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1.
Physiol Plant ; 159(1): 13-29, 2017 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27558913

RESUMEN

During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, arbuscule-containing root cortex cells display a proliferation of plastids, a feature usually ascribed to an increased plant anabolism despite the lack of studies focusing on purified root plastids. In this study, we investigated mycorrhiza-induced changes in plastidic pathways by performing a label-free comparative subcellular quantitative proteomic analysis targeted on plastid-enriched fractions isolated from Medicago truncatula roots, coupled to a cytological analysis of plastid structure. We identified 490 root plastid protein candidates, among which 79 changed in abundance upon mycorrhization, as inferred from spectral counting. According to cross-species sequence homology searches, the mycorrhiza-responsive proteome was enriched in proteins experimentally localized in thylakoids, whereas it was depleted of proteins ascribed predominantly to amyloplasts. Consistently, the analysis of plastid morphology using transmission electron microscopy indicated that starch depletion associated with the proliferation of membrane-free and tubular membrane-containing plastids was a feature specific to arbusculated cells. The loss of enzymes involved in carbon/nitrogen assimilation and provision of reducing power, coupled to macromolecule degradation events in the plastid-enriched fraction of mycorrhizal roots that paralleled lack of starch accumulation in arbusculated cells, lead us to propose that arbuscule functioning elicits a nutrient starvation and an oxidative stress signature that may prime arbuscule breakdown.


Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Medicago truncatula/fisiología , Micorrizas/fisiología , Proteoma , Medicago truncatula/microbiología , Medicago truncatula/ultraestructura , Micorrizas/ultraestructura , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/ultraestructura , Plastidios/metabolismo , Plastidios/ultraestructura , Proteómica , Simbiosis
2.
BMC Genomics ; 17: 102, 2016 Feb 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26861168

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this project was to identify metabolites, proteins, genes, and promoters associated with water stress responses in soybean. A number of these may serve as new targets for the biotechnological improvement of drought responses in soybean (Glycine max). RESULTS: We identified metabolites, proteins, and genes that are strongly up or down regulated during rapid water stress following removal from a hydroponics system. 163 metabolites showed significant changes during water stress in roots and 93 in leaves. The largest change was a root-specific 160-fold increase in the coumestan coumestrol making it a potential biomarker for drought and a promising target for improving drought responses. Previous reports suggest that coumestrol stimulates mycorrhizal colonization and under certain conditions mycorrhizal plants have improved drought tolerance. This suggests that coumestrol may be part of a call for help to the rhizobiome during stress. About 3,000 genes were strongly up-regulated by drought and we identified regulators such as ERF, MYB, NAC, bHLH, and WRKY transcription factors, receptor-like kinases, and calcium signaling components as potential targets for soybean improvement as well as the jasmonate and abscisic acid biosynthetic genes JMT, LOX1, and ABA1. Drought stressed soybean leaves show reduced mRNA levels of stomatal development genes including FAMA-like, MUTE-like and SPEECHLESS-like bHLH transcription factors and leaves formed after drought stress had a reduction in stomatal density of 22.34 % and stomatal index of 17.56 %. This suggests that reducing stomatal density may improve drought tolerance. MEME analyses suggest that ABRE (CACGT/CG), CRT/DRE (CCGAC) and a novel GTGCnTGC/G element play roles in transcriptional activation and these could form components of synthetic promoters to drive expression of transgenes. Using transformed hairy roots, we validated the increase in promoter activity of GmWRKY17 and GmWRKY67 during dehydration and after 20 µM ABA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our toolbox provides new targets and strategies for improving soybean drought tolerance and includes the coumestan coumestrol, transcription factors that regulate stomatal density, water stress-responsive WRKY gene promoters and a novel DNA element that appears to be enriched in water stress responsive promoters.


