The effect of education regarding treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorders on psychiatrists' hypnotic medication prescribing behavior: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: To examine whether the "Effectiveness of Guideline for Dissemination and Education in psychiatric treatment (EGIUDE)" project affects the rate of prescriptions of hypnotic medication and the type of hypnotic medications prescribed among psychiatrists, for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in Japan. METHODS: The EGUIDE project is a nationwide prospective study of evidence-based clinical guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in Japan. From 2016 to 2021, clinical and prescribing data from patients discharged from hospitals participating in the EGUIDE project were used to examine hypnotic medication prescriptions The prescribing rate of hypnotics and the prescribing rate of each type of hypnotic (benzodiazepine receptor agonist, nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonist, melatonin receptor agonist, and orexin receptor antagonist) were compared among patients who had been prescribed medication by psychiatrists participating in the EGUIDE project and patients who had been prescribed medication by nonparticipating psychiatrists. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of the EGUIDE project on the prescription of hypnotic medications. RESULTS: A total of 12,161 patients with schizophrenia and 6,167 patients with major depressive disorder were included. Psychiatrists participating in the EGUIDE project significantly reduced the rate of prescribing hypnotic medication and benzodiazepine receptor agonists for both schizophrenia (P < 0.001) and major depressive disorder (P < 0.001) patients. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the educational effects of guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders on psychiatrists in terms of prescribing hypnotic medications to patients. The EGUIDE project may play an important role in reducing hypnotic medication prescription rates, particularly with respect to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. The results suggest that the EGUIDE project may result in improved therapeutic behavior.

Combination Psychotropic Use for Schizophrenia With Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics and Oral Antipsychotics: A Nationwide Real-World Study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Although several guidelines recommend monotherapy with antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia, patients who receive long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are frequently treated with oral antipsychotics (OAPs). In the present study, we investigated the detailed use of psychotropic medications among patients throughout Japan with schizophrenia who received LAIs or OAPs. METHODS: The present study used data from the project for the Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in psychiatric treatment from 94 facilities in Japan. The LAI group included patients who received any LAI, and the non-LAI group included patients who took only OAP medications at discharge. The participants of this study were 2518 schizophrenia patients (263 in the LAI group and 2255 in the non-LAI group) who received inpatient treatment and had prescription information at discharge between 2016 and 2020. RESULTS: This study revealed significantly higher rates of polypharmacy antipsychotics, number of antipsychotics, and chlorpromazine equivalents in the LAI group than in the non-LAI group. In contrast, the LAI group showed lower rate of concomitant use of hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication than the non-LAI group. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting these real-world clinical results, we want to encourage clinicians to keep monotherapy in mind for the treatment of schizophrenia, especially by reducing concomitant use of antipsychotics in the LAI group and reducing hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication in the non-LAI group.

Analysis of Concomitant Medications Prescribed with Antipsychotics to Patients with Dementia.

INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotics are still commonly prescribed to patients with dementia, despite the many issues that have been identified. This study aimed to quantify antipsychotic prescription in patients with dementia and the types of concomitant medications prescribed with antipsychotics. METHODS: A total of 1,512 outpatients with dementia who visited our department between April 1, 2013 and March 31, 2021, were included in this study. Demographic data, dementia subtypes, and regular medication use at the time of the first outpatient visit were investigated. The association between antipsychotic prescriptions and referral sources, dementia subtypes, antidementia drug use, polypharmacy, and prescription of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) was evaluated. RESULTS: The antipsychotic prescription rate for patients with dementia was 11.5%. In a comparison of dementia subtypes, the antipsychotic prescription rate was significantly higher for patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) than for those with all other dementia subtypes. In terms of concomitant medications, patients taking antidementia drugs, polypharmacy, and PIMs were more likely to receive antipsychotic prescriptions than those who were not taking these medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that referrals from psychiatric institutions, DLB, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, polypharmacy, and benzodiazepine were associated with antipsychotic prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Referrals from psychiatric institutions, DLB, NMDA receptor antagonist, polypharmacy, and benzodiazepine were associated with antipsychotic prescriptions for patients with dementia. To optimise prescription of antipsychotics, it is necessary to improve cooperation between local and specialised medical institutions for accurate diagnosis, evaluate the effects of concomitant medication administration, and solve the prescribing cascade.

Change of prescription for patients with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder during admission: real-world prescribing surveys from the effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education psychiatric treatment project.

BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy of additional psychotropics alongside the main treatment drug (antipsychotics in schizophrenia and antidepressants in major depressive disorder) is common in Japan. Our goal is to align psychotropic prescription in Japan with international standards, while reducing the differences between facilities. To achieve this goal, we aimed to compare prescriptions at the time of hospital admission and discharge. METHODS: Data on prescriptions at admission and discharge from 2016 to 2020 were collected. We divided the patients into four groups: (1) mono_mono group, monotherapy of the main drug at admission and discharge; (2) mono_poly group, monotherapy at admission and polypharmacy at discharge; (3) poly_poly group, polypharmacy at admission and discharge; and (4) poly_mono group, polypharmacy at admission and monotherapy at discharge. We compared the changes in dosage and number of psychotropics among the four groups. RESULTS: For both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, the patients who received monotherapy with the main drug at admission were likely to receive main drug monotherapy at discharge and vice versa. For schizophrenia, the polypharmacy was prescribed more often in the mono_poly group than that in the mono_mono group. The prescription was not changed at all for more than 10% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is critical to avoid a polypharmacy regimen to ensure that guideline-compliant treatment is provided. We expect higher rates of monotherapy with the main drug after the EGUIDE lectures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Registry (UMIN000022645).

Effect of education regarding treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and depression on the treatment behavior of psychiatrists: A multicenter study.

AIM: This study aims to examine the real-world effectiveness of education regarding clinical guidelines for psychiatric disorders using 'the Effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education in psychiatric treatment (EGUIDE)' project. METHODS: The EGUIDE project is a nationwide prospective implementation study of two clinical practice guidelines, i.e., the Guideline for Pharmacological Therapy of Schizophrenia and the Treatment Guidelines for Major Depressive Disorders, in Japan. Between 2016 and 2019, 782 psychiatrists belonging to 176 hospitals with psychiatric wards participated in the project and attended lectures on clinical practice guidelines. The proportions of guideline-recommended treatments in 7405 patients with schizophrenia and 3794 patients with major depressive disorder at participating hospitals were compared between patients under the care of psychiatrists participating in the project and those not participating in the project. Clinical and prescribing data on the patients discharged from April to September each year from participating hospitals of the project were also analyzed. RESULTS: The proportions of three quality indicators (antipsychotic monotherapy regardless of whether other psychotropics medication, antipsychotic monotherapy without other psychotropics and no prescription of anxiolytics or hypnotics) for schizophrenia were higher among participating psychiatrists than among nonparticipating psychiatrists. As similar results were obtained in major depressive disorder, the effectiveness of the project for the dissemination of guideline-recommended treatment has been replicated. CONCLUSION: This strategy of providing education regarding the clinical guidelines for psychiatric disorders was effective in improving the treatment-related behavior of psychiatrists. The use of this education-based strategy might contribute to resolving the mental health treatment gap.

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on the use of anxiolytics and sleep medications: a propensity score-matched analysis.

AIM: We investigated the association of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with anxiolytic and sleep medication use in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS: This nationwide observational study analyzed data from 3483 MDD inpatients and 6663 SZ inpatients. Patients with MDD and SZ were classified into those who underwent ECT during hospitalization and those who did not. A propensity score-matching method was performed to adjust for preadmission characteristics and clinical information, which were expected bias between the two groups. Rates of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge were compared in the matched sample. RESULTS: 500 MDD patients were assigned to both groups. In the matched MDD sample, the rate of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge was significantly lower in the ECT group than in the non-ECT group (64.9% vs. 75.8%, P = 1.7 × 10-4 ). In the ECT group, the rate of anxiolytic and sleep medication use at discharge was significantly lower than that prior to admission (64.9% vs. 73.2%, P = 1.2 × 10-14 ). 390 SZ patients were allocated. In the matched SZ sample, the ECT group was not significantly different from the non-ECT group in the rate of anxiolytics and sleep medications use at discharge (61.3% vs. 68.2%, P = 4.3 × 10-2 ). In the ECT group, the rate of anxiolytics and sleep medications use at discharge was significantly lower than that before admission (61.3% vs. 70.5%, P = 4.4 × 10-4 ), although this was not the primary outcome. CONCLUSION: Reduction of anxiolytic and sleep medication use may be considered positively when ECT is indicated for treatment of MDD.

