9R,10R,12S)-N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)-12-methyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-12-carboxamide]. Compound A shows pure PAM activity, with an EC50 of 230 nM and agonist activity at the D2 receptor in D2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells. Compound B shows superior potency (EC50 of 43 nM) and selectivity for D1 versus D2 dopamine receptors. Unlike Compound A, Compound B is selective for human and nonhuman primate D1 receptors, but lacks activity at the rodent (rat and mouse) D1 receptors. Using molecular biology techniques, a single amino acid was identified at position 130, which mediates the species selectivity of Compound B. These data represent the first described D1-selective PAMs and define critical amino acids that regulate species selectivity.

Conformationally restricted homotryptamines. Part 6: indole-5-cycloalkyl methylamines as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Racemic 5-(trans-2-aminomethylcyclopropyl)indoles, 5-(trans-2-aminomethylcyclopentyl) indoles, and 5-(cis-2-aminomethylcyclopentyl)indoles were synthesized and evaluated as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These analogs followed SAR trends similar to those previously reported for 3-cycloalkyl substituted indoles. The most potent analogs exhibited single digit nanomolar inhibition at the human serotonin transporter but were 10-fold less active than the previously reported compounds.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-ones and pteridin-7(8H)-ones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists.

Pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-ones and pteridin-7(8H)-ones were evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. The synthesis, SAR studies and pharmacokinetic evaluation of these analogs are described herein.

[18F](R)-5-chloro-1-(1-cyclopropyl-2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-2,5-dimethyl phenylamino)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: introduction of N3-phenylpyrazinones as potential CRF-R1 PET imaging agents.

Based on a favorable balance between CRF-R1 affinity, lipophilicity and metabolic stability, compound 10 was evaluated for potential development as PET radioligand. Compound [(18)F]10 was prepared with high radiochemical purity and showed promising binding properties in rat brain imaging experiments.

Synthesis and hSERT activity of homotryptamine analogs. Part 6: [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of 3-vinylindoles.

Substituted 1-tosyl-3-vinylindoles undergo [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition with cyclic nitrones to afford substituted isoxazoles in good yield and high diastereoselectivity. The cycloadducts were readily converted in 4 steps into ring constrained homotryptamine analogs. These analogs exhibited excellent binding affinity for the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). Indoles bearing a 5-cyano group and a pendent ethyl(tetrahydroisoquinoline) moiety at the 3-position displayed the best potency for hSERT and high selectivity versus hDAT and hNET.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N3-pyridylpyrazinones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists.

A series of N(3)-pyridylpyrazinones was investigated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. It was observed that the binding affinity of analogues containing a pyridyl group was influenced not only by the substitution pattern on the pyridyl group, but also by the pK(a) of the pyridyl nitrogen. Analogues containing a novel 6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,5-dimethylpyridin-3-amine group were among the most potent N(3)-pyridylpyrazinones synthesized. The synthesis and SAR of N(3)-pyridylpyrazinones is described herein.

5-arylamino-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one CRF1 receptor antagonists.

A series of 5-arylamino-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-ones was synthesized and evaluated as antagonists at the corticotropin releasing factor receptor. Formation of CYP-mediated oxidative reactive metabolites previously observed in a related N(3)-phenylpyrazinone structure was minimized by incorporation of the additional ring nitrogen found in the triazinones.

Conformationally restricted homotryptamines. Part 5: 3-(trans-2-aminomethylcyclopentyl)indoles as potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

A series of racemic 3-(trans-2-aminomethylcyclopentyl)indoles was synthesized and found to have potent binding to the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). The most active analog was synthesized stereospecifically and the active enantiomer was shown to have high affinity binding to hSERT.

Dihydropyridopyrazinones and dihydropteridinones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists: structure-activity relationships and computational modeling.

The CRF antagonist pharmacophore is a heterocyclic ring bearing a critical hydrogen-bond acceptor nitrogen and an orthogonal aromatic ring. CRFR1 antagonists have shown a 40-fold and 200-fold loss in potency against the CRFR1 H199V and M276I mutant receptors, suggesting key interactions with these residues. We have derived a two component computational model that correlates CRFR1 binding affinity within the reported series to antagoinst/H199 complexation energy and M276 hydrophobic contacts.

Interaction of the novel antipsychotic aripiprazole with 5-HT1A and 5-HT 2A receptors: functional receptor-binding and in vivo electrophysiological studies.

