Lipidome remodeling in response to nutrient replenishment requires the tRNA modifier Deg1/Pus3 in yeast.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the absence of the pseudouridine synthase Pus3/Deg1, which modifies tRNA positions 38 and 39, results in increased lipid droplet (LD) content and translational defects. In addition, starvation-like transcriptome alterations and induced protein aggregation were observed. In this study, we show that the deg1 mutant increases specific misreading errors. This could lead to altered expression of the main regulators of neutral lipid synthesis which are the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1), an enzyme that catalyzes a key step in fatty acid synthesis, and its regulator, the Snf1/AMPK kinase. We demonstrate that upregulation of the neutral lipid content of LD in the deg1 mutant is achieved by a mechanism operating in parallel to the known Snf1/AMPK kinase-dependent phosphoregulation of Acc1. While in wild-type cells removal of the regulatory phosphorylation site (Ser-1157) in Acc1 results in strong upregulation of triacylglycerol (TG), but not steryl esters (SE), the deg1 mutation more specifically upregulates SE levels. In order to elucidate if other lipid species are affected, we compared the lipidomes of wild type and deg1 mutants, revealing multiple altered lipid species. In particular, in the exponential phase of growth, the deg1 mutant shows a reduction in the pool of phospholipids, indicating a compromised capacity to mobilize acyl-CoA from storage lipids. We conclude that Deg1 plays a key role in the coordination of lipid storage and mobilization, which in turn influences lipid homeostasis. The lipidomic effects in the deg1 mutant may be indirect outcomes of the activation of various stress responses resulting from protein aggregation.

The yeast protein Ubx4p contributes to mitochondrial respiration and lithium-galactose-mediated activation of the unfolded protein response.

In the presence of galactose, lithium ions activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) by inhibiting phosphoglucomutase activity and causing the accumulation of galactose-related metabolites, including galactose-1-phosphate. These metabolites also accumulate in humans who have the disease classic galactosemia. Here, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains harboring a deletion of UBX4, a gene encoding a partner of Cdc48p in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, exhibit delayed UPR activation after lithium and galactose exposure because the deletion decreases galactose-1-phosphate levels. The delay in UPR activation did not occur in yeast strains in which key ERAD or proteasomal pathway genes had been disrupted, indicating that the ubx4Δ phenotype is ERAD-independent. We also observed that the ubx4Δ strain displays decreased oxygen consumption. The inhibition of mitochondrial respiration was sufficient to diminish galactose-1-phosphate levels and, consequently, affects UPR activation. Finally, we show that the deletion of the AMP-activated protein kinase ortholog-encoding gene SNF1 can restore the oxygen consumption rate in ubx4Δ strain, thereby reestablishing galactose metabolism, UPR activation, and cellular adaption to lithium-galactose challenge. Our results indicate a role for Ubx4p in yeast mitochondrial function and highlight that mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum functions are intertwined through galactose metabolism. These findings also shed new light on the mechanisms of lithium action and on the pathophysiology of galactosemia.

Induction of triacylglycerol synthesis in yeast by cell cycle arrest.

In this study, we found that cell cycle arrest induced by alpha-factor mating pheromone (G1), hydroxyurea (S) or nocodazole (G2/M) was associated to increased lipid droplet (LD) content. To identify novel cell cycle genes involved in LD homeostasis, we screened a deletion library for strains with altered LD levels. Among the mutants related to mitotic cell cycle, we found 24 hits that displayed a significantly higher LD content. Ontology mapping showed that neither a biological process nor a specific cell cycle phase was enriched among the hits. We decided to further study the role of SWI4 on LD homeostasis as it is involved in G1/S transition, a stage where lipolysis is active. The high LD content of swi4Δ mutant was not due to inhibition of lipolysis, but due to an increase in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. In addition, deletion of the AMP kinase gene SNF1 or inhibition of TORC1 activity, both known regulators of LD homeostasis, further increased the LD content of a swi4Δ mutant. These findings highlight a role of the cell cycle regulator SWI4 in the coordination of lipid metabolism which is independent of the TORC1 and SNF1/AMPK pathways.