Clozapine Treatment Is Associated With Higher Prescription Rate of Antipsychotic Monotherapy and Lower Prescription Rate of Other Concomitant Psychotropics: A Real-World Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: Although clozapine is effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), the rate of clozapine prescription is still low. Whereas antipsychotic monotherapy is recommended in clinical practice guidelines, the rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy is still high. There is little evidence on whether a clozapine prescription influences changes in the rate of monotherapy and polypharmacy, including antipsychotics and other psychotropics. We therefore hypothesized that the rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in patients with TRS who were prescribed clozapine would be higher than that in patients with schizophrenia who were not prescribed clozapine. METHODS: We assessed 8306 patients with schizophrenia nationwide from 178 institutions in Japan from 2016 to 2019. We analyzed the psychotropic prescription data at discharge in patients diagnosed with TRS and with no description of TRS (ND-TRS) based on the diagnosis listed in the discharge summary. RESULTS: The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in the TRS with clozapine group (91.3%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (45.9%; P < 2.0 × 10-16) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (54.7%; P < 2.0 × 10-16). The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy without any other concomitant psychotropics in the TRS with clozapine group (26.5%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (12.6%; P = 1.1 × 10-6) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (17.0%; P = 5.9 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine prescription could be associated with a high rate of antipsychotic monotherapy. Patients will benefit from the correct diagnosis of TRS and thus from proper clozapine prescription.

The characteristics of discharge prescriptions including pro re nata psychotropic medications for patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder from the survey of the "Effectiveness of guidelines for dissemination and education in psychiatric treatment (EGUIDE)" project.

BACKGROUND: Several guidelines recommend monotherapy in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. The content of regular prescriptions has been reported in several studies, but not enough research has been conducted on the content of pharmacotherapy, including pro re nata (PRN) medications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content of pharmacotherapy, including PRN medications, and to clarify the relationship with regular prescriptions. METHODS: We used data from the "Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination And Education in psychiatric treatment" (EGUIDE) project to investigate the presence or absence of PRN psychotropic medications at discharge for each drug category. We compared the PRN psychotropic prescription ratio at discharge by diagnosis for each drug category. The antipsychotic monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics for schizophrenia at discharge and the antidepressant monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics for major depressive disorder at discharge were calculated for each regular prescription, including PRN psychotropic medications, as quality indicators (QIs). Spearman's rank correlation test was performed for QI values of regular prescriptions and the QI ratio between regular prescriptions and prescriptions including PRN medications for each diagnosis. RESULTS: The PRN psychotropic prescription ratio at discharge was 28.7% for schizophrenia and 30.4% for major depressive disorder, with no significant differences by diagnosis. The prescription ratios of PRN antipsychotic medications and PRN antiparkinsonian medications were significantly higher for schizophrenia. The prescription ratios of PRN anxiolytic and hypnotic and PRN antidepressant medications were significantly higher for patients with major depressive disorder. For both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, the QI was lower for discharge prescriptions, including PRN medications, than for regular prescriptions. QI values for regular prescriptions and the QI ratio were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Considering PRN psychotropic medications, the monotherapy ratio and no prescription ratio of other psychotropics at discharge decreased in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. A higher ratio of monotherapy and no prescription of other psychotropics on regular prescriptions may result in less concomitant use of PRN psychotropic medications. Further studies are needed to optimize PRN psychotropic prescriptions.

Plant ecophysiological processes in spectral profiles: perspective from a deciduous broadleaf forest.

The need for progress in satellite remote sensing of terrestrial ecosystems is intensifying under climate change. Further progress in Earth observations of photosynthetic activity and primary production from local to global scales is fundamental to the analysis of the current status and changes in the photosynthetic productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper, we review plant ecophysiological processes affecting optical properties of the forest canopy which can be measured with optical remote sensing by Earth-observation satellites. Spectral reflectance measured by optical remote sensing is utilized to estimate the temporal and spatial variations in the canopy structure and primary productivity. Optical information reflects the physical characteristics of the targeted vegetation; to use this information efficiently, mechanistic understanding of the basic consequences of plant ecophysiological and optical properties is essential over broad scales, from single leaf to canopy and landscape. In theory, canopy spectral reflectance is regulated by leaf optical properties (reflectance and transmittance spectra) and canopy structure (geometrical distributions of leaf area and angle). In a deciduous broadleaf forest, our measurements and modeling analysis of leaf-level characteristics showed that seasonal changes in chlorophyll content and mesophyll structure of deciduous tree species lead to a seasonal change in leaf optical properties. The canopy reflectance spectrum of the deciduous forest also changes with season. In particular, canopy reflectance in the green region showed a unique pattern in the early growing season: green reflectance increased rapidly after leaf emergence and decreased rapidly after canopy closure. Our model simulation showed that the seasonal change in the leaf optical properties and leaf area index caused this pattern. Based on this understanding we discuss how we can gain ecophysiological information from satellite images at the landscape level. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of ecophysiological remote sensing by satellites.

