Association between individual and combined SNPs in genes related to innate immunity and incidence of CMV infection in seropositive kidney transplant recipients.

In this study, we assessed the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven candidate genes involved in orchestrating the immune response against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the 12-month incidence of CMV infection in 315 CMV-seropositive kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Patients were managed either by antiviral prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. CMV infection occurred in 140 patients (44.4%), including 13 episodes of disease. After adjusting for various clinical covariates, patients harboring T-allele genotypes of interleukin-28B (IL28B) (rs12979860) SNP had lower incidence of CMV infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-0.96; p-value = 0.029). In the analysis restricted to patients not receiving prophylaxis, carriers of the TT genotype of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) (rs5743836) SNP had lower incidence of infection (aHR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-0.96; p-value = 0.035), whereas the GG genotype of dendritic cell-specific ICAM 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) (rs735240) SNP exerted the opposite effect (aHR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.18-2.94; p-value = 0.008). An independent association was found between the number of unfavorable SNP genotypes carried by the patient and the incidence of CMV infection. In conclusion, specific SNPs in IL28B, TLR9 and DC-SIGN genes may play a role in modulating the susceptibility to CMV infection in CMV-seropositive KT recipients.

Evaluation of the Effect of 1,3-Bis(4-Phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-Triazolyl-2-Propanolol on Gene Expression Levels of JAK2-STAT3, NF-κB, and SOCS3 in Cells Cultured from Biopsies of Mammary Lesions.

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia in women and is responsible for approximately 13.8% of deaths per year for this gender. It has been suggested that JAK2, STAT3, and NF-κB gene expression is involved in this type of cancer. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of bistriazole in these signaling pathways in patients with breast cancer and benign mammary lesions. The inhibitory concentration 50 of bistriazole was calculated in cell cultures of patients with benign lesions, Probit = 4.6 µM with IC = 95%. The study was performed by examining 63 women who submitted to mammary biopsies. Biopsies of the mammary lesions were performed, gene expression was determined, and cells were cultured in the presence of 4.6 µM bistriazole. We found that breast cancer is related to age greater than 50 (P ≤ 0.01), being overweight (P ≤ 0.023) and having a waist circumference larger than 80 cm (P ≤ 0.01). The gene expression of JAK2, STAT3, and NF-κB was higher in groups of patients with breast cancer, while SOCS3 expression was lower. After being exposed to bistriazole, the expression of JAK2 and STAT3 decreased, and the expression of SOCS3 and NF-κB increased. In conclusion, this molecule in development has an effect on the gene expression of JAK3 and STAT3; nevertheless, the lack of change in NF-κB indicates that it is not a regulator of inflammation, and therefore, more studies should be performed.

Efficacy of Armeo® Spring during the chronic phase of stroke. Study in mild to moderate cases of hemiparesis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a gravity-supported, computer-enhanced device (Armeo® Spring) for upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 23 chronic hemiparetic patients (chronicity: 328 ± 90.8 days; distribution: 17 men and 6 women) aged 54.6 ± 9.5 years, who had sustained ischaemic stroke (n=12) or haemorrhagic stroke (n=11). All patients completed 36 one-hour sessions using the Armeo® Spring system. Arm movement was assessed at the beginning and end of the treatment programme and once more 4 months later. Main outcome measurements covered structure, activity, and function, as per the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Modified Ashworth Scale, Motricity Index (MI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale (FM), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Manual Function Test (MFT), and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant improvement (time effect) for all function scales (P<.01 for FM and MI) and activity scales (P<.01 for MAS, MFT and WMFT-ability, and P<.05 WMFT-time) without significant changes in muscle tone. The post-hoc analysis (Bonferroni) showed different evolutionary patterns for function and activity measurements, and clear benefits related to Armeo® Spring training, especially on activity scales. CONCLUSIONS: Armeo® Spring is an effective tool for rehabilitating the affected arm in patients with hemiparesis secondary to ictus, even in the chronic stage.

