RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to better understand the association between rs1799762 PAI-1 gene polymorphism and the risk of RPL. METHODS: A systematic search for studies that assessed the association between PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and RPL risk published in search sources, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar till January 2024 was conducted. RESULTS: There were 23 case-control studies in total, with a high degree of statistical heterogeneity among them which indicated the need for subgroup analysis. We found a significant positive association between the risk of RPL and 4G/4G PAI-1 (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.69-3.90), likewise 4G/5G (OR: 2/02 95% CI: 1.39-2.92) and mixed genotype (4G/4G+4G/5G) (OR: 2.31 95% CI: 1.81-2.93). Considering the ethnicity, the 4G/4G polymorphism is significantly associated with Asian descent (OR: 2.10; CI: 1.65-2.69) while the strong association (OR: 6.47; CI: 3.23-12.97) observed in the Greater Middle East descent is not statistically significant (P=0.16). PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism association with RPL was only significant in Greater Middle East descent (OR: 2.93; CI: 2.41-3.56), and mixed genotype was significantly associated with RPL in Asian (OR: 2.37; CI: 1.55-3.61), Greater Middle East (OR: 3.01; CI: 2.16-4.19), and European populations (OR: 1.38; CI: 0.91-2.10). The association between RPL and PAI-1 4G/4G was significant for RPLs both under 12 weeks (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.34-2.47), and under 24 weeks (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.92), while considering heterozygote form the association was only significant for RPLs under 24 weeks (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.58-2.31). Regarding the mixed genotype, there is a significant positive association between PAI-1 and RPL for RPLs under 12 weeks (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.49-2.93), and under 24 weeks (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.52-2.92). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a significant association between the rs1799762 PAI-1 polymorphism and the risk of RPL.
RESUMEN
Background: Nanoparticles can be chemically, physically, or biologically synthesized. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing microbes is a promising process due to the low toxicity and high stability of AgNPs. Here, AgNPs were fabricated by Gram-negative Raoultella planticola. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the ability of Raoultella planticola to produce nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluate their antibacterial potential against multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDR). Additionally, the study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized nanoparticles to well-known conventional antibiotics Azithromycin and Tetracycline. Materials and Methods: AgNPs were characterized using visual observation, UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The TEM and SEM were used to determine the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The XRD data were recorded in the 2θ ranging from 20-80° to analyze the crystalline structure of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was detected using a 96-well microtiter plate. Results: The UV-vis absorption recorded from the 300 - 900 nm spectrum was well defined at 420 nm, and the XRD pattern was compatible with Braggs's reflection of the silver nanocrystals. FTIR showed absorbance bands corresponding to different functional groups. TEM and SEM images showed non-uniform spherical and AgNPs of 10-80 nm. XRD data confirmed that the resultant particles are AgNPs. The AgNPs showed effective activity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., E. coli, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The AgNPs demonstrated effectiveness in lower concentrations compared to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: These data reveal that AgNP generated by R. planticola was more efficient against MDR microorganisms than commercial antibiotics. However, the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles must be further studied.