Endobronchial Presentation of Hodgkin Lymphoma Responding to Pembrolizumab: A Case Report.

An endobronchial localization of Hodgkin lymphoma is rare, and few experiences since the 1900s have been reported in the literature. Here we report the first case of a relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma with a critical vegetative mass at the level of the trachea successfully treated with pembrolizumab.

Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for the assessment of disease burden in hairy cell leukemia.

BRAFV600E mutation is the pathogenic driver of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) found in the vast majority of cases both at onset and during recurrences. The identification of the mutated allele in blood and marrow correlates with the presence of neoplastic cells and can be considered a marker of active disease. Likewise, the absence of the mutation after treatment may indicate a state of deep response. The BRAFV600E burden was measured by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and expressed as fractional abundance in 35 HCL patients at different stages of disease (onset, relapse, complete response [CR] after treatment, long-term remission) in peripheral blood and/or bone marrow (when available). Mean values of fractional abundance for patients at diagnosis, relapse and response, respectively, were 12.26%, 16.52% and 0.02% in peripheral blood and 23.51%, 13.96% and 0.26% in bone marrow. Four patients out of 6 evaluated at response were molecularly negative for BRAFV600E in peripheral blood. Mean fractional abundance in peripheral blood tested in 14 patients with long lasting CR was 0.05%, and 10 patients were BRAFV600E negative. These preliminary results suggest that ddPCR permits to assess the active tumor burden in HCL at different disease phases and support the hypothesis that some patients in CR qualify for a molecular CR.

Treatment and outcomes of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma: a three-decade monocentric experience with 151 patients.

Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma is a rare entity and often should be promptly treated as a hematological emergency: The initial treatment decision is crucial for the management of this disease. An observational retrospective study was conducted with the aim to improve information on treatment and outcomes of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma in real practice. After 12 cycles of MACOP-B regimen (methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, bleomycin , and prednisone) with or without rituximab, 120 patients out of 151 (79.5%) achieved a complete response and 12 (7.9%) a partial response leading to a global response of 87.4%. The 21-year overall survival is 82.6%; progression-free and disease-free survivals are 69.3% and 86.4%, respectively. Regarding the role of radiotherapy (RT), patients with a negative PET scan after MACOP-B did not undergo RT: One out of these 48 (2.1%) showed a relapse at 11 months. All relapsed/refractory patients who achieved a response with checkpoint inhibitors are still in continuous complete response with a median follow-up of 14 months. Data that we have gathered over a 30-year experience in the treatment of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma patients clearly indicate that a third-generation chemotherapy regimen such as MACOP-B is feasible and easily deliverable on an outpatient basis. Regarding the unmet medical need of relapsed/refractory patients, new encouraging results occurred with the advent of the checkpoint inhibitors.

The treatment of hairy cell leukemia with a focus on long lasting responses to cladribine: A 30-year experience.

The treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has considerably changed over years. Purine analogues, namely cladribine, now represent the treatment of choice. One hundred and eighty-four patients were followed between 1986 and 2018 and treated according to era-specific guidelines. Responses were classified by combining Consensus Resolution criteria and marrow immunohistochemistry. Patients were grouped according to the number of treatment lines they received. Patients treated first line responded in 86% of cases, with complete response (CR) in 44% of cases. Response rates remained high throughout the first four lines (84%, 81%, 79% for the second line onward, with CR in 38%, 37%, 15% of cases respectively). One hundred and twenty-two patients received cladribine as first line treatment, with a response rate of 86% and a CR rate of 54%. Among the 66 CR patients, 45 (68%) have never received further therapy: 11 patients are in continuous CR between 5 and 10 years after treatment, 14 between 10 and 20 years and three patients at more than 20 years. Median time-to-next treatment (TTNT) for frontline cladribine-treated patients was 8.2 years: partial responders had a significantly shorter median TTNT than CR patients (5.3 years vs median not reached at 25.8 years, p < 0.001). Patients with HCL require subsequent lines of therapy in more than 50% of cases. Purine analogues allow significant response rates when applied first line and upon retreatment. Some patients may enjoy long lasting treatment-free intervals after one course of cladribine.