[Clinical usefulness of the Spanish version of the Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test (MASTsp): validation in stroke patients]. / Utilidad clínica de la versión en castellano del Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test (MASTsp): validación en pacientes con ictus.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical validation of the Spanish version of the Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test (MASTsp) as a screening test for language disorders in patients who have suffered a stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 29 patients who had suffered a stroke and had aphasia after a left hemispheric lesion were evaluated with the MASTsp, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and the Token Test at baseline and after six months of rehabilitation. Two expert speech-therapists evaluated twelve aphasic patients to determine the inter-observer reliability. This sample was assessed twice in the same week to analyse the reproducibility of the test (test-retest reliability). Aphasic patients were compared with a matched sample of non-aphasic patients with vascular lesions in the right hemisphere (n =29) and a group of healthy subjects (n=60) stratified by age and educational level. RESULTS: The MASTsp showed a good convergent validity, interobserver validity, test-retest reliability and a moderate sensitivity to detect changes over time. A diagnostic cut-off <90 on the MASTsp total test score is proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The MASTsp is a valid tool for the detection and monitoring of language problems in patients with stroke.

Assessment of the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in eggshells and ready-to-eat products.

The principal objective of this study was to assess whether chicken eggshells may be contaminated by ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBLC). Additional analyses were carried out to determine if ESBLEC could be detected in other foodstuffs such as cooked poultry or fresh vegetables. Seventy-two eggshells from different supermarkets and stores as well as 32 salads, 30 samples of cooked poultry and six samples of chicken-based pet food samples were analysed. Characterization of ESBL was performed by PCR and sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disk diffusion method. Phylogenetic group was assigned by multiplex-PCR. No ESBLEC was isolated from chicken eggshells, cooked chicken and pet food. One SHV-12-producing E. coli was isolated from a salad sample. This is the first study to analyse chicken eggs in an area where there is a high prevalence of ESBLEC in retail chicken meat.

[Effectiveness, adherence and usability of a teleneurorehabilitation programme to ensure continuity of care for patients with acquired brain injury during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Efectividad, adhesión y usabilidad de un programa de teleneurorrehabilitación para garantizar la continuidad de cuidados en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido durante la pandemia originada por la COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The health pandemic brought about by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has limited access to neurorehabilitation programmes for many patients who have suffered stroke, traumatic brain injury or acquired brain damage due to some other cause. As telerehabilitation allows for the provision of care in situations of social distancing, it may mitigate the negative effects of confinement. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy, adherence and usability of a teleneurorehabilitation intervention for patients with acquired brain injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients included in a face-to-face neurorehabilitation programme at the time of the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain due to COVID-19 and who agreed to participate in the study were included in a teleneurorehabilitation programme. The effectiveness of the programme, understood as an improvement in independence, was quantified with the Barthel index. Adherence to the programme and usability of the tool were explored through questionnaires. RESULTS: Altogether, 46 patients, accounting for 70.6% of the total, participated in the study. Participants significantly improved their independence and showed an improvement in the Barthel index between the start (77.3 ± 28.6) and the end of the programme (82.3 ± 26). Adherence to the intervention was very high (8.1 ± 2.2 out of 10) and the online sessions were the most highly rated content. The tool used showed a high usability (50.1 ± 9.9 out of 60) and could be used without assistance by more than half the participants. CONCLUSION: The teleneurorehabilitation intervention was found to be effective in improving patients' independence, and promoted a high degree of adherence and usability.

TITLE: Efectividad, adhesión y usabilidad de un programa de teleneurorrehabilitación para garantizar la continuidad de cuidados en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido durante la pandemia originada por la COVID-19.Introducción. La pandemia sanitaria originada por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha limitado el acceso a programas de neurorrehabilitación de muchos pacientes que han sufrido ictus, traumatismos craneoencefálicos o un daño cerebral adquirido por otra causa. Dado que la telerrehabilitación permite la provisión de cuidados en situaciones de distanciamiento social, podría atenuar los efectos negativos del confinamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia, la adhesión y la usabilidad de una intervención de teleneurorrehabilitación dirigida a pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido. Pacientes y métodos. Todos los pacientes incluidos en un programa de neurorrehabilitación presencial en el momento de la declaración del estado de alarma en España con motivo de la COVID-19 y que aceptaron participar en el estudio fueron incluidos en un programa de teleneurorrehabilitación. La eficacia del programa, entendida como una mejora en la independencia, se cuantificó con el índice de Barthel. La adhesión al programa y la usabilidad de la herramienta se investigaron mediante cuestionarios. Resultados. Un total de 146 pacientes, el 70,6% del total, participó en el estudio. Los participantes mejoraron significativamente su independencia y mostraron una mejoría en el índice de Barthel entre el inicio (77,3 ± 28,6) y el fin del programa (82,3 ± 26). La intervención tuvo una gran adhesión (8,1 ± 2,2 sobre 10) y las sesiones en línea fueron el contenido mejor valorado. La herramienta utilizada mostró una elevada usabilidad (50,1 ± 9,9 sobre 60) y pudo ser utilizada sin ayuda por más de la mitad de los participantes. Conclusión. La intervención de teleneurorrehabilitación resultó ser eficaz para mejorar la independencia de los pacientes, y promovió una elevada adhesión y usabilidad.