The galactose-induced decrease in phosphate levels leads to toxicity in yeast models of galactosemia.

Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by deleterious mutations in the GALT gene. A number of evidences indicate that the galactose-1-phosphate accumulation observed in patient cells is a cause of toxicity in this disease. Nevertheless, the consequent molecular events caused by the galactose-1-phosphate accumulation remain elusive. Here we show that intracellular inorganic phosphate levels decreased when yeast models of classic galactosemia were exposed to galactose. The decrease in phosphate levels is probably due to the trapping of phosphate in the accumulated galactose-1-phosphate since the deletion of the galactokinase encoding gene GAL1 suppressed this phenotype. Galactose-induced phosphate depletion caused an increase in glycogen content, an expected result since glycogen breakdown by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is dependent on inorganic phosphate. Accordingly, an increase in intracellular phosphate levels suppressed the galactose effect on glycogen content and conferred galactose tolerance to yeast models of galactosemia. These results support the hypothesis that the galactose-induced decrease in phosphate levels leads to toxicity in galactosemia and opens new possibilities for the development of better treatments for this disease.

Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as biotherapeutic tools: is there room for improvement?

The probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii is widely used as a low cost and efficient adjuvant against gastrointestinal tract disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and treatment of several types of diarrhea, both in humans and animals. S. boulardii exerts its protective mechanisms by binding and neutralizing enteric pathogens or their toxins, by reducing inflammation and by inducing the secretion of sIgA. Although several S. cerevisiae strains have proven probiotic potential in both humans and animals, only S. boulardii is currently licensed for use in humans. Recently, some researchers started using S. boulardii as heterologous protein expression systems. Combined with their probiotic activity, the use of these strains as prophylactic and therapeutic proteins carriers might result in a positive combined effort to fight specific diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the current use of S. cerevisiae strains as probiotics and their mechanisms of action. We also discuss their potential to produce molecules with biotherapeutic application and the advantages and hurdles of this approach. Finally, we suggest future directions and alternatives for which the combined effort of specific immunomodulatory effects of probiotic S. cerevisiae strains and ability to express desired foreign genes would find a practical application.

Development and assessment of a multiepitope synthetic antigen for the diagnosis of Dengue virus infection.

Immunodiagnostic tests for detecting dengue virus infections encounter challenges related to cross-reactivity with other related flaviviruses. Our research focuses on the development of a synthetic multiepitope antigen tailored for dengue immunodiagnostics. Selected dengue epitopes involved structural linearity and dissimilarity from the proteomes of Zika and Yellow fever viruses which served for computationally modeling the three-dimensional protein structure, resulting in the design of two proteins: rDME-C and rDME-BR. Both proteins consist of seven epitopes, separated by the GPGPG linker, and a carboxy-terminal 6 × -histidine tag. The molecular weights of the final proteins rDME-C and rDME-BR are 16.83 kDa and 16.80 kDa, respectively, both with an isoelectric point of 6.35. The distinguishing factor between the two proteins lies in the origin of their epitope sequences, where rDME-C is based on the reference dengue proteome, while rDME-BR utilizes sequences from prevalent Dengue genotypes in Brazil from 2008 to 2019. PyMol analysis revealed exposure of epitopes in the secondary structure. Successful expression of the antigens was achieved in soluble form and fluorescence experiments indicated a disordered structure. In subsequent testing, rDME-BR and rDME-C antigens were assessed using an indirect Elisa protocol against Dengue infected serum, previously examined with a commercial diagnostic test. Optimal concentrations for antigens were determined at 10 µg/mL for rDME-BR and 30 µg/mL for rDME-C, with serum dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:100. Both antigens effectively detected IgM and IgG antibodies in Dengue fever patients, with rDME-BR exhibiting higher sensitivity. Our in-house test showed a sensitivity of 77.3 % and 82.6 % and a specificity of 89.4 % and 71.4 % for rDME-C and rDEM-BR antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed with serum from Zika-infected mice but with COVID-19 serum samples. Our findings underscore the utility of synthetic biology in crafting Dengue-specific multiepitope proteins and hold promise for precise clinical diagnosis and monitoring responses to emerging Dengue vaccines.