Asunto(s)
Adaptación Biológica , Sequías , Glycine max/fisiología , Metaboloma , Metabolómica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Adaptación Biológica/genética , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Secuencia Conservada , Cumestrol/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Metabolómica/métodos , Familia de Multigenes , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Estomas de Plantas/genética , Estomas de Plantas/metabolismo , Posición Específica de Matrices de Puntuación , Proteoma , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Transcriptoma
3.
Plant Cell Environ ; 38(1): 73-88, 2015 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24815324

RESUMEN

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a key role in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, which is favoured when Pi is limiting in the environment. We have characterized the Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant for its response to limiting (P/10) and replete (P2) Pi. On P2, mycorrhization was significantly higher in B9 plants than in wild-type (WT). The B9 mutant displayed hallmarks of Pi-limited plants, including higher levels of anthocyanins and lower concentrations of Pi in shoots than WT plants. Transcriptome analyses of roots of WT and B9 plants cultivated on P2 or on P/10 confirmed the Pi-limited profile of the mutant on P2 and highlighted its altered response to Pi on P/10. Furthermore, the B9 mutant displayed a higher expression of defence/stress-related genes and was more susceptible to infection by the root oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches than WT plants. We propose that the hypermycorrhizal phenotype of the B9 mutant is linked to its Pi-limited status favouring AM symbiosis in contrast to WT plants in Pi-replete conditions, and discuss the possible links between the altered response of the B9 mutant to Pi, mycorrhization and infection by A. euteiches.


Asunto(s)
Aphanomyces/fisiología , Medicago truncatula/genética , Micorrizas/fisiología , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Simbiosis , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Análisis por Conglomerados , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Medicago truncatula/inmunología , Medicago truncatula/microbiología , Mutación , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Fenotipo , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/inmunología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Brotes de la Planta/genética , Brotes de la Planta/inmunología , Brotes de la Planta/microbiología , Transcriptoma
4.
Planta ; 235(5): 1035-49, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22160501

RESUMEN

To study the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in nature, the carotenoid and chlorophyllous pigment compositions of differently developed leaf primordia in closed and opening buds of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) as well as in closed buds of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima P. Mill.) were analyzed with HPLC. The native organization of the chlorophyllous pigments was studied using 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy, and plastid ultrastructure was investigated with electron microscopy. Complete etiolation, i.e., accumulation of protochlorophyllide, and absence of chlorophylls occurred in the innermost leaf primordia of common ash buds. The other leaf primordia were partially etiolated in the buds and contained protochlorophyllide (0.5-1 µg g(-1) fresh mass), chlorophyllides (0.2-27 µg g(-1) fresh mass) and chlorophylls (0.9-643 µg g(-1) fresh mass). Etio-chloroplasts with prolamellar bodies and either regular or only low grana were found in leaves having high or low amounts of chlorophyll a and b, respectively. After bud break, etioplast-chloroplast conversion proceeded and the pigment contents increased in the leaves, similarly to the greening processes observed in illuminated etiolated seedlings under laboratory conditions. The pigment contents and the ratio of the different spectral forms had a high biological variability that could be attributed to (i) various light conditions due to light filtering in the buds resulting in differently etiolated leaf primordia, (ii) to differences in the light-exposed and inner regions of the same primordia in opening buds due to various leaf folding, and (iii) to tissue-specific slight variations of plastid ultrastructure.


Asunto(s)
Aesculus/metabolismo , Ailanthus/metabolismo , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Fraxinus/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Plastidios/metabolismo , Clorofilidas/metabolismo , Hungría , Luz , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Pigmentación , Hojas de la Planta/embriología , Plastidios/ultraestructura
5.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 23(9): 1175-83, 2010 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20687807