Influence of Pre-renal Transplant Secondary Hyperparathyroidism on Later Evolution After Transplantation.

Persistence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common after renal transplantation. Good diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid complications. The objective of our work was to perform a retrospective analysis of the evolution of SHPT after renal transplantation. We selected patients who had received a kidney transplant at our hospital between 2000 and 2014. The biochemical variables of chronic kidney disease-metabolic bone disorders (CKD-MBD) were collected at pretransplantation and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-transplantation. Treatments related to SHPT were also analyzed. Five hundred forty-three renal transplants were included. The average preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 241.14 pg/mL, 115.7 pg/mL at 3 months, and at 12 and 24 months postoperatively, PTH levels stabilized to 112 pg/mL. Treatment related to SHPT was present in 27.3% of patients during the preoperative period, 40.4% at 3 months postoperatively, 24.2% at 12 months postoperatively, and 23.2% at 24 months postoperatively. There was a significant association between requiring some type of treatment preoperatively and the rest of the postoperative periods (P < .005). The sample was later divided into 3 groups based on preoperative PTH (1: <150 pg/mL, n = 223 [41.1%]; 2: 150-300 pg/mL, n = 173 [31.9%]; 3: >300 pg/mL, n = 147 [27.1%]) and their evolutions were compared. Higher levels of postoperative PTH in group pre-PTH 3 were observed. Group 3 also presented with greater need for treatment in the postoperative periods, with significant association (P < .05). A regression analysis was performed and found that postoperative PTH were dependent on preoperative PTH adjusted by glomerular filtration. In conclusion, parameters related to CKD-MBD (mainly PTH) after kidney transplant, dependent on preoperative levels and glomerular filtration. Patients with a greater grade of SHPT presented with higher levels of postoperative PTH despite receiving more intensive treatment.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in ambulatory care: a clinical perspective.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms are emerging as a cause of infection in outpatients in many areas of the world. Most of these involve urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli harbouring CTX-M types of ESBLs. Risk-factors for such infections include older age and previous use of quinolones and cephalosporins. Oral alternatives for such infections are limited. These organisms may also cause some community-acquired life-threatening infections, such as bacteraemic urinary tract or intra-abdominal infections. Patients with these infections are at increased probability of receiving inappropriate empirical treatment. More studies addressing the risk-factors and therapeutic options for these infections are needed.

Risk-factors for emerging bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.

Risk-factors for bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli were investigated using an exploratory case-double control study in which 43 cases (70% producing CTX-M enzymes) were compared with: (i) 86 patients with bacteraemia caused by non-ESBL-producing E. coli; and (ii) 86 hospitalised patients. Previous follow-up as an outpatient, urinary catheterisation and use of oxyimino-beta-lactams or fluoroquinolones were independent risk-factors for ESBL-producing E. coli among patients with E. coli bacteraemia, and previous use of oxyimino-beta-lactams or fluoroquinolones were also independent risk-factors among hospitalised patients. These findings may help in identifying patients at greater risk for bloodstream infection caused by ESBL-producing E. coli in endemic areas.

Cancer incidence and survival in kidney transplant patients.