Galactose-1-phosphate inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in classic galactosemia.

Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the GALT gene resulting in the diminished activity of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme. This reduced GALT activity leads to the buildup of the toxic intermediate galactose-1-phosphate and a decrease in ATP levels upon exposure to galactose. In this work, we focused our attention on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the context of this metabolic disorder. We observed that galactose-1-phosphate accumulation reduced respiratory rates in vivo and changed mitochondrial function and morphology in yeast models of galactosemia. These alterations are harmful to yeast cells since the mitochondrial retrograde response is activated as part of the cellular adaptation to galactose toxicity. In addition, we found that galactose-1-phosphate directly impairs cytochrome c oxidase activity of mitochondrial preparations derived from yeast, rat liver, and human cell lines. These results highlight the evolutionary conservation of this biochemical effect. Finally, we discovered that two compounds - oleic acid and dihydrolipoic acid - that can improve the growth of cell models of mitochondrial diseases, were also able to improve galactose tolerance in this model of galactosemia. These results reveal a new molecular mechanism relevant to the pathophysiology of classic galactosemia - galactose-1-phosphate-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction - and suggest that therapies designed to treat mitochondrial diseases may be repurposed to treat galactosemia.

Pyruvate decarboxylase activity is regulated by the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase Sit4p in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Deletion of SIT4 phosphatase decreased the pyruvate decarboxylase activity, which is essential for directing the glucose flux to ethanol production. Concomitantly, a reduction in the fermentative capacity was observed. As pyruvate decarboxylase expression was not altered, its post-translational phosphorylation was studied. Immunoblot analyses using anti-phosphoserine antibodies against the affinity-purified Pdc1p showed that Pdc1p is a phosphoenzyme. Dephosphorylation of Pdc1p by alkaline phosphatase inhibited activity by 50%. Moreover, phosphorylation of Pdc1p was dependent on the growth phase, being hyperphosphorylated in the logarithmic phase, which showed to be dependent on the presence of SIT4. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of pyruvate decarboxylase in total protein extracts from WT yeast and the Δsit4 mutant revealed that the apparent K(m) values of the cofactor thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) were 81 and 205 µM, respectively, with V(max) values of 0.294 and 0.173 µmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. Treatment of the purified enzyme with alkaline phosphatase increased the K(m) for TPP from 20 to 84 µM and for pyruvate from 2.3 to 4.6 mM, while the V(max) changed from 0.806 to 0.673 µmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹. These results suggest that the Pdc1p phosphorylation dependent on SIT4 occurs at residues that change the apparent affinity for TPP and pyruvate.

Accuracy of a raw saliva-based COVID-19 RT-LAMP diagnostic assay.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic demanded rapid diagnosis to isolate new COVID-19 cases and prevent disease transmission. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) rapidly became the gold standard for diagnosis. However, due to the high cost and delay of the results, other types of diagnosis were implemented, such as COVID-19 Ag Rapid Tests and Reverse Transcription Technique followed by Loop-Mediated isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP). In this work, we validated the use of RT-LAMP in saliva samples rather than nasopharyngeal swabs, as the collection is more comfortable. First, we selected 5 primer sets based on the limit of detection for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, then validated their sensitivity and specificity in patient samples. A total of 117 samples were analyzed by fluorometric RT-LAMP and compared with qRT-PCR results. Our results show that the use of a high-sensitive primer ORF1-a, together with a low-sensitive primer set Gene E (time to threshold of 22.9 and 36.4 minutes, respectively, using 200 copies of viral RNA), achieved sensitivity in purified RNA from saliva samples of 95.2% (95% CI 76.1‒99.8) with 90.5% specificity (95% CI 69.6‒98.8) (n = 42).As RNA purification increases the turnaround time, we tested the outcome of RT-LAMP utilizing raw saliva samples without purification. The test achieved a sensitivity of 81.8% (95% CI 59.7‒94.8) and a specificity of 90.9% (95% CI 70.8‒98.8). As a result, the accuracy of 92.9% (95% CI 80.5‒98.5) in purified RNA-saliva samples was lowered to an acceptable level of 86.4% (95% CI 72.6‒94.8) in raw saliva. Although mass vaccination has been implemented, new strains and low vaccination progress helped to spread COVID-19. This study shows that it is feasible to track new COVID-19 cases in a large population with the use of raw saliva as sample in RT-LAMP assay which yields accurate results and offers a less invasive test.