BACKGROUND: Aripiprazole (7-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy}-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) is a novel antipsychotic with a mechanism of action that differs from current typical and atypical antipsychotics. Aripiprazole interacts with a range of receptors, including serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and dopamine receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined aripiprazole's interactions with 5-HT systems in vitro and in vivo to further clarify its pharmacologic properties. RESULTS: Aripiprazole produced increases in [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to rat hippocampal membranes. Its potency (pEC(50) = 7.2) was similar to that of ziprasidone (7.1) and greater than that of 5-HT (6.7) and buspirone (6.4), a 5-HT(1A)-receptor partial agonist, whereas its intrinsic activity was similar to that of ziprasidone and buspirone. The stimulatory effect of aripiprazole was blocked by WAY-100635, a 5-HT(1A)-receptor antagonist. In in vivo electrophysiology studies, aripiprazole produced a dose-related reduction in the firing rate of 5-HT-containing dorsal raphe neurons in rats, which was both prevented and reversed by WAY-100635 administration. Aripiprazole showed a high affinity for human 5-HT(1A) receptors (K (i) = 4.2 nM) using parietal cortex membrane preparations. In membranes from cells expressing human recombinant receptors, aripiprazole bound with high affinity to 5-HT(2A) receptors (K (i) = 3.4 nM), moderate affinity to 5-HT(2C) (K (i) = 15 nM) and 5-HT(7) (K (i) = 39 nM) receptors, and low affinity to 5-HT(6) receptors (K (i) = 214 nM) and 5-HT transporter (K (i) = 98 nM). In addition, aripiprazole potently blocked 5-HT(2A)-receptor-mediated increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels in a rat pituitary cell line (IC(50) = 11 nM). DISCUSSION: These results support a partial agonist activity for aripiprazole at 5-HT(1A) receptors in vitro and in vivo, and suggest important interactions with other 5-HT-receptor subtypes. This receptor activity profile may contribute to the antipsychotic activity of aripiprazole in humans.

B-973, a novel piperazine positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

The alpha7 (α7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a therapeutic target for cognitive disorders. Here we describe 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-(1-(6-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrazin-2-yl)ethyl)propanamide (B-973), a novel piperazine-containing molecule that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the α7 receptor. We characterize the action of B-973 on the α7 receptor using electrophysiology and radioligand binding. At 0.1mM acetylcholine, 1µM B-973 potentiated peak acetylcholine-induced currents 6-fold relative to maximal acetylcholine (3mM) and slowed channel desensitization, resulting in a 6900-fold increase in charge transfer. The EC50 of B-973 was approximately 0.3µM at acetylcholine concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 3mM. At a concentration of 1µM, B-973 shifted the acetylcholine EC50 of peak currents from 0.30mM in control to 0.007mM. B-973 slowed channel deactivation upon acetylcholine removal (τ=50s) and increased the affinity of the α7 agonist [3H]A-585539. In the absence of exogenously added acetylcholine, application of B-973 at concentrations >1µM induced large methyllycaconitine-sensitive currents, suggesting B-973 can function as an Ago-PAM at high concentrations. B-973 will be a useful probe for investigating the biological consequences of increasing α7 receptor activity through allosteric modulation.

Biochemical and behavioral effects of PDE10A inhibitors: Relationship to target site occupancy.

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors increase the functionality of striatal medium spiny neurons and produce antipsychotic-like effects in rodents by blocking PDE10A mediated hydrolysis of cAMP and/or cGMP. In the current study, we characterized a radiolabeled PDE10A inhibitor, [(3)H]BMS-843496, and developed an ex vivo PDE10 binding autoradiographic assay to explore the relationship between PDE10 binding site occupancy and the observed biochemical and behavioral effects of PDE10 inhibitors in mice. [(3)H]BMS-843496 is a potent PDE10A inhibitor with a binding affinity (KD) of 0.15 nM and a functional selectivity of >100-fold over other PDE subtypes tested. Specific [(3)H]BMS-843496 binding sites were dominant in the basal ganglia, especially the striatum, with low to moderate binding in the cortical and hippocampal areas, of the mouse and monkey brain. Systemic administration of PDE10 inhibitors produced a dose- and plasma/brain concentration-dependent increase in PDE10A occupancy measured in the striatum. PDE10A occupancy was positively correlated with striatal pCREB expression levels. PDE10A occupancy was also correlated with antipsychotic-like effects measured using the conditioned avoidance response model; a minimum of ∼40% occupancy was typically required to achieve efficacy. In contrast, a clear relationship between PDE10A occupancy and catalepsy scores, a potential extrapyramidal symptom readout in rodent, was not evident.