Bendamustine-rituximab regimen in untreated indolent marginal zone lymphoma: experience on 65 patients.

First line therapy of patients with marginal zone lymphomas (MZL) is not well established and various regimens with chemo-immunotherapy can be used. Rituximab plus bendamustine (BR) is an effective and manageable treatment option for patients affected by indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The aim of this monocentric retrospective study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of the use of BR regimen in MZL patients in first line in daily clinical practice. The treatment schedule was rituximab at the dose of 375 mg/m2 on day 1 of each cycle and bendamustine at the dose of 90 mg/m2 on day 2 and 3, every 28 days for a maximum of 6 cycles. We analyzed 65 MZL patients (28 extranodal [EMZL], 23 splenic [SMZL], and 14 nodal [NMZL]) who underwent BR regimen as first line treatment. The median time from diagnosis to therapy was 2.5 months. Final responses were: 38 complete response (CR, 58.5%), 20 partial response and 7 progressive disease, leading to an overall response rate (ORR) of 89.2%. With respect to the histology, the ORR was 89.3% for EMZL, 82.6% for SMZL and 100% for NMZL, respectively (difference not statistically significant). With a median follow-up time of 44.6 months (range, 3.3-175.0 months), 2 (one EMZL after 42 months and one SMZL after 10 months) of 38 (5.2%) CR patients had disease relapse, yielding an estimated disease free survival of 89.2% at 61.1 months. The estimated 6-year progression free survival was 71.8% with 15 relapsed/progressed patients showing lymphoma recurrence within 48 months from end of treatment. The most frequently reported adverse events (any grade) were neutropenia (N = 35, 53.8%), fatigue (N = 15, 23.0%), and nausea (N = 12, 18.4%). All toxicities quickly resolved and no treatment-related death occurred. The BR regimen is effective and feasible in MZL patients inducing prolonged disease control with manageable toxicities.

Potential survival benefit for patients receiving autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after checkpoint inhibitors for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: A real-life experience.

In recent years, novel drugs are available for the patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), like immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPi). These drugs have been able to rescue a cohort of patients who subsequently could receive an allogeneic stem-cell transplant (SCT). No data were reported for subsequent autologous SCT (ASCT) after CPi. Here, we report our real-life experience in heavily pretreated HL patients undergoing ASCT as consolidation approach after CPi treatment. A retrospective observational study was conducted. Patients had CPi therapy in the context of clinical trials (n = 6) or in the named patient program (n = 7) between July 2014 and November 2019: 9 out of 13 received pembrolizumab and the remaining four underwent nivolumab. A median of 12 cycles (range, 3-16) of CPi therapy were infused. Thirteen patients underwent ASCT after CPi: 11 (84.6%) patients obtained a complete response (CR) and 2 had progression of disease, with an overall response rate of 84.6%. With a median follow-up of 3.3 years (range, 1.1-5.5), only one CR patient had disease relapse after 3.9 months from ASCT, leading to an estimated disease-free survival of 87.5% at 56.9 months. The estimated 5-year progression-free survival was 73.4% and overall survival was 92.3% at 4.8 years, respectively. No unexpected or cumulative toxicity was observed. Our results indicated that ASCT may represent a further effective therapeutic option as consolidation in HL after CPi treatment that today represents the last conventionally recognized therapeutic line.

Spontaneous remission of follicular lymphoma.

Follicular lymphoma is an indolent B cells proliferative disorder that represents approximately 35% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although spontaneous remission is uncommon in patients with low grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas, some cases have been reported. We present a case of follicular lymphoma for which we have documented a spontaneous remission both with serial instrumental investigations and through histological biopsy of the bone marrow. The patient is still in remission after 2 years of follow-up. The causes for a spontaneous remission are not known, and we can only hypothesize a possible reawakening of the host's immune response against the tumour.

