Sex Differences in Cognitive Reflection: A Meta-Analysis.

The current study presents a meta-analytic review of the differences between men and women in cognitive reflection (CR). The study also explores whether the type of CR test (i.e., numerical tests and verbal tests) moderates the relationship between CR and sex. The results showed that men score higher than women on CR, although the magnitude of these differences was small. We also found out that the type of CR test moderates the sex differences in CR, especially in the numerical tests. In addition, the results showed that the length of numerical tests (i.e., number of items) does not affect the differences between men and women in CR. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed, and future research is suggested.

A mediation model of individual differences in attitudes toward affirmative actions for women.

A mediation model of the relation between gender and attitudes toward affirmative action in favor of working women was tested. Four mediation variables were considered: perceived unfairness in the situation of working women, perceived threat to the non-designated group (men), self-esteem, and gender self-concept (masculinity and femininity). 192 women and 128 men, with differing occupations, participated. Gender affects individuals' attitudes toward affirmative actions for women, mediated by perceived unfairness in the situation of working women, perceived threat to the non-designated group, and feminine self-concept. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Counterproductive Academic Behaviors and Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis and a Path Analysis Model.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) are a complex phenomenon that affects academic institutions in multiple geographical areas with different cultures, values, and social norms. The high incidence of CAB causes problems of critical importance that transcend the educational domain. The current study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the CAB consequences by focusing on its impact on academic performance (AP). For this purpose, a meta-analysis was conducted in order to examine the relationship between CAB, its facets, and AP. The results show that overall CAB and students' performance are negatively related with a true effect size of ρ = -0.40 (K = 231, N = 127,269). Particularly, absenteeism appeared to be the facet most strongly related to AP (ρ = -0.48, K = 117, N = 69,453). A meta-analytic path analysis model was carried out in order to test the predictive validity of CAB, students' personality characteristics, and intelligence on AP. Results show that conscientiousness and cognitive intelligence have a negative relationship with CAB (ß = -0.28 and ß = -0.20, respectively), and that conscientiousness, openness to experience, intelligence, and CAB can explain 58% of AP true variance. Meta-analyses of moderator variables and hierarchical meta-analyses are also presented. The implications for research and practice are discussed at the end.

Personality, intelligence, and counterproductive academic behaviors: A meta-analysis.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) are a major problem for educational institutions all over the world. For this reason, to determine the potential predictors of CAB is relevant. After defining CAB and introducing a typology of seven CABs facets (i.e., cheating, absenteeism, plagiarism, deception, breach of rules, low effort, and misuse of resources), this study reports on a comprehensive meta-analysis carried out to estimate the relationships between CAB and its facets with the Big Five personality dimensions and intelligence. Results showed that conscientiousness (K = 77, N = 31,473, ρ = -.28) and agreeableness (K = 56, N = 24,436, ρ = -.14) were predictors of the student's propensity to engage in CAB. Conscientiousness also predicted the 7 facets of CAB, particularly absenteeism (ρ = -.30), cheating (ρ = -.34), misuse of resources (ρ = -.32), low effort (ρ = -.29), and breach of rules (ρ = -.27). Intelligence showed a negative relationship with CAB (K = 55, N = 30,052, ρ = -.19), and it was the best predictor of deception (K = 18, N = 3,575 ρ = -.48). The educational level, the type of cognitive tests, and the intelligence factor assessed were relevant moderators of the validity estimates. The validity of a compound of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intelligence was .42 for predicting overall CAB. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Criterion Validity of Cognitive Reflection for Predicting Job Performance and Training Proficiency: A Meta-Analysis.

This article presents a meta-analysis of the validity of cognitive reflection (CR) for predicting job performance and training proficiency. It also examines the incremental validity of CR over cognitive intelligence (CI) for predicting these two occupational criteria. CR proved to be an excellent predictor of job performance and training proficiency, and the magnitude of the true validity was very similar across the two criteria. Results also showed that the type of CR is not a moderator of CR validity. We also found that CR showed incremental variance over CI for the explanation of job performance, although the magnitude of the contribution is small. However, CR shows practically no incremental validity over CI validity in the explanation of training proficiency. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the research and practice of personnel selection.