Area-ratio Fraunhofer line depth (aFLD) method approach to estimate solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in low spectral resolution spectra in a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest.

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) emissions were estimated by the "area-ratio Fraunhofer line depth (aFLD) method", a new retrieval methodology in spectra from a low spectral resolution (SR) spectroradiometer (MS-700: full width half maximum (FWHM) of 10 nm and spectral sampling interval of 3.3 nm), assisted with a scaling to reference SIF detected from high SR spectrum. The sparse pixels of a spectrum of low SR misses detecting the minimum of the O2A absorption band around at 760 nm, which makes the SIF detection by conventional FLD methods lose accuracy considerably. To overcome this, the aFLD method uses the definite integral of spectra over a wide interval between 750 and 780 nm. The integration of the spectrum is insusceptible to the change in shape of the depression curve, leading to higher accuracy of the aFLD method. Daily SIF, calculated by the aFLD method using the spectra obtained with MS-700, was scaled to reference daily SIF calculated by the spectral fitting method using the spectra obtained from August to December 2019 with an ultrafine SR spectroradiometer (QE Pro, FWHM = 0.24 nm). As a result, SIF calculated from MS-700 spectra by aFLD method was strongly correlated with the reference SIF from QE Pro spectra (r2 = 0.81) and was successfully scaled. Then, the scaled 11-year SIF from MS-700 at a deciduous broadleaf forest showed the correlation with GPP at multiple time steps: daily, monthly, and yearly, consistently during 2008-2018. The comparison of aFLD-derived SIF with the global Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) SIF data set (GOSIF) showed high correlation on monthly values during 2008-2017 (r2 = 0.85). The combining approach of the aFLD method with a scaling to reference SIF successfully detected long-term canopy SIF emissions, which has great potential to provide essential information on ecosystem-level photosynthesis.

Improvement of psychiatrists' clinical knowledge of the treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorders using the 'Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in Psychiatric Treatment (EGUIDE)' project: A nationwide dissemination, education, and evaluation study.

AIM: Although treatment guidelines for pharmacological therapy for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder have been issued by the Japanese Societies of Neuropsychopharmacology and Mood Disorders, these guidelines have not been well applied by psychiatrists throughout the nation. To address this issue, we developed the 'Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in Psychiatric Treatment (EGUIDE)' integrated education programs for psychiatrists to disseminate the clinical guidelines. Additionally, we conducted a systematic efficacy evaluation of the programs. METHODS: Four hundred thirteen out of 461 psychiatrists attended two 1-day educational programs based on the treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder from October 2016 to March 2018. We measured the participants' clinical knowledge of the treatment guidelines using self-completed questionnaires administered before and after the program to assess the effectiveness of the programs for improving knowledge. We also examined the relation between the participants' demographics and their clinical knowledge scores. RESULTS: The clinical knowledge scores for both guidelines were significantly improved after the program. There was no correlation between clinical knowledge and participant demographics for the program on schizophrenia; however, a weak positive correlation was found between clinical knowledge and the years of professional experience for the program on major depressive disorder. CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence that educational programs on the clinical practices recommended in guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder might effectively improve participants' clinical knowledge of the guidelines. These data are encouraging to facilitate the standardization of clinical practices for psychiatric disorders.

Current and future carbon budget at Takayama site, Japan, evaluated by a regional climate model and a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model.