Immunosuppression after organ transplantation is associated with a markedly increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and malignancies, including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and solid organ cancer. This study sought to investigate the incidence of malignancies and the clinical characteristics and risk factors of the renal transplant patients with solid organ tumors and NMSC. We included 1017 patients who received a kidney transplant in our hospital from 1979 to 2007. Results were contrasted with a cohort of patients from the same center without malignancies. The mean follow-up of patients in our series was 10 years. The mean age at presentation of the malignancy was 61 +/- 5 years. The malignancy and NMSC incidences were 6% and 5%, respectively. Patients with malignancy had a longer posttransplant time and greater recipient and donor age. In the multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for developing NMSC were: male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 3.1, P = .004); greater patient age (HR 1.09, P < .001), longer posttransplant time (HR 1.2, P = .004) and tacrolimus treatment (HR 4.4, P = .001). Risk factors associated with developing any malignancy were: patient age (HR 1.06, P < .001), number of grafts (HR 3.2, P = .019), tacrolimus treatment (HR 2.5, P = .035), and time posttransplantation (HR 1.2, P = .011). The mean times to development of an NMSC, solid organ malignancy, on PTLD were 7.5, 6.1, or 3.9 years, respectively. The mean survival time from the diagnosis of any malignancy was 9.6 months (95% confidence interval, 0.12-30) for solid organ malignancies and 1 month (95% confidence interval, 0.24-1.87) for PTLD.

[Baboon syndrome]. / Síndrome del babuino.

The cases of three children diagnosed with baboon syndrome are described, being defined by the appearance of dermatological lesions, with characteristic distribution and morphology, as a result of having been in contact with mercury. Other substances have been described associated with the appearance of this syndrome; however their pathogenis is not completely known, and it has been suggested that it could be another form of contact dermatitis. Diagnosis is based on patient clinical history and physical examination and there is no specific treatment.

Prevalence and Survival of Cancer After Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Malignancy is an important cause of mortality in solid organ transplantation. There have been few studies of de novo solid organ malignancy (NSOM) after pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT). The aim of this study was analyze the prevalence of NSOM and transplant outcomes. METHODS: We studied the development of NSOM after PKT in our center from May 1990 to February 2017. We analyzed demographic characteristics, prevalence of cancer, and survival after cancer diagnosis. We excluded nonmelanoma skin cancer and patients with history of malignancy before transplantation. RESULTS: We included 194 patients who received 206 PKTs (184 simultaneous PKTs and 22 pancreas after kidney transplants) with triple immunosuppressive therapy and basiliximab in more than 95%. The mean age at transplantation was 39 ± 7 years and 74% were male patients. Twelve patients developed malignancies (6.1%). Median time from transplant to NSOM was 6.6 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.2-11.7) years. The malignancies were 2 cecal appendix tumors, 2 hematologic tumors, 2 breast tumors, 1 melanoma, 1 native kidney tumor, 1 brain tumor, 1 bladder tumor, 1 prostate tumor, and 1 leiomyosarcoma. Thirty-five of the 194 patients of the whole cohort died throughout the follow-up, 4 of whom died after NSOM diagnosis (11.4%). Patient and grafts survivals were lower in recipients with tumor compared with recipients without tumor, but the difference was not statistically significant: renal graft survival was 80% vs 90% at 10 years (P = .86); and pancreatic graft survival was 45% vs 70% at 10 years (P = .15), respectively. The mean patient survival time from the diagnosis of cancer was 36.6 (IQR 18-54) months. Patient survival after NSOM diagnosis was 90% at 1 year and 50% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NSOM in our PKT recipients is low, despite the scarce series of published data for comparison. Also hematologic tumors rate is very low, possibly influenced by age and type of induction.

Prevalence and transmission dynamics of Escherichia coli ST131 among contacts of infected community and hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVES: The Escherichia coli O25b-associated ST131 clonal group was recently found to be prevalent in our area as a cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections. We evaluated the transmission dynamics and longitudinal persistence of E. coli O25b-ST131 between patients with nosocomial and community-acquired infections and their contacts. METHODS: Prevalence and transmission of O25b/pabB3/B23 isolates were compared in 38 community clusters, 30 nosocomial clusters and 50 healthy volunteers. Duration of colonization was studied at 1 to 4 months and 6 to 12 months after the first sample. Isolates exhibiting a three-band or less difference by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were assigned to the same pulsotype. RESULTS: Colonization was found to be more frequent in index cases (31/68, 45.6%) than in contacts (25/118, 21.2%; p 0.0009) or volunteers (1/50, 2%; p 0.0009). Seven (11%) of 64 isolates were extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producers. Transmission occurred in 61% (8/13) community clusters and in 12% (1/8) nosocomial clusters. Thirteen (56.5%) of the 23 initial carriers assessed at 1 to 4 months remained colonized. Only 2 (13.3%) of 15 positive patients followed for 6 to 12 months showed prolonged carriage, and none was infected with extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producers. Six previously positive individuals acquired a different ST131 pulsotype (5/23 at sample 2 and 1/15 at sample 3), and three previously negative individuals became positive (2/46 at 1-4 months and 1/33 at 6-12 months). CONCLUSIONS: Person-to-person transmission or acquisition from a common source of E. coli O25b-associated ST131 is more frequent in the household setting than in the nosocomial setting. The carrier state does not usually last beyond 4 months, with new acquisitions in certain individuals.