Individual differences and counterproductive academic behaviors in high school.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) is a problem that has plagued academic institutions for centuries. However, research has mostly been focused on higher learning institutes in North America. For this reason, literature on CAB must be expanded to other geographical areas and academic levels. The present research analyses the prevalence and correlates of CAB in a sample of Spanish high school students. The results indicate that CAB is a common phenomenon, cheating and low effort behaviors being the most prevalent forms. Correlational analyses revealed that conscientiousness (ρ = -.55, p < .01), emotional stability (ρ = .28, p < .01), and agreeableness (ρ = -.26, p < .05) are predictors of CAB. Multiple regression analyses showed that conscientiousness is the dimension exerting the strongest impact on CAB (ß = -.64, p < .01), followed by agreeableness, and emotional stability. These three dimensions accounted for 51% of CAB variance. Last, implications for theory and practice are described.

Meta-Analysis of the Validity of General Mental Ability for Five Performance Criteria: Hunter and Hunter (1984) Revisited.

This paper presents a series of meta-analyses of the validity of general mental ability (GMA) for predicting five occupational criteria, including supervisory ratings of job performance, production records, work sample tests, instructor ratings, and grades. The meta-analyses were conducted with a large database of 467 technical reports of the validity of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) which included 630 independent samples. GMA showed to be a consistent predictor of the five criteria, but the magnitude of the operational validity was not the same across the five criteria. Results also showed that job complexity is a moderator of the GMA validity for the performance criteria. We also found that the GMA validity estimates are slightly smaller than the previous ones obtained by Hunter and Hunter (1984). Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the research and practice of personnel selection.

Meta-Analysis of Interrater Reliability of Supervisory Performance Ratings: Effects of Appraisal Purpose, Scale Type, and Range Restriction.

Objectives: This reliability generalization study aimed to estimate the mean and variance of the interrater reliability coefficients (r yy ) of supervisory ratings of overall, task, contextual, and positive job performance. The moderating effect of the appraisal purpose and the scale type was examined. It was hypothesized that the ratings collected for research purposes and multi-item scales have higher r yy . It was also examined whether r yy was similar for the four performance dimensions. Method: A database consisting of 224 independent samples was created and hierarchical sub-grouping meta-analyses were conducted. Results: The appraisal purpose was a moderator of r yy for the four performance dimensions. Scale type was a moderator of r yy for overall and task performance collected for research purposes. The findings also suggest that supervisors seem to have less difficulty evaluating overall job performance than task, contextual, and positive performance. The best estimates of the observed r yy for overall job performance are 0.61 for research-collected ratings and 0.45 for administrative-collected ratings. Conclusions: (1) Appraisal purpose moderates r yy and researchers and practitioners should be aware of its effects before collecting ratings or using empirically-derived interrater reliability distributions, (2) Scale type seems to moderate r yy in the case of the ratings collected for research purposes, only, (3) overall job performance is more reliably rated than task, contextual, and positive performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Cross-cultural evidence of the relationship between subjective well-being and job performance: a meta-analysis / Evidencia transcultural de la relación entre el bienestar subjetivo y el desempeño en el trabajo: un metaanálisis

This meta-analysis examined the differences across countries/regions, and the moderator effects of the study type (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal) on the SWB-job performance relationship. The database consists of 78 independent samples (N = 18,853), located through electronic and manual searches. The results showed that overall SWB (ρ = .37), cognitive SWB (ρ = .27), and affective SWB (ρ = .37) are predictors of job performance. Evidence of cross-cultural effects showed that the magnitude of the SWB-job performance relationship was larger in the Asia-Pacific region than in Europe and the US-Canada region (Asia-Pacific ρ = .41, Europe ρ = .33, USA ρ = .23). Moderator analyses indicated that, on average, cross-sectional (concurrent) and longitudinal (predictive) studies showed similar validity (ρ = .33 vs. ρ = .32). Lastly, we discuss the main contributions, and some practical implications and some limitations of the study are mentioned.(AU)