RESUMEN

Expression profiling of two paralogous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-specific blue copper-binding gene (MtBcp1a and MtBcp1b) isoforms was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in wild-type Medicago truncatula Jemalong 5 (J5) during the mycorrhizal development with Glomus intraradices for up to 7 weeks. Time-course analysis in J5 showed that expression of both MtBcp1 genes increased continuously and correlated strongly with the colonization intensity and arbuscule content. MtPT4, selected as a reference gene of the functional plant-fungus association, showed a weaker correlation to mycorrhizal development. In a second experiment, a range of mycorrhizal mutants of the wild-type J5 was assessed. Strictly AM-penetration-defective TRV25-C and TRV25-D (dmi3, Mtsym13), hypomycorrhizal TR25 and TR89 (dmi2, Mtsym2) mutants, and a hypermycorrhizal mutant TRV17 (sunn, Mtsym12) were compared with J5 3 and 7 weeks after inoculation. No MtBcp1 transcripts were detected in the mutants blocked at the appressoria stage. Conversely, TR25, TR89, and J5 showed a gradual increase of the expression of both MtBcp1 genes in 3- and 7-week-old plants, similar to the increase in colonization intensity and arbuscule abundance. The strong correlation between the expression level of AM-specific blue copper-binding protein-encoding genes and AM colonization may imply a basic role in symbiotic functioning for these genes, which may serve as new molecular markers of arbuscule development in M. truncatula.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Medicago truncatula/metabolismo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/clasificación , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Medicago truncatula/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas , Transcripción Genética
6.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 22(3): 341-51, 2009 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19245328

RESUMEN

To gain further insight into the role of the plant genome in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) establishment, we investigated whether symbiosis-related plant genes affect fungal gene expression in germinating spores and at the appressoria stage of root interactions. Glomus intraradices genes were identified in expressed sequence tag libraries of mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula roots by in silico expression analyses. Transcripts of a subset of genes, with predicted functions in transcription, protein synthesis, primary or secondary metabolism, or of unknown function, were monitored in spores and germinating spores and during interactions with roots of wild-type or mycorrhiza-defective (Myc-) mutants of M. truncatula. Not all the fungal genes were active in quiescent spores but all were expressed when G. intraradices spores germinated in wild-type M. truncatula root exudates or when appressoria or arbuscules were formed in association with wild-type M. truncatula roots. Most of the fungal genes were upregulated or induced at the stage of appressorium development. Inactivation of the M. truncatula genes DMI1, DMI2/MtSYM2, or DMI3/MtSYM13 was associated with altered fungal gene expression (nonactivation or inhibition), modified appressorium structure, and plant cell wall responses, providing first evidence that cell processes modified by symbiosis-related plant genes impact on root interactions by directly modulating AM fungal activity.


Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Medicago truncatula/microbiología , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Genes de Plantas , Medicago truncatula/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Nodulación de la Raíz de la Planta/fisiología , Simbiosis/fisiología
7.
Mycorrhiza ; 19(6): 435-441, 2009 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19347373

RESUMEN

One key strategy for the identification of plant genes required for mycorrhizal development is the use of plant mutants affected in mycorrhizal colonisation. In this paper, we report a new Medicago truncatula mutant defective for nodulation but hypermycorrhizal for symbiosis development and response. This mutant, called B9, presents a poor shoot and, especially, root development with short laterals. Inoculation with Glomus intraradices results in significantly higher root colonisation of the mutant than the wild-type genotype A17 (+20% for total root length, +16% for arbuscule frequency in the colonised part of the root, +39% for arbuscule frequency in the total root system). Mycorrhizal effects on shoot and root biomass of B9 plants are about twofold greater than in the wild-type genotype. The B9 mutant of M. truncatula is characterised by considerably higher root concentrations of the phytoestrogen coumestrol and by the novel synthesis of the coumestrol conjugate malonyl glycoside, absent from roots of wild-type plants. In conclusion, this is the first time that a hypermycorrhizal plant mutant affected negatively for nodulation (Myc(++), Nod (-/+) phenotype) is reported. This mutant represents a new tool for the study of plant genes differentially regulating mycorrhiza and nodulation symbioses, in particular, those related to autoregulation mechanisms.


Asunto(s)
Glomeromycota/crecimiento & desarrollo , Medicago truncatula/fisiología , Mutación , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nodulación de la Raíz de la Planta , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Biomasa , Cumestrol/análisis , Medicago truncatula/genética , Medicago truncatula/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo
8.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 109: 308-318, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27783981