A case report of the long treatment experience of a Sézary syndrome responder patient: 16 years through all the systemic and innovative therapies.

Existing therapies for Sézary syndrome (SS) are limited in efficacy and in disease control, and patients have very poor prognosis. Here, we report a case report of a patient who has a 16-year history of SS and related treatments (both standard and experimental). In particular, two drugs, one conventional (gemcitabine) and one experimental (mogamulizumab), were able to induce long lasting response. Patient refused to undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation. After eleven lines of therapeutic approaches, the patient is in very good partial response and free of therapy at the latest available follow-up.

The treatment of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: a two decades monocentric experience with 98 patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the most suitable first-line approach and the best combination treatment for primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) as they have been matter of debate for at least two decades. METHODS: Our single centre experience in the treatment of 98 de novo PMLBCL patients over the last 20 years is reviewed. All patients received MACOP-B chemotherapy. Thirty-seven received both rituximab and mediastinal radiotherapy; 30 were irradiated after chemotherapy, although not receiving rituximab and 20 received rituximab without radiotherapy consolidation. Eleven patients received chemotherapy only. RESULTS: Sixty-one (62.2%) patients achieved a complete response after MACOP-B (with or without rituximab); among the 27 (27.6%) partial responders, 21 obtained a complete response after radiotherapy. At the end of their scheduled treatment, 82 patients (83.7%) had a complete and 6 a partial response (6.1%). Eleven patients relapsed within the first 2 years of follow-up. The 17-year overall survival is 72.0% (15 patients died); progression-free and disease-free survival are 67.6% and 88.4%, respectively. A statistically significant difference in overall and progression-free survival was noted among treatment groups, although no disease-free survival difference was documented. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that a third-generation regimen like MACOP-B could be considered a suitable first-line treatment. Mediastinal consolidation radiotherapy impacts on survival and complete response rates and remains a good strategy to convert partial into complete responses. Data suggest that radiotherapy may be avoided in patients obtaining a complete response after (immuno)chemotherapy, but this requires confirmation with further ad hoc studies.

Long-Term Responders After Brentuximab Vedotin: Single-Center Experience on Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Patients.

BACKGROUND: Brentuximab vedotin (BV) has shown high overall response rate in refractory/relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL) with reported long-term response duration in clinical trials, but few data are available regarding its role in long-term outcomes in real life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single-center observational study was conducted on patients treated with BV in daily clinical practice to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of BV in HL and sALCL patients and to check whether clinical trial results are confirmed in a real-life context. RESULTS: The best response rate in the treated 53 patients (43 HL and 10 sALCL) was 69.8% (with 46.5% complete response [CR]) in HL and 100% (80% CR) for sALCL, respectively. With a median patient follow-up of 36.8 months, the estimated median duration of response was 31.5 months for HL and 17.8 for sALCL, respectively. At the latest available follow-up, 75% of patients were still in response, with 43% without any consolidation. Toxicity was primarily neurological and it was rarely so serious to require dose reduction or interruption. In addition, it always reversed completely after the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that 51% of patients treated with BV can be regarded as "long-term responders." Among these cases, for all patients who underwent stem cell transplantation immediately after BV, the procedure was consolidative. For patients who have remained in continuous CR without any consolidation after therapy, BV can induce prolonged disease control. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Brentuximab vedotin (BV) has shown a high overall response rate in refractory/relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, with reported long-term response duration in clinical trials, whereas few data are available regarding its role in long-term outcomes in real life. The data reported in this study suggest that BV can induce the same results in daily clinical practice. The data showed that 51% of patients treated with BV can be regarded as "long-term responders." Among these cases, BV can induce prolonged disease control in patients who have remained in continuous complete response without any consolidation after the drug.

BEGEV salvage regimen in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a real-life experience.