Este metaanálisis examinó las diferencias entre países/regiones y los efectos moderadores del tipo de estudio (transversal vs. longitudinal) en la relación entre bienestar subjetivo (SWB) y desempeño en el trabajo. La base de datos consta de 78 muestras independientes (N = 18,853), localizadas mediante búsquedas electrónicas y manuales. Los resultados mostraron que el SWB global (ρ = .37), el SWB cognitivo (ρ = .27) y el SWB afectivo (ρ = .37) son predictores del desempeño laboral. La evidencia de los efectos transculturales mostró que la magnitud de la relación entre el BS y el desempeño laboral era mayor en la región de Asia-Pacífico que en Europa y en la región de Estados Unidos-Canadá (Asia-Pacífico ρ = .41, Europa ρ = .33, Estados Unidos ρ = .23). Los análisis de moderadores indicaron que, en promedio, los estudios transversales (concurrentes) y los longitudinales (predictivos) mostraron una validez semejante (ρ = .33 frente a ρ = .32). Por último, se discuten las principales contribuciones y se indican algunas implicaciones prácticas y las limitaciones del estudio.(AU)

Faking effects on the factor structure of a quasi-ipsative forced-choice personality inventory / Los efectos del faking en la estructura factorial de un inventario de personalidad de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo

Research has shown that faking behavior affects the factor structure of single-stimulus (SS) personality measures. However, no published research has analyzed the effects of this phenomenon on the factor structure of forced-choice (FC) personality inventories. This study examines the effects of faking, induced in a laboratory setting, on the construct validity of a quasi-ipsative FC personality inventory based on the Five-Factor Model. It also examines the moderator effect of the type of experimental design (between-subject and within-subject design) on factor analyses. The results showed that (a) data fit to a structure of five-factors in the two conditions (honest and faking) in both experimental designs; (b) model fit indices are also good or excellent in all cases; and (c) Burt-Tucker’s congruence coefficients between convergent factors of conditions analyzed are very high. These findings provide evidence that the quasi-ipsative FC format is a robust instrument that controls the effects of faking on factor structure. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings for personnel selection and assessment (AU)

La investigación ha demostrado que el faking o falseamiento afecta a la estructura factorial de las medidas de personalidad de estímulo único (single stimulus; SS). Sin embargo hasta la fecha no se ha publicado ninguna investigación que haya analizado los efectos de este fenómeno en la estructura factorial de los cuestionarios de personalidad de elección forzosa (forced-choice, FC). Este estudio examina los efectos del falseamiento, inducido en un entorno de laboratorio, en la validez de constructo de un cuestionario de personalidad de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo basado en el modelo de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad. También examina el efecto moderador del tipo de diseño experimental (inter-sujeto e intra-sujeto) en los análisis factoriales. Los resultados mostraron que (a) los datos se ajustan a una estructura de cinco factores en las dos condiciones (honesta y faking) en ambos diseños experimentales, (b) los índices de ajuste del modelo son buenos o excelentes en todos los casos y (c) los coeficientes de congruencia de Burt-Tucker entre los factores convergentes de las condiciones analizadas son muy altos. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia de que el formato de elección forzosa quasi-ipsativo es un instrumento robusto que controla los efectos del faking en la estructura factorial. Finalmente se analizan las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados en la selección y evaluación de personal (AU)

Meta-analytic examination of a suppressor effect on subjective well-being and job performance relationship / Estudio metaanalítico de un efecto supresor en la relación entre el bienestar subjetivo y el desempeño en el trabajo