Accurate projection of carbon budget in forest ecosystems under future climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is important to evaluate the function of terrestrial ecosystems, which serve as a major sink of atmospheric CO2. In this study, we examined the effects of spatial resolution of meteorological data on the accuracies of ecosystem model simulation for canopy phenology and carbon budget such as gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem production (NEP) of a deciduous forest in Japan. Then, we simulated the future (around 2085) changes in canopy phenology and carbon budget of the forest by incorporating high-resolution meteorological data downscaled by a regional climate model. The ecosystem model overestimated GPP and ER when we inputted low-resolution data, which have warming biases over mountainous landscape. But, it reproduced canopy phenology and carbon budget well, when we inputted high-resolution data. Under the future climate, earlier leaf expansion and delayed leaf fall by about 10 days compared with the present state was simulated, and also, GPP, ER and NEP were estimated to increase by 25.2%, 23.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the increase of NEP in June and October would be mainly caused by rising temperature, whereas that in July and August would be largely attributable to CO2 fertilization. This study suggests that the downscaling of future climate data enable us to project more reliable carbon budget of forest ecosystem in mountainous landscape than the low-resolution simulation due to the better predictions of leaf expansion and shedding.

Forest biomass carbon sinks in East Asia, with special reference to the relative contributions of forest expansion and forest growth.

Forests play an important role in regional and global carbon (C) cycles. With extensive afforestation and reforestation efforts over the last several decades, forests in East Asia have largely expanded, but the dynamics of their C stocks have not been fully assessed. We estimated biomass C stocks of the forests in all five East Asian countries (China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Mongolia) between the 1970s and the 2000s, using the biomass expansion factor method and forest inventory data. Forest area and biomass C density in the whole region increased from 179.78 × 10(6) ha and 38.6 Mg C ha(-1) in the 1970s to 196.65 × 10(6) ha and 45.5 Mg C ha(-1) in the 2000s, respectively. The C stock increased from 6.9 Pg C to 8.9 Pg C, with an averaged sequestration rate of 66.9 Tg C yr(-1). Among the five countries, China and Japan were two major contributors to the total region's forest C sink, with respective contributions of 71.1% and 32.9%. In China, the areal expansion of forest land was a larger contributor to C sinks than increased biomass density for all forests (60.0% vs. 40.0%) and for planted forests (58.1% vs. 41.9%), while the latter contributed more than the former for natural forests (87.0% vs. 13.0%). In Japan, increased biomass density dominated the C sink for all (101.5%), planted (91.1%), and natural (123.8%) forests. Forests in South Korea also acted as a C sink, contributing 9.4% of the total region's sink because of increased forest growth (98.6%). Compared to these countries, the reduction in forest land in both North Korea and Mongolia caused a C loss at an average rate of 9.0 Tg C yr(-1), equal to 13.4% of the total region's C sink. Over the last four decades, the biomass C sequestration by East Asia's forests offset 5.8% of its contemporary fossil-fuel CO2 emissions.

Asenapine versus olanzapine for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer: A retrospective study.

AIM: Patients with cancer often experience nausea and vomiting (N/V), but may have difficulty using olanzapine (OLZ), a common antiemetic. Asenapine (ASE) is a multi-acting receptor-targeted antipsychotic like OLZ, although there is little evidence that ASE serves as an antiemetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ASE compared to those of OLZ for the treatment of N/V in patients with cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study involved patients who received 5 mg ASE, 5 mg OLZ, or 2.5 mg OLZ for 2 days. Daily worst N/V was rated on a scale of 0 (none) to 3 (very much). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who had a response, defined as any reduction in N/V score. A complete response (CR) was defined as a score reduction to 0. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients with CR and adverse events. RESULTS: Between April 2017 and March 2023, 212 patients were enrolled to receive treatment: 5 mg ASE (n = 34), 5 mg OLZ (n = 102), or 2.5 mg OLZ (n = 76). No significant differences in response rates (52.9% vs. 58.8% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.671) or secondary endpoints were observed between the groups. Patients receiving ASE were more likely to experience oral hypoesthesia (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that ASE may be effective for N/V. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on the expression of fear memory and fear memory extinction in the cued fear-conditioned rats.

AIM: Impairments in emotional memory are frequently observed in several mental disorders, highlighting their significance as potential therapeutic targets. Recent research on the cued fear conditioning model has elucidated the neural circuits involved in fear memory processing. However, contradictory findings have been reported concerning the role of dopamine and the impact of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonists. There is notably limited knowledge regarding the clinical utility of chronic D2R antagonist treatments. This study aimed to uncover how such treatments affect fear memory processing. METHODS: We utilized a cued fear conditioning rat model and conducted chronic haloperidol treatment for 14 days. Subsequently, to investigate the effect of chronic haloperidol treatment on fear-conditioned memory expression and extinction, we observed freezing behavior under exposure to a conditioned stimulus for 14 days. RESULTS: Chronic haloperidol treatment suppressed freezing time on the fear memory expression. In contrast, a single haloperidol administration enhanced the freezing time on fear memory expression and delayed extinction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs affects fear memory processing differently from single-dose administration. This indicates that the effects of chronic D2R antagonist treatment are distinct from the nonspecific effects of the drugs. This study provides fundamental insights that may contribute to our understanding of therapeutic mechanisms for fear memory disorders related to D2R in the future.