PURPOSE: One of the most critical issues in the management of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients who resulted as primary relapsed or refractory is to obtain a minimal disease status before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Finding a salvage regimen able to induce this status without severe toxicity would represent a major achievement in this setting. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted to assess effectiveness and safety of BEGEV (bendamustine, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine) regimen as first salvage setting prior to ASCT in HL patients. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were treated in our institution between October 2017 and November 2020. Median age at BEGEV therapy was 35.0 years (range 17.2- 70.0), and the median time from frontline therapy to the first cycle of BEGEV was 79.5 days (range 4-2267). At the end of treatment, 31 patients achieved a complete response (CR), with an overall response rate of 76.7%. Forty-one patients harvested CD34+ cells and 35/43 (81.4%) patients underwent ASCT. With a median follow-up of 22 months, 4 CR patients had disease relapse, yielding an estimated disease-free survival of 73.9% at 34 months. The estimated 2-year progression-free survival was 66.7%. Response to first-line chemotherapy did not significantly influence prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: BEGEV regimen was well tolerated, and reversible haematological toxic effects were the most common adverse events. Real-life data on BEGEV regimen as first salvage setting showed a relevant rate of objective responses and a limited myelotoxicity with no impairment of a subsequent mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells.

Prolonged responses to brentuximab vedotin as last therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma failing autologous transplantation: A case series.

The follow-up of the pivotal trial and large case series reports of a proportion of patients, between 5% and 9%, with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma failing autologous stem cell transplantation and treated with brentuximab vedotin, achieving and maintaining long lasting complete responses with no further treatment. Very long-term data on the outcomes of such patients are indeed underreported. Our institutional experience with patients meeting these characteristics and in continuous complete response for more than 5 years after brentuximab vedotin was reviewed. Five patients achieved a median duration of complete response of 7.4 (range 5.1-8.1) years, and none of them encountered disease relapse or received any subsequent consolidation, including allogeneic transplantation. A proportion of patients failing autologous transplantation and receiving subsequent brentuximab vedotin may reach a long-lasting complete response with no need of further treatment. These patients are therefore considered cured. The role of allogeneic transplantation in such patients is matter of debate.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Ibrutinib in the Treatment of CLL Patients: A Real Life Experience.

Ibrutinib has demonstrated a significant clinical impact in patients with de novo and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), even in cases with unfavorable cytogenetics and molecular markers. All CLL patients' data treated at our Institute with ibrutinib have been retrospectively reviewed. Forty-six patients received ibrutinib either as frontline (10) or second or more advanced treatment (36). Five patients presented with TP53 mutations; 11 had the deletion of chromosome 17p; 17 displayed an unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy chain status. The median number of cycles administered was 26. Among patients treated frontline, the best overall response rate (ORR) was 90.0%. In patients receiving ibrutinib as a second or later line ORR was 97.2%. Median progression-free survival was 28.8 and 21.1 months for patients treated frontline and as second/later line, respectively. Median overall survival was not reached for those treated frontline and resulted in 4.9 years for patients treated as second/later line. Grade 3-4 hematological toxicities were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. Grade 3-4 extrahematological toxicities included diarrhea, cutaneous rash, utero-vesical prolapse, vasculitis, and sepsis. Ibrutinib is effective and well tolerated in CLL. Responses obtained in a real-life setting are durable and the safety profile of the drug is favorable.

Real World Evidence of CAR T-Cell Therapies for the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Monocentric Experience.

Large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) are the most common types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although outcomes have improved thanks to the introduction of rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy, certain LBCL still represents a challenge because of initial resistance to therapy or recurrent relapses. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) are second-generation autologous CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies approved for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) LBCL, based on the results of phase II pivotal single-arm trials ZUMA-1 (for axi-cel) and JULIET (for tisa-cel). Here, we report patients outcomes with axi-cel and tisa-cel in the standard of care (SoC) setting for R/R LBCL, treated at our Institution. Data were collected from patients who underwent leukapheresis between August 2019 and February 2021. Toxicities were graded and managed according to the institution's guidelines. Responses were assessed as per Lugano 2014 classification. Of the 30 patients who underwent leukapheresis, 18 (60%) received axi-cel, while 12 (40%) tisa-cel. Grade 3 or higher cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity occurred in 10% and 16% patients, respectively. Best objective and complete response rates were 73.3% and 40%, respectively. Treatment in SoC setting with CD19 CAR T-cell therapies for R/R LBCL showed a manageable safety profile and high objective response rate.