This paper presents a meta-analytic study of the relationship between overall subjective well-being (SWB), cognitive SWB, affective SWB, and job performance ratings. The study examined the moderator effect of the source of job performance measure (self-report vs. supervisory ratings). The database consists of 34 independent samples (n = 5,352) using supervisory performance ratings and 38 independent samples (n = 12,086) using self-reported of job performance. These samples were located through electronic and manual searches. The results indicated that, on average, the correlation for SWB- supervisory ratings (ρ = .35) was slightly larger than for SWB-self-reported performance (ρ = .33). The correlation of affective SWB was much higher with supervisory ratings (ρ = .49) than with self-reported performance (ρ = .30). A suppressor effect of cognitive SWB was found for the prediction of supervisory ratings. Finally, we discuss the implications for the theory and the practice of SWB at work and suggest new research avenues (AU)

Este artículo presenta un estudio metaanalítico de la relación entre el bienestar subjetivo general (SWB), el SWB cognitivo, el SWB afectivo y las valoraciones de desempeño en el trabajo. El estudio examinó el efecto moderador de la fuente de valoración del desempeño en el trabajo (autoinforme frente a calificaciones de los supervisores). La base de datos consta de 34 muestras independientes (n = 5,352) en las que utilizaron evaluaciones del desempeño realizadas por los supervisores y 38 muestras independientes (n = 12,086) en las que utilizaron autoinformes de desempeño en el trabajo. Las muestras se localizaron mediante búsquedas electrónicas y manuales. Los resultados indicaron que, de promedio, la correlación entre SWB general y las valoraciones de los supervisores (ρ = .35) fue ligeramente mayor que la correlación entre el SWB y los autoinformes de desempeño (ρ = .33). La correlación del SWB afectivo fue mucho mayor con las evaluaciones de los supervisores (ρ = .49) que con los autoinforme de desempeño (ρ = .30). También se encontró un efecto supresor del SWB cognitivo para la predicción de las evaluaciones del desempeño realizadas por los supervisores. Por último, se presentan las implicaciones de los resultados para la teoría y la práctica del SWB en el trabajo y se sugieren nuevas vías de investigación (AU)

A meta-analytic study of general mental ability validity for different occupations in the European community.

A comprehensive meta-analysis of the validity of general mental ability (GMA) measures across 12 occupational categories in the European Community (EC) is presented. GMA measures showed that there is validity generalization and large operational validities for job performance and training success in 11 occupational groups. Results also showed that job complexity moderated the magnitude of the operational validity of GMA tests across three levels of job complexity: low, medium, and high. In general, results were similar to those found in the United States, although the European findings showed a slightly larger magnitude of operational validity in some cases. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for personnel selection are discussed. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)

Subjective well-being and job performance: testing of a suppressor effect / El bienestar subjetivo y el desempeño en el trabajo: análisis de un efecto supresor

This is a four-year follow-up study on the relationship between the cognitive and emotional components of subjective well-being (SWB) and job performance. We hypothesized a positive relationship between these variables and job performance. The sample consisted of 170 managers of a Spanish company in the Information Technology and Communication (ITC) industry. The cognitive component of SWB was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life (SWL) scale and the emotional component with the SPANE scale. Two independent ratings, one from the direct supervisor and another from the HR manager, served as evaluations of job performance during four years in a row. Results showed that the two components of SWB predicted job performance over the four years. Additionally, when the two components are entered in a regression equation the validity increases over time as a consequence of a suppressor effect on the cognitive component of SWB. Finally, we discuss the implications for the theory and the practice of SWB at work