Expression of the glucose transporter HXT1 involves the Ser-Thr protein phosphatase Sit4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We studied the effect of the loss of the Ser-Thr protein phosphatase Sit4, an important post-translational regulator, on the steady-state levels of the low-affinity glucose transporter Hxt1p and observed a delay in its appearance after high glucose induction, slow growth, and diminished glucose consumption. By analyzing the known essential pathway necessary to induce Hxt1p, we observed a partial inhibition of casein kinase I activity. In both WT and sit4Δ strains, the transcript was induced with no significant difference at 15 min of glucose induction; however, after 45 min, a clear difference in the level of expression was observed being 45% higher in WT than in sit4Δ strain. As at early time of induction, the HXT1 transcript was present but not the protein in the sit4Δ strain we analyzed association of HXT1 with ribosomes, which revealed a significant difference in the association profile; in the mutant strain, the HXT1 transcript associated with a larger set of ribosomal fractions than it did in the WT strain, suggesting also a partial defect in protein synthesis. Overexpression of the translation initiation factor TIF2/eIF4A led to an increase in Hxt1p abundance in the WT strain only. It was concluded that Sit4p ensures that HXT1 transcript is efficiently transcribed and translated thus increasing protein levels of Hxt1p when high glucose levels are present.

Sphingolipid depletion suppresses UPR activation and promotes galactose hypersensitivity in yeast models of classic galactosemia.

Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by deleterious mutations on the GALT gene, which encodes the Leloir pathway enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. Previous studies have shown that the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) is relevant to galactosemia, but the molecular mechanism behind the endoplasmic reticulum stress that triggers this response remains elusive. In the present work, we show that the activation of the UPR in yeast models of galactosemia does not depend on the binding of unfolded proteins to the ER stress sensor protein Ire1p since the protein domain responsible for unfolded protein binding to Ire1p is not necessary for UPR activation. Interestingly, myriocin - an inhibitor of the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway - inhibits UPR activation and causes galactose hypersensitivity in these models, indicating that myriocin-mediated sphingolipid depletion impairs yeast adaptation to galactose toxicity. Supporting the interpretation that the effects observed after myriocin treatment were due to a reduction in sphingolipid levels, the addition of phytosphingosine to the culture medium reverses all myriocin effects tested. Surprisingly, constitutively active UPR signaling did not prevent myriocin-induced galactose hypersensitivity suggesting multiple roles for sphingolipids in the adaptation of yeast cells to galactose toxicity. Therefore, we conclude that sphingolipid homeostasis has an important role in UPR activation and cellular adaptation in yeast models of galactosemia, highlighting the possible role of lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of this disease.

Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis by the G1/S transcription factor Swi4.

SBF (Swi4/Swi6 Binding Factor) complex is a crucial regulator of G1/S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that SBF complex is required for myriocin resistance, an inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis. This phenotype was not shared with MBF complex mutants nor with deletion of the Swi4p downstream targets, CLN1/CLN2. Based on data mining results, we selected putative Swi4p targets related to sphingolipid metabolism and studied their gene transcription as well as metabolite levels during progression of the cell cycle. Genes which encode key enzymes for the synthesis of long chain bases (LCBs) and ceramides were periodically transcribed during the mitotic cell cycle, having a peak at G1/S, and required SWI4 for full transcription at this stage. In addition, HPLC-MS/MS data indicated that swi4Δ cells have decreased levels of sphingolipids during progression of the cell cycle, particularly, dihydrosphingosine (DHS), C24-phytoceramides and C24-inositolphosphoryl ceramide (IPC) while it had increased levels of mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC). Furthermore, we demonstrated that both inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis by myriocin or SWI4 deletion caused partial arrest at the G2/M phase. Importantly, our lipidomic data demonstrated that the sphingolipid profile of WT cells treated with myriocin resembled that of swi4Δ cells, with lower levels of DHS, IPC and higher levels of MIPC. Taken together, these results show that SBF complex plays an essential role in the regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis, which reflects in the correct progression through the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.