Conformationally restricted homotryptamines. 2. Indole cyclopropylmethylamines as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

A series of indole cyclopropylmethylamines were found to be potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Nitrile substituents at the 5 and 7 positions of the indole ring gave high affinity for hSERT, and the preferred cyclopropane stereochemistry was determined to be (1S,2S)-trans. The cis-cyclopropanes had 20- to 30-fold less affinity than the trans, and the preferred cis stereochemistry was (1R,2S)-cis. Substitution of the indole N-1 position with methyl or ethyl groups gave a 10- to 30-fold decrease in affinity for hSERT, suggesting either a hydrogen-bonding interaction or limited steric tolerance in the region of the indole nitrogen. Compound (+)-12a demonstrated potent hSERT binding (Ki = 0.18 nM) in vitro and was more than 1000-fold less potent at hDAT, hNET, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT6. In vivo, (+)-12a produced robust, dose-dependent increases in extracellular serotonin in rat frontal cortex typical of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The maximal response produced by (+)-12a was similar to that of fluoxetine but at an approximately 10-fold lower dose.

Neurochemical, pharmacokinetic, and behavioral effects of the novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor BMS-505130.

BMS-505130 is a potent and selective serotonin transport inhibitor; K(i) for binding to the serotonin transporter = 0.18 nM (K(i) values for binding to the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters = 4.6 and 2.1 microM, respectively). In platelet serotonin uptake studies BMS-505130 (5 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a robust inhibition of serotonin uptake. In microdialysis studies oral dosing with BMS-505130 produced a dose-dependent increase in cortical serotonin levels that reached a maximal effect of 200% above baseline at a dose of 1 mg/kg, p.o.; the peak serotonin response was transient in nature. Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations of BMS-505130 reached Tmax at 1.6 +/- 0.7 h and then declined to concentrations <10% of Cmax within the following 6 h; plasma half-life following i.v. dosing was 0.46 +/- 0.02 h. Parallel microdialysis and pharmacokinetic studies revealed that changes in serotonin levels in the cortex mirrored changes in the brain concentration of BMS-505130. In a behavioral assay known to be sensitive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mouse tail suspension, BMS-505130 produced a robust response after either oral or intraperitoneal dosing. BMS-505130 exhibits a pharmacological, neurochemical and behavioral profile consistent with a potent SSRI. Moreover, BMS-505130's short half-life may be advantageous for the treatment of premature ejaculation where an acute effect to delay ejaculation followed by a relatively rapid fall in SSRI plasma concentrations might be desirable.

Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo properties of 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-ones as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists.

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is the primary regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, coordinating the endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic responses to stress. It has been postulated that small molecules that can antagonize the binding of CRF1 to its receptor may serve as a treatment for anxiety-related and/or affective disorders. Members within a series of 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-ones, exemplified by compound 2 (IC50 = 0.70 nM), were found to be very potent antagonists of CRF1. Compound 8w showed high CRF1 receptor binding affinity and was examined further in vivo. The compound was efficacious in a defensive withdrawal model of anxiety in rats and had a long half-life and reasonable oral bioavailability in dog pharmacokinetic studies.

(+)-Dinapsoline: an efficient synthesis and pharmacological profile of a novel dopamine agonist.

A highly convergent synthesis was developed for the novel dopamine agonist dinapsoline (12) (Ghosh, D.; Snyder, S. E.; Watts, V. J.; Mailman, R. B.; Nichols, D. E. 8,9-Dihydroxy-2,3,7, 11b-tetrahydro-1H-naph[1,2,3-de]isoquinoline: A Potent Full Dopamine D(1) Agonist Containing a Rigid beta-Phenyldopamine Pharmacophore. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39 (2), 549-555). The crucial step in the new synthesis was a free radical-initiated cyclization to give the complete dinapsoline framework. The improved synthesis required half as many steps as the original procedure (Nichols, D. E.; Mailman, R.; Ghosh, D. Preparation of novel naphtho[1,2,3-de]isoquinolines as dopamine receptor ligands. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9706799 A1, Feb 27, 1997). One of the late-stage intermediates (11) was resolved into a pair of enantiomers. From there, the (R)-(+)-12 (absolute configuration by X-ray) of dinapsoline was identified as the active enantiomer. In unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, (+)-dinapsoline showed robust rotational behavior comparable to that of an external benchmark, trans-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2-propyl-benzo[f]thieno[2,3-c]quinoline-9,10-diol, hydrochloride 18 (Michaelides, M. R.; Hong, Y. Preparation of heterotetracyclic compounds as dopamine agonists. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9422858 A1, Oct 13, 1994).