Este es un estudio de seguimiento a cuatro años sobre la relación entre los componentes cognitivos y emocionales del bienestar subjetivo (SWB) y el desempeño laboral. Nuestra hipótesis se refiere a la relación positiva entre estas variables y el desempeño laboral. La muestra estuvo formada por 170 managers de una empresa española de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El componente cognitivo de SWB se evaluó con la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWL) y el componente emocional con la escala SPANE. Dos calificaciones independientes, una del supervisor directo y otra del manager de recursos humanos, sirvieron para evaluar el desempeño laboral durante cuatro años consecutivos. Los resultados mostraron que los dos componentes de SWB predijeron el desempeño laboral durante los cuatro años. Además, cuando los dos componentes se incluyen en una ecuación de regresión, la validez aumenta con el tiempo como consecuencia de un efecto supresor sobre el componente cognitivo del SWB. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones para la teoría y la práctica de SWB en el trabajo

Employment interview perceptions scale / Escala de evaluación de la percepción sobre las entrevistas de empleo

The objective of this research was to develop and validate the Employment Interview Perceptions Scale (EIPS). This scale evaluates two dimensions: perception of comfort during the interview and perception of the suitability of the interview for applicant evaluation. Two samples were used. The first one was composed of 803 participants, who evaluated their perceptions in an experimental context. The second sample consisted of 199 interviewees, who evaluated their perceptions in a real evaluation context. All participants evaluated their perceptions for two interview types (Structured Conventional Interview and Structured Behavioral Interview). The analyses confirmed the hypothesized factorial structure. The final version of the EIPS includes 11 items, 6 of them make up the first factor, and 5 make up the second factor. Regarding the reliability of the two factors, high values were reported in the two samples

El objetivo de esta investigación era desarrollar y validar la escala de evaluación de la percepción de la entrevista de empleo. Esta escala fue creada para evaluar dos dimensiones: la percepción del confort en la entrevista y la percepción de la idoneidad de la entrevista para la evaluación de los candidatos. Para la validación de la escala se han empleado dos muestras. La primera estaba compuesta por 803 participantes, quienes evaluaron su percepción en un contexto experimental. La otra estaba compuesta por 199 entrevistados, que evaluaron su percepción en un contexto real de evaluación. Todos los participantes evaluaron su percepción de dos tipos de entrevista: la entrevista convencional estructurada y la entrevista conductual estructurada. Los análisis confirmaron la estructura factorial inicial. La versión final de la escala incluye 11 ítems, 6 de ellos componen el primer factor y 5 el segundo. Con respecto a la fiabilidad de ambos factores, se encontraron valores altos en las dos muestras empleadas

Structured behavioral and conventional interviews: differences and biases in interviewer ratings / Entrevistas conductuales y convencionales estructuradas: diferencias y sesgos en las valoraciones de los entrevistadores

This research examined three issues: (1) the degree to which interviewers feel confident about their decisions when they use a specific type of interview (behavioral vs. conventional), (2) what interview type shows better capacity for identifying candidates’ suitability for a job, and (3) the effect of two biases on interview ratings: a) the sex similarity between candidate and interviewer and b) having prior information about the candidate. The results showed that the SBI made raters feel more confident and their appraisals were more accurate, that prior information negatively affects the interview outcomes, and that sex similarity showed inconclusive results. Implications for theory and practice of personnel interview are discussed (AU)

Esta investigación examinó tres cuestiones: (1) el grado en que los entrevistadores se sienten seguros con sus evaluaciones cuando utilizan un tipo específico de entrevista (conductual o convencional), (2) qué tipo de entrevista muestra mejor capacidad para identificar la idoneidad de los candidatos y (3) el efecto de dos sesgos en las calificaciones de las entrevistas: (a) la similitud entre el sexo del candidato y el del entrevistador y (b) tener información previa sobre el candidato. Los resultados mostraron que los evaluadores se sienten más seguros de sus evaluaciones y que éstas son más precisas con la entrevista conductual estructurada - ECE, que la información previa sobre el candidato afecta negativamente a la entrevista y que la similitud en el sexo de entrevistador y entrevistado ha producido resultandos no concluyentes. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones para la teoría y la práctica de la entrevista de selección (AU)

Structured behavioral interview as a legal guarantee for ensuring equal employment opportunities for women: a meta-analysis / La entrevista conductual estructurada como garantía legal que asegura la igualdad de oportunidades laborales para la mujer: meta-análisis