The serine/threonine protein phosphatase Sit4p activates multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is frequently associated with gain-of-function mutations in zinc finger-containing transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p. These regulatory proteins activate the expression of several ATP-binding cassette transporter genes, leading to elevated drug resistance. Here, we report that loss of the type 2A-related serine/threonine protein phosphatase Sit4p renders yeast cells sensitive to cycloheximide, azoles, daunorubicin and rhodamine 6G. This effect is a consequence of the decreased transcriptional levels of mainly PDR3 and its target genes, PDR5, SNQ2 and YOR1, which encode multidrug efflux pumps. The multidrug sensitivity of sit4 mutant cells is suppressed by the PDR1-3 mutant allele, which encodes a hyperactive form of Pdr1p. Sit4p is known to associate with regulatory proteins Sap155p, Sap4p, Sap185p and Sap190p. We found that the sap155 mutant strain is sensitive to azoles, but not to cycloheximide, while the sap155sap4 and sap185sap190 mutant strains are sensitive to both drugs. This finding indicates that the Sit4p-Sap protein complex subtly modulates the expression of drug efflux pumps. Drug resistance conferred by the expression of the Candida albicans CDR1 gene, an ortholog of PDR5 in S. cerevisiae, is also positively modulated by Sit4p. These data uncover a new regulatory pathway that connects multidrug resistance to Sit4p function.

A fluorescent mutant of the NM domain of the yeast prion Sup35 provides insight into fibril formation and stability.

The Sup35 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae forms a prion that generates the [PSI(+)] phenotype. Its NM region governs prion status, forming self-seeding amyloid fibers in vivo and in vitro. A tryptophan mutant of Sup35 (NM(F117W)) was used to probe its aggregation. Four indicators of aggregation, Trp 117 maximum emission, Trp polarization, thio-T binding, and light scattering increase, revealed faster aggregation at 4 degrees C than at 25 degrees C, and all indicators changed in a concerted fashion at the former temperature. Curiously, at 25 degrees C the changes were not synchronized; the first two indicators, which reflect nucleation, changed more quickly than the last two, which reflect fibril formation. These results suggest that nucleation is insensitive to temperature, whereas fibril extension is temperature dependent. As expected, aggregation is accelerated when a small fraction (5%) of the nuclei produced at 4 or 25 degrees C are added to a suspension containing the soluble NM domain, although these nuclei do not seem to propagate any structural information to the growing fibrils. Fibrils grown at 4 degrees C were less stable in GdmCl than those grown at higher temperature. However, they were both resistant to high pressure; in fact, both sets of fibrils responded to high pressure by adopting an altered conformation with a higher capacity for thio-T binding. From these data, we calculated the change in volume and free energy associated with this conformational change. AFM revealed that the fibrils grown at 4 degrees C were statistically smaller than those grown at 25 degrees C. In conclusion, the introduction of Trp 117 allowed us to more carefully dissect the effects of temperature on the aggregation of the Sup35 NM domain.

Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis.

The article shows how to implement the LD index assay, which is a sensitive microplate assay to determine the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in lipid droplets (LDs). LD index is obtained without lipid extraction. It allows measuring the LDs content in high-throughput experiments under different conditions such as growth in rich or nitrogen depleted media. Albeit the method was described for the first time to study the lipid droplet metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was successfully applied to the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis. Interestingly, and because LDs are organelles phylogenetically conserved in eukaryotic cells, the method can be applied to a large variety of cells, from yeast to mammalian cells. The LD index is based on the liquid fluorescence recovery assay (LFR) of the BODIPY 493/503 under quenching conditions, by the addition of cells fixed with formaldehyde. Potassium iodine is used as a fluorescence quencher. The ratio between the fluorescence and the optical density slopes is named LD index. Slopes are calculated from the straight lines obtained when BODIPY fluorescence and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) are plotted against sample addition. Optimal data quality is reflected by correlation coefficients equal or above 0.9 (r ≥ 0.9). Multiple samples can be read simultaneously as it can be implemented in a microplate. Since BODIPY 493/503 is a lipophilic fluorescent dye that partitions into the lipid droplets, it can be used in many types of cells that accumulate LDs.