RESUMEN

A Gram-negative bacterium able to grow using chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid) as sole carbon source has been isolated from the roots of tomato plants inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. An intracellular esterase exhibiting very high affinity (Km = 2 µM) for chlorogenic acid has been extracted and purified by FPLC from the chlorogenate-grown cultures of this bacterium. The molecular mass of the purified esterase determined by SDS-PAGE was 61 kDa and its isoelectric point determined by chromatofocusing was 7.75. The esterase hydrolysed chlorogenic acid analogues (caffeoylshikimate, and the 4- and 3-caffeoylquinic acid isomers), feruloyl esterases substrates (methyl caffeate and methyl ferulate), and even caffeoyl-CoA in vitro but all of them were less active than chlorogenic acid, demonstrating that the esterase is a genuine chlorogenic acid esterase. It was also induced when the bacterial strain was cultured in the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric or ferulic acid) as sole carbon source, but not in the presence of simple phenolics such as catechol or protocatechuic acid, nor in the presence of organic acids such as succinic or quinic acids. The purified esterase was remarkably stable in the presence of methanol, rapid formation of methyl caffeate occurring when its activity was measured in aqueous solutions containing 10-60% methanol. Our results therefore show that this bacterial chlorogenase can catalyse the transesterification reaction previously detected during the methanolic extraction of chlorogenic acid from arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato roots. Data are presented suggesting that colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis could increase chlorogenic acid exudation from tomato roots, especially in nutrient-deprived plants, and thus favour the growth of chlorogenate-metabolizing bacteria on the root surface or in the mycorhizosphere.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/metabolismo , Ácido Clorogénico/aislamiento & purificación , Micorrizas/enzimología , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Bacterias/enzimología , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/química , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Clorogénico/metabolismo , Ácidos Cumáricos/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Metanol/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/enzimología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Especificidad por Sustrato
9.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 66: 77-83, 2013 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23500709

RESUMEN

When Glomus intraradices-colonised tomato roots were extracted in methanol at 6 °C, chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid), naturally present in the extract, was slowly converted by transesterification into methyl caffeate. The progress of the reaction could be monitored by HPLC. The reaction only occurred when the ground roots were left in contact with the hydro-alcoholic extract and required the presence of 15-35% water in the mixture. When the roots were extracted in ethanol, chlorogenic acid was transformed to ethyl caffeate in the same conditions. The reaction was also detected in Glomus mosseae-colonised tomato root extracts. It was also detectable in non-mycorrhizal root extracts but was 10-25 times slower. By contrast it was undetectable in extracts of the aerial parts of tomato plants, which also contain high amounts of chlorogenic acid, whether or not these plants were inoculated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. We found that this transesterification reaction is catalysed by a tomato enzyme, which remains active in hydro-alcoholic mixtures and exhibits chlorogenate-dependant caffeoyltransferase activity in the presence of methanol or ethanol. This transferase activity is inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. The 4- and 3-caffeoylquinic acid isomers were also used as substrates but were less active than chlorogenic acid. Highest activity was detected in mycorrhizal roots of nutrient-deprived tomato plants. Surprisingly this caffeoyltransferase activity could also be detected in hydro-alcoholic extracts of G. intraradices-colonised roots of leek, sorghum or barrel medic.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Clorogénico/metabolismo , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Raíces de Plantas/enzimología , Solanum lycopersicum/enzimología , Transferasas/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Cafeicos/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Activación Enzimática , Pruebas de Enzimas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Esterificación , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Fluoruro de Fenilmetilsulfonilo/metabolismo , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Especificidad por Sustrato , Temperatura , Transferasas/metabolismo
10.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 60: 233-9, 2012 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23000816

RESUMEN

Cadmium is a serious environmental pollution threats to the planet. Its accumulation in plants affects many cellular functions, resulting in growth and development inhibition, whose mechanisms are not fully understood. However, some fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with the majority of plant species have the capacity to buffer the deleterious effect of this heavy metal. In the present work we investigated the capacity of Rhizophagus irregularis (syn. Glomus irregularis) to alleviate cadmium stress in Medicago truncatula. In spite of a reduction in all mycorrhizal parameters, plants colonized for 21 days by R. irregularis and treated by 2 mg kg⁻¹ cadmium displayed less growth inhibition in comparison to plants grown without cadmium. Cadmium strongly increased the accumulation of some isoflavonoids and their derivates: formononetin, malonylononin, medicarpin 3-O-ß-(6'-malonylglucoside), medicarpin and coumestrol. Interestingly, in plants colonized by R. irregularis we noticed a strong reduction of the cadmium-induced accumulation of root isoflavonoids, a part for medicarpin and coumestrol. Moreover, transcripts of chalcone reductase, a protein that we reported previously as being down-regulated in R. irregularis-colonized M. truncatula roots, revealed a similar expression pattern with a strong increase in response to cadmium and a reduced expression in cadmium-treated mycorrhizal roots.