Equal employment opportunities for women are a legal requirement in many legal environments, including the United States (US) and European Union (EU) legislations. In this context, indirect discrimination in the access to jobs is an illegal practice. For this reason, personnel selection procedures must be fair for protected-by-law groups. Specifically, gender discrimination is the focus of research on employment interviews. This article presents a meta-analysis of gender differences in the scores in structured behavioral interviews (SBI). A database was created consisting of studies conducted with real candidates and employees. Psychometric meta-analysis methods were applied. The results showed that the SBI is fair for women and men and does not show evidence of adverse impact and indirect discrimination. Implications for the practice of personnel selection are discussed and future research is suggested (AU)

La igualdad de oportunidades laborales para la mujer es un requisito legal en muchos marcos legales, como la legislación de Estados Unidos o de la Unión Europea. En este contexto, la discriminación indirecta en el acceso al trabajo es una práctica ilegal. Este es el motivo por el que los procedimientos de selección de personal deben ser justos para los grupos protegidos por ley. En concreto, la discriminación de género es el centro de investigación en las entrevistas de empleo. Este artículo presenta un metaanálisis de las diferencias de género en las puntuaciones de las entrevistas conductuales estructuradas (ECE). Se elaboró una base de datos compuesta de estudios realizados con aspirantes y empleados reales, aplicándose métodos metaanalíticos psicométricos. Los resultados indican que la ECE es justa para mujeres y hombres, no habiendo señales de efectos negativos ni de discriminación indirecta. Se comentan las consecuencias para la práctica en selección de personal, a la vez que se recomienda la necesidad de investigación futura (AU)

Corrections for criterion reliability in validity generalization: the consistency of Hermes, the utility of Midas / Corrección por la fiabilidad del criterio en la generalization de la validez: la cohererencia de Hermes, la utilidad de Midas

There is criticism in the literature about the use of interrater coefficients to correct for criterion reliability in validity generalization (VG) studies and disputing whether .52 is an accurate and non-dubious estimate of interrater reliability of overall job performance (OJP) ratings. We present a second-order meta-analysis of three independent meta-analytic studies of the interrater reliability of job performance ratings and make a number of comments and reflections on LeBreton et al.'s paper. The results of our meta-analysis indicate that the interrater reliability for a single rater is .52 (k = 66, N = 18,582, SD = .105). Our main conclusions are: (a) the value of .52 is an accurate estimate of the interrater reliability of overall job performance for a single rater; (b) it is not reasonable to conclude that past VG studies that used .52 as the criterion reliability value have a less than secure statistical foundation; (c) based on interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and coefficient alpha, supervisor ratings are a useful and appropriate measure of job performance and can be confidently used as a criterion; (d) validity correction for criterion unreliability has been unanimously recommended by "classical" psychometricians and I/O psychologists as the proper way to estimate predictor validity, and is still recommended at present; (e) the substantive contribution of VG procedures to inform HRM practices in organizations should not be lost in these technical points of debate (AU)

En la literatura se critica el uso de los coeficientes interjueces para corregir por la fiabilidad del criterio en los estudios de generalización de la validez (GV) y cuestionan si .52 es un estimador preciso y no dudoso de la fiabilidad interjueces de las valoraciones del desempeño global en el trabajo. En este articulo, presentamos un meta-análisis de segundo orden de tres estudios meta-analíticos independientes sobre la fiabilidad interjueces de las valoraciones del desempeño en el trabajo y hacemos diversos comentarios y reflexiones sobre el artículo de LeBreton et al. Los resultados de nuestro meta-análisis indican que la fiabilidad interjueces es .52 (k = 66, N = 18.582, SD = .105) para un único supervisor. Nuestras principales conclusiones son: (a) el valor de .52 es un estimador preciso de la fiabilidad interjueces del desempeño global en el trabajo para un único valorador, (b)no es razonable concluir que los estudios de GV que han usado .52 como valor de la fiabilidad del criterio tengan una fundamentación estadística poco segura, (c) sobre la base de la fiabilidad interjueces, la fiabilidad test-retest y el coeficiente alfa, los juicios del supervisor son una medida útil y adecuada del desempeño en el trabajo y pueden ser usados con confianza como criterio, (d) la corrección de la validez por falta de fiabilidad del criterio ha sido unánimemente recomendada por los psicómetras y psicólogos industriales "clásicos" como el método correcto de estimar la validez del predictor y es todavía recomendada en la actualidad y (e) la contribución sustantiva de los procedimientos de GV para orientar las prácticas de recursos humanos en las organizaciones no debería perderse en estas cuestiones técnicas de debate (AU)