Protein Phosphatase Sit4 Affects Lipid Droplet Synthesis and Soraphen A Resistance Independent of Its Role in Regulating Elongator Dependent tRNA Modification.

The protein phosphatase Sit4 has been shown to be required for lipogenesis and resistance against the acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor soraphen A. Since Sit4 is also required for biosynthesis of Elongator dependent tRNA modifications such as 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm5U), we investigated the relevance of tRNA modifications in lipogenesis and soraphen A response. While sit4 and Elongator (elp3) mutants copy defects in mcm5U formation and stress sensitivity, they do not share soraphen A sensitivity and low lipid droplet (LD) phenotypes. In contrast to sit4, we found elp3 mutants to display partial soraphen A resistance and a high LD phenotype. Screening a collection of tRNA modification mutants additionally identified the tRNA pseudo-uridine synthase gene DEG1 to be required for soraphen A sensitivity. Since deg1 and elp3 share high LD and soraphen A resistance phenotypes, these are likely caused by translational defects. In support of this notion, we observe overexpression of tRNAGlnUUG suppresses lipolysis defects of deg1 mutants. Hence, the sit4 mutation results in a composite defect including tRNA modification deficiency and loss of Snf1 kinase dephosphorylation, which induce opposite effects on LD regulation. Importantly, however, the Snf1 kinase regulatory defects of the phosphatase mutant dominate over effects on LD regulation imposed by loss of the tRNA modification alone.

Accuracy of a raw saliva-based COVID-19 RT-LAMP diagnostic assay

ABSTRACT The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic demanded rapid diagnosis to isolate new COVID-19 cases and prevent disease transmission. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) rapidly became the gold standard for diagnosis. However, due to the high cost and delay of the results, other types of diagnosis were implemented, such as COVID-19 Ag Rapid Tests and Reverse Transcription Technique followed by Loop-Mediated isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP). In this work, we validated the use of RT-LAMP in saliva samples rather than nasopharyngeal swabs, as the collection is more comfortable. First, we selected 5 primer sets based on the limit of detection for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, then validated their sensitivity and specificity in patient samples. A total of 117 samples were analyzed by fluorometric RT-LAMP and compared with qRT-PCR results. Our results show that the use of a high-sensitive primer ORF1-a, together with a low-sensitive primer set Gene E (time to threshold of 22.9 and 36.4 minutes, respectively, using 200 copies of viral RNA), achieved sensitivity in purified RNA from saliva samples of 95.2% (95% CI 76.1-99.8) with 90.5% specificity (95% CI 69.6-98.8) (n = 42).As RNA purification increases the turnaround time, we tested the outcome of RT-LAMP utilizing raw saliva samples without purification. The test achieved a sensitivity of 81.8% (95% CI 59.7-94.8) and a specificity of 90.9% (95% CI 70.8-98.8). As a result, the accuracy of 92.9% (95% CI 80.5-98.5) in purified RNA-saliva samples was lowered to an acceptable level of 86.4% (95% CI 72.6-94.8) in raw saliva. Although mass vaccination has been implemented, new strains and low vaccination progress helped to spread COVID-19. This study shows that it is feasible to track new COVID-19 cases in a large population with the use of raw saliva as sample in RT-LAMP assay which yields accurate results and offers a less invasive test.

Deviation of carbohydrate metabolism by the SIT4 phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A prominent phenotype of the yeast sit4 mutant, which lacks the Ser-Thr phosphatase Sit4, is hyper-accumulation of glycogen and the failure to grow on respiratory substrates. We investigated whether these two phenotypes are linked by studying the metabolic response to SIT4 deletion. Although the sit4 mutant failed to grow on respiratory substrates, in the exponential growth, phase respiration was de-repressed; active respiration was confirmed by measuring oxygen consumption and NADH generation. However, the fermentation rate and the internal glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate levels were reduced, while glycogen content was high. Respiro-fermentative and respiratory substrates such as galactose, glycerol and ethanol were directed toward glycogen synthesis, which indicates that sit4 mutant deviates metabolism to glycogenesis by activating a glycogen futile cycle and depleting cells of Krebs cycle intermediates. An important feature of the sit4 mutant was the lack of growth under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that respiration is necessary to meet the energy requirements of the cell. Addition of aspartic acid, which can restore Krebs cycle intermediates, partially restored growth on ethanol. Our findings suggest that inhibition of Sit4 activity may be essential for redirecting carbohydrate flux to gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage.