Asunto(s)
Oxidorreductasas de Alcohol/genética , Cadmio/farmacología , Glomeromycota/fisiología , Isoflavonas/metabolismo , Medicago truncatula/metabolismo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Biomasa , Cumestrol/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Glomeromycota/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Medicago truncatula/efectos de los fármacos , Medicago truncatula/genética , Medicago truncatula/microbiología , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Brotes de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Brotes de la Planta/genética , Brotes de la Planta/metabolismo , Brotes de la Planta/microbiología , Pterocarpanos/metabolismo , Suelo , Simbiosis
11.
Mycorrhiza ; 15(4): 283-9, 2005 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15558330

RESUMEN

From a pool of Medicago truncatula mutants--obtained by gamma-irradiation or ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis--impaired in symbiosis with the N-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, new mutants are described and genetically analysed, and for already reported mutants, complementary data are given on their phenotypic and genetic analysis. Phenotypic data relate to nodulation and mycorrhizal phenotypes. Among the five new mutants, three were classified as [Nod+ Fix- Myc+] and the mutations were ascribed to two loci, Mtsym20 (TRV43, TRV54) and Mtsym21 (TRV49). For the two other new mutants, one was classified as [Nod-/+ Myc+] with a mutation ascribed to gene Mtsym15 (TRV48), and the other as [Nod- Myc-/+] with a mutation ascribed to gene Mtsym16 (TRV58). Genetic analysis of three previously described mutants has shown that [Nod-/+ Myc+] TR74 mutant can be ascribed to gene Mtsym14, and that [Nod-/+ Myc-/+] TR89 and TRV9 mutants are ascribed to gene Mtsym2 (dmi2). Using a detailed analysis of mycorrhizal phenotype, we have observed a delayed typical arbuscular mycorrhizal formation on some mutants that present thick lens-shaped appressoria. This phenotype was called [Myc-/+] and mutants TR25, TR26, TR89, TRV9, P1 and Y6 were reclassified as [Myc-/+]. Mutant P1 was reclassified as [Nod-/+] because of a late nodulation observed on roots of this mutant.


Asunto(s)
Medicago truncatula/genética , Medicago truncatula/microbiología , Mutación/genética , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sinorhizobium meliloti/fisiología , Rayos gamma , Prueba de Complementación Genética , Genotipo , Medicago truncatula/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micorrizas/clasificación , Fenotipo , Simbiosis
12.
Mycorrhiza ; 12(2): 97-102, 2002 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12035734

RESUMEN

A binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) species was isolated from a clay loam soil on the Epoisses experimental station of INRA, Dijon and identified as belonging to the anastomosis Group A (AG-A). The BNR was inoculated to a Myc- Pisum sativum mutant (P53, sym30 locus) and its wild-type parent (cv Frisson) in the presence or absence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. The BNR had no significant effect on plant weight. Myc+ and Myc- roots were equally susceptible towards BNR and showed no localized cellular defense responses. The presence of BNR decreased significantly the percentage of root length colonized by G. mosseae and, inversely, G. mosseae reduced the number of BNR monilioid chains formed in root epidermal cells of the two pea genotypes. The pisatin concentration was increased significantly by BNR in both Myc+ and Myc- roots and by G. mosseae in the wild-type pea plants. The highest accumulation of pisatin was observed in Myc+ roots when both fungi were present.


Asunto(s)
Micorrizas/fisiología , Pisum sativum/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Rhizoctonia/fisiología , Simbiosis/fisiología , Hongos/fisiología , Hongos/ultraestructura , Micorrizas/ultraestructura , Pisum sativum/fisiología , Pisum sativum/ultraestructura , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/ultraestructura , Rhizoctonia/ultraestructura
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