Steel barrier: legal implications from a gender equal opportunity perspective / Barreras de acero: implicaciones legales desde una perspectiva de género e igualdad de oportunidades

In recent decades, legal Acts, norms, and regulations have proliferated in order to ensure equal opportunities for women and men in multiple contexts, including public and private organizations. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that, to date, real and legal equality do not match. The current context of the global economy suggests that there may now be a new barrier, related to the fact that women have been partially excluded from positions abroad which would facilitate the acquisition of professional and personal skills which are essential in the present century. This new inequality in access to senior management seems to be in contradiction with the different pressures and initiatives put in place to achieve equality of opportunities between women and men, protected in our national and international laws. In this paper, the main causes excluding women from international assignments, and consequently from senior management, are reviewed, highlighting the motivational and legal aftereffects that this trend may have (AU)

En las últimas décadas han proliferado diversas disposiciones legales y normativas con el objetivo de garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres en múltiples contextos, entre ellos el que atañe a las organizaciones públicas y privadas. Pese a ello, existe suficiente evidencia de que la igualdad real no se acerca, hasta la fecha, a la legal. El contexto actual de economía globalizada sugiere que puede aparecer una nueva barrera, al quedar la mujer excluida parcialmente de puestos en el extranjero que le facilitan la adquisición de capacidades profesionales y personales imprescindibles en el siglo actual. Esta nueva desigualdad en el acceso a puestos de alta dirección no parece responder a las distintas presiones e iniciativas por conseguir la igualdad de oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres, protegida en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico nacional e internacional. En este trabajo revisamos las principales causas que alejan a la mujer de los puestos internacionales y, en consecuencia, de la alta dirección, resaltando las derivaciones motivacionales y legales que dicha tendencia pudiese tener (AU)

Procedimientos de selección de personal en pequeñas y medianas empresas españolas / Personnel selection procedures in Spanish small and medium size organizations

Este estudio analiza el grado de uso de los diferentes instrumentos de selección en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME) españolas. Los resultados encontrados muestran que el CV, las referencias y la entrevista sin estructura son empleados por la mayoría de las empresas tanto medianas como pequeñas. Estos instrumentos no son los mejores en términos de sus propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados también indican que otros instrumentos con buenas o excelentes propiedades psicométricas, como los tests de habilidades cognitivas, las medidas de personalidad, las entrevistas estructuradas y las pruebas profesionales, son empleados por un porcentaje cada vez mayor de empresas. Por último, se comentan las implicaciones que estos resultados tienen para la práctica profesional y se ofrecen sugerencias para futuras investigaciones (AU)

The aim of this study is to analyze the degree of use of different selection instrument in small and medium size Spanish companies (PYMES). The findings show that the CV, references, and unstructured interviews are used by the majority of both medium and small companies. These instruments are not the best in terms of psychometric properties. The results also indicate that other instruments with good to excellent psychometric properties such as tests of cognitive abilities, personality measures, structured interviews, and professional tests are used in an increasing number of companies. The implications these findings have for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed (AU)

La Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones incluida en tres importantes bases de datos / The Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology included in three important data bases

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