Effectiveness of chemotherapy after anti-PD-1 blockade failure for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.

Programmed death-1 (PD1) blockade is an efficient and safe therapeutic option in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, a substantial proportion of patients' progresses or loses the response to anti-PD1 treatment. We retrospectively investigated the effectiveness of salvage chemotherapies (CHT) for unsatisfactory response to anti-PD1, in 25 R/R cHL patients. Twenty-three patients (92%) were refractory to the last treatment before anti-PD1. After a median of 14 cycles (range 3-52), 68% (17/25) of patients had unsatisfactory responses to anti-PD1 therapy, whereas 6 had a partial response (PR) and 2 patients achieved complete response (CR), with an overall response rate (ORR) of 32%. After a median time of 1.5 months, 15 patients received a single agent treatment and 10 had a multi-agents regimen, due to the failure of PD1 blockade. The ORR was 60% (8 CR and 7 PR). Seven patients (3 in PR and 4 in CR) underwent a consolidation strategy with stem cell transplantation. Median progression-free survival (PFS) with salvage treatment was reached at 19.1 months, while median PFS after anti-PD1 has been reached at 8.2 months. After a median follow-up of 32.4 months, 6 patients died while 13 are still in CR. The median overall estimated from the start of CHT was not reached. The efficacy of treatment following anti-PD1 is not yet established, especially in lymphoma patients. To note, in our series, a subset of heavily pre-treated and chemo-refractory patients increased response rates to and survival with CHT given after exposure to immune-checkpoint inhibitors.

BRAF V600E-positive monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma complicating the course of hairy cell leukemia.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorder whose pathogenesis and recurrence are strictly dependent on the presence of the BRAF V600E mutant. A 65-year-old male presented a monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (formerly enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type II) with HCL not responding to first-line induction with cladribine. The intestinal lymphoma bears the BRAF V600E mutant, which is the molecular hallmark of HCL, being implicated in its pathogenesis. The case is of interest, as it provides the first description of a BRAF V600E-positive intestinal T-cell lymphoma, along with immunohistochemical and molecular demonstration, occurring in concomitance with HCL. A novel digital PCR-base method for HCL disease assessment is also suggested.

Italian real life experience with ibrutinib: results of a large observational study on 77 relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma.

Although sometimes presenting as an indolent lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive disease, hardly curable with standard chemo-immunotherapy. Current approaches have greatly improved patients' outcomes, nevertheless the disease is still characterized by high relapse rates. Before approval by EMA, Italian patients with relapsed/refractory MCL were granted ibrutinib early access through a Named Patient Program (NPP). An observational, retrospective, multicenter study was conducted. Seventy-seven heavily pretreated patients were enrolled. At the end of therapy there were 14 complete responses and 14 partial responses, leading to an overall response rate of 36.4%. At 40 months overall survival was 37.8% and progression free survival was 30%; disease free survival was 78.6% at 4 years: 11/14 patients are in continuous complete response with a median of 36 months of follow up. Hematological toxicities were manageable, and main extra-hematological toxicities were diarrhea (9.4%) and lung infections (9.0%). Overall, 4 (5.2%) atrial fibrillations and 3 (3.9%) hemorrhagic syndromes occurred. In conclusions, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea and lung infections are the relevant adverse events to be clinically focused on; regarding effectiveness, ibrutinib is confirmed to be a valid option for refractory/relapsed MCL also in a clinical setting mimicking the real world.