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6h-purin-6-one and 3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione derivatives as corticotropin-releasing factor(1) receptor antagonists.

A growing body of evidence suggests that CRF(1) receptor antagonism offers considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases resulting from elevated levels of CRF, such as anxiety and depression. A series of novel 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one and 3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists. Compounds within this series, represented by compound 12d (IC(50) = 5.4 nM), were found to be highly potent CRF(1) receptor antagonists. In addition, compounds 12d and 12j were determined to be selective CRF(1) antagonists. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds within this series is presented.

Synthesis and evaluation of candidate PET radioligands for corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptors.

INTRODUCTION: A radioligand for measuring the density of corticotropin-releasing factor subtype-1 receptors (CRF1 receptors) in living animal and human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) would be a useful tool for neuropsychiatric investigations and the development of drugs intended to interact with this target. This study was aimed at discovery of such a radioligand from a group of CRF1 receptor ligands based on a core 3-(phenylamino)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold. METHODS: CRF1 receptor ligands were selected for development as possible PET radioligands based on their binding potency at CRF1 receptors (displacement of [(125)I]CRF from rat cortical membranes), measured lipophilicity, autoradiographic binding profile in rat and rhesus monkey brain sections, rat biodistribution, and suitability for radiolabeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Two identified candidates (BMS-721313 and BMS-732098) were labeled with fluorine-18. A third candidate (BMS-709460) was labeled with carbon-11 and all three radioligands were evaluated in PET experiments in rhesus monkey. CRF1 receptor density (Bmax) was assessed in rhesus brain cortical and cerebellum membranes with the CRF1 receptor ligand, [(3)H]BMS-728300. RESULTS: The three ligands selected for development showed high binding affinity (IC50 values, 0.3-8nM) at CRF1 receptors and moderate lipophilicity (LogD, 2.8-4.4). [(3)H]BMS-728300 and the two (18)F-labeled ligands showed region-specific binding in rat and rhesus monkey brain autoradiography, namely higher binding density in the frontal and limbic cortex, and cerebellum than in thalamus and brainstem. CRF1 receptor Bmax in rhesus brain was found to be 50-120 fmol/mg protein across cortical regions and cerebellum. PET experiments in rhesus monkey showed that the radioligands [(18)F]BMS-721313, [(18)F]BMS-732098 and [(11)C]BMS-709460 gave acceptably high brain radioactivity uptake but no indication of the specific binding as seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Candidate CRF1 receptor PET radioligands were identified but none proved to be effective for imaging monkey brain CRF1 receptors. Higher affinity radioligands are likely required for successful PET imaging of CRF1 receptors.

NK1 receptor antagonism lowers occupancy requirement for antidepressant-like effects of SSRIs in the gerbil forced swim test.

The known interactions between the serotonergic and neurokinin systems suggest that serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) efficacy may be improved by neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonism. In the current studies combination of a subeffective dose of an SSRI (0.3 mg/kg fluoxetine or 0.03 mg/kg citalopram) with a subeffective dose of an NK1R antagonist (0.3 mg/kg aprepitant or 1 mg/kg CP-122,721) produced efficacy in the gerbil forced swim test (FST). Serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy produced by 1 mg/kg fluoxetine (lowest efficacious dose) was 52 ± 5% and was reduced to 29 ± 4% at 0.3 mg/kg, a dose that was efficacious in combination with 0.3 mg/kg aprepitant or 1 mg/kg CP-122,721; the corresponding NK1R occupancies were 79 ± 4% and 61 ± 4% for aprepitant and CP-122,721, respectively. For citalopram, SERT occupancy at the lowest efficacious dose (0.1 mg/kg) was 50 ± 4% and was reduced to 20 ± 5% at 0.03 mg/kg, a dose that was efficacious when combined with aprepitant (0.3 mg/kg). Aprepitant (10 mg/kg) augmented the serotonin elevation produced by fluoxetine (1 or 10 mg/kg) in the gerbil prefrontal cortex; i.e. NK1R antagonism can modulate serotonin responses. A novel orally-available dual-acting NK1R antagonist/SERT inhibitor BMS-795176 is described; gerbil Ki = 1.4 and 1 nM at NK1R and SERT, respectively. BMS-795176 was efficacious in the gerbil FST; efficacy was observed with 35 ± 3% SERT occupancy and 73 ± 3% NK1R occupancy. The interaction between NK1R antagonism and SERT inhibition to lower the SERT occupancy required for antidepressant-like efficacy suggests that BMS-795176 has the potential to improve efficacy with a reduction in SSRI-associated side effects.