Low resolution structure of the human alpha4 protein (IgBP1) and studies on the stability of alpha4 and of its yeast ortholog Tap42.

The yeast Tap42 and mammalian alpha4 proteins belong to a highly conserved family of regulators of the type 2A phosphatases, which participate in the rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway, connecting nutrient availability to cell growth. The mechanism of regulation involves binding of Tap42 to Sit4 and PPH21/22 in yeast and binding of alpha4 to the catalytic subunits of type 2A-related phosphatases PP2A, PP4 and PP6 in mammals. Both recombinant proteins undergo partial proteolysis, generating stable N-terminal fragments. The full-length proteins and alpha4 C-terminal deletion mutants at amino acids 222 (alpha4Delta222), 236 (alpha4Delta236) and 254 (alpha4Delta254) were expressed in E. coli. alpha4Delta254 undergoes proteolysis, producing a fragment similar to the one generated by full-length alpha4, whereas alpha4Delta222 and alpha4Delta236 are highly stable proteins. alpha4 and Tap42 show alpha-helical circular dichroism spectra, as do their respective N-terminal proteolysis resistant products. The cloned truncated proteins alpha4Delta222 and alpha4Delta236, however, possess a higher content of alpha-helix, indicating that the C-terminal region is less structured, which is consistent with its higher sensitivity to proteolysis. In spite of their higher secondary structure content, alpha4Delta222 and alpha4Delta236 showed thermal unfolding kinetics similar to the full-length alpha4. Based on small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the calculated radius of gyration for alpha4 and Tap42 were 41.2 +/- 0.8 A and 42.8 +/- 0.7 A and their maximum dimension approximately 142 A and approximately 147 A, respectively. The radii of gyration for alpha4Delta222 and alpha4Delta236 were 21.6 +/- 0.3 A and 25.7 +/- 0.2 A, respectively. Kratky plots show that all studied proteins show variable degree of compactness. Calculation of model structures based on SAXS data showed that alpha4Delta222 and alpha4Delta236 proteins have globular conformation, whereas alpha4 and Tap42 exhibit elongated shapes.

A Chemogenomic Screen Reveals Novel Snf1p/AMPK Independent Regulators of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1p) is a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis and is essential for cell viability. To discover new regulators of its activity, we screened a Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library for increased sensitivity to soraphen A, a potent Acc1p inhibitor. The hits identified in the screen (118 hits) were filtered using a chemical-phenotype map to exclude those associated with pleiotropic drug resistance. This enabled the identification of 82 ORFs that are genetic interactors of Acc1p. The main functional clusters represented by these hits were "transcriptional regulation", "protein post-translational modifications" and "lipid metabolism". Further investigation of the "transcriptional regulation" cluster revealed that soraphen A sensitivity is poorly correlated with ACC1 transcript levels. We also studied the three top unknown ORFs that affected soraphen A sensitivity: SOR1 (YDL129W), SOR2 (YIL092W) and SOR3 (YJR039W). Since the C18/C16 ratio of lipid acyl lengths reflects Acc1p activity levels, we evaluated this ratio in the three mutants. Deletion of SOR2 and SOR3 led to reduced acyl lengths, suggesting that Acc1p is indeed down-regulated in these strains. Also, these mutants showed no differences in Snf1p/AMPK activation status and deletion of SNF1 in these backgrounds did not revert soraphen A sensitivity completely. Furthermore, plasmid maintenance was reduced in sor2Δ strain and this trait was shared with 18 other soraphen A sensitive hits. In summary, our screen uncovered novel Acc1p Snf1p/AMPK-independent regulators.