Effect of intermittent subchronic MK-801 administration on dopamine synthesis capacity and responsiveness in the prefrontal cortex.

AIM: The therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, particularly ketamine, in mood disorders, is linked to their modulation of dopamine dynamics in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, conflicting effects of distinct NMDAR antagonists, like ketamine and phencyclidine, on mPFC dopamine levels stem from variances in their receptor affinity profiles. This study investigates the impact of intermittent subchronic administration of an NMDAR antagonist on dopamine synthesis capacity and responsiveness within the mPFC, focusing on Dizocilpine (MK-801), a highly selective NMDAR antagonist. METHODS: In vivo microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography assessed extracellular dopamine levels in the mPFC following subchronic MK-801 treatment. Locomotor activity was measured using a computed video tracking system. RESULTS: Intermittent subchronic MK-801 administration, followed by a 24-h withdrawal, preserved both dopamine synthesis capacity and responsiveness to MK-801 challenge in the mPFC. However, altered locomotor activity was observed, deviating from previous findings indicating impaired dopamine synthesis and responsiveness in the mPFC with twice-daily subchronic NMDAR antagonist treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings offer crucial biochemical insights into the diverse impacts of NMDAR antagonists on dopamine dynamics and the distinct therapeutic mechanisms associated with ketamine in depression treatment. However, further investigation is imperative to pinpoint potential inconsistencies stemming from variances in drug type, dosage, or administration frequency.

Accurate measurement of optical properties of narrow leaves and conifer needles with a typical integrating sphere and spectroradiometer.

Accurate information on the optical properties (reflectance and transmittance spectra) of single leaves is important for an ecophysiological understanding of light use by leaves, radiative transfer models and remote sensing of terrestrial ecosystems. In general, leaf optical properties are measured with an integrating sphere and a spectroradiometer. However, this method is usually difficult to use with grass leaves and conifer needles because they are too narrow to cover the sample port of a typical integrating sphere. Although ways to measure the optical properties of narrow leaves have been suggested, they have problems. We propose a new measurement protocol and calculation algorithms. The protocol does not damage sample leaves and is valid for various types of leaves, including green and senescent. We tested our technique with leaves of Aucuba japonica, an evergreen broadleaved shrub, and compared the spectral data of whole leaves and narrow strips of the leaves. The reflectance and transmittance of the strips matched those of the whole leaves, indicating that our technique can accurately estimate the optical properties of narrow leaves. Tests of conifer needles confirmed the applicability.

Experimental warming studies on tree species and forest ecosystems: a literature review.

Temperature affects a cascade of ecological processes and functions of forests. With future higher global temperatures being inevitable it is critical to understand and predict how forest ecosystems and tree species will respond. This paper reviews experimental warming studies in boreal and temperate forests or tree species beyond the direct effects of higher temperature on plant ecophysiology by scaling up to forest level responses and considering the indirect effects of higher temperature. In direct response to higher temperature (1) leaves emerged earlier and senesced later, resulting in a longer growing season (2) the abundance of herbivorous insects increased and their performance was enhanced and (3) soil nitrogen mineralization and leaf litter decomposition were accelerated. Besides these generalizations across species, plant ecophysiological traits were highly species-specific. Moreover, we showed that the effect of temperature on photosynthesis is strongly dependent on the position of the leaf or plant within the forest (canopy or understory) and the time of the year. Indirect effects of higher temperature included among others higher carbon storage in trees due to increased soil nitrogen availability and changes in insect performance due to alterations in plant ecophysiological traits. Unfortunately only a few studies extrapolated results to forest ecosystem level and considered the indirect effects of higher temperature. Thus more intensive, long-term studies are needed to further confirm the emerging trends shown in this review. Experimental warming studies provide us with a useful tool to examine the cascade of ecological processes in forest ecosystems that will change with future higher temperature.