The methodology of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections in Europe (SUSPIRE): a systematic review of publicly available information.

OBJECTIVES: Surveillance is a key component of any control strategy for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and public availability of methodologic aspects is crucial for the interpretation of the data. We sought to systematically review publicly available information for HAIs and/or AMR surveillance systems organized by public institutions or scientific societies in European countries. METHODS: A systematic review of scientific and grey literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed. Information on HAIs and/or AMR surveillance systems published until 31 October 2016 were included. RESULTS: A total of 112 surveillance systems were detected; 56 from 20 countries were finally included. Most exclusions were due to lack of publicly available information. Regarding AMR, the most frequent indicator was the proportion of resistant isolates (27 of 34 providing information, 79.42%); only 18 (52.9%) included incidence rates; the data were only laboratory based in 33 (78.5%) of the 42 providing this information. Regarding HAIs in intensive care units, all 22 of the systems providing data included central line-associated bloodstream infections, and 19 (86.3%) included ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-associated urinary tract infections; incidence density was the most frequent indicator. Regarding surgical site infections, the most frequent procedures included were hip prosthesis, colon surgery and caesarean section (21/22, 95.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Publicly available information about the methods and indicators of the surveillance system is frequently lacking. Despite the efforts of European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) and other organizations, wide heterogeneity in procedures and indicators still exists.

Efectividad, adhesión y usabilidad de un programa de teleneurorrehabilitación para garantizar la continuidad de cuidados en pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido durante la pandemia originada por la COVID-19 / Effectiveness, adherence and usability of a teleneurorehabilitation programme to ensure continuity of care for patients with acquired brain injury during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La pandemia sanitaria originada por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha limitado el acceso a programas de neurorrehabilitación de muchos pacientes que han sufrido ictus, traumatismos craneoencefálicos o un daño cerebral adquirido por otra causa. Dado que la telerrehabilitación permite la provisión de cuidados en situaciones de distanciamiento social, podría atenuar los efectos negativos del confinamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia, la adhesión y la usabilidad de una intervención de teleneurorrehabilitación dirigida a pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido. Pacientes y métodos: Todos los pacientes incluidos en un programa de neurorrehabilitación presencial en el momento de la declaración del estado de alarma en España con motivo de la COVID-19 y que aceptaron participar en el estudio fueron incluidos en un programa de teleneurorrehabilitación. La eficacia del programa, entendida como una mejora en la independencia, se cuantificó con el índice de Barthel. La adhesión al programa y la usabilidad de la herramienta se investigaron mediante cuestionarios. Resultados: Un total de 146 pacientes, el 70,6% del total, participó en el estudio. Los participantes mejoraron significativamente su independencia y mostraron una mejoría en el índice de Barthel entre el inicio (77,3 ± 28,6) y el fin del programa (82,3 ± 26). La intervención tuvo una gran adhesión (8,1 ± 2,2 sobre 10) y las sesiones en línea fueron el contenido mejor valorado. La herramienta utilizada mostró una elevada usabilidad (50,1 ± 9,9 sobre 60) y pudo ser utilizada sin ayuda por más de la mitad de los participantes. Conclusión: La intervención de teleneurorrehabilitación resultó ser eficaz para mejorar la independencia de los pacientes, y promovió una elevada adhesión y usabilidad.(AU)

Introduction: The health pandemic brought about by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has limited access to neurorehabilitation programmes for many patients who have suffered stroke, traumatic brain injury or acquired brain damage due to some other cause. As telerehabilitation allows for the provision of care in situations of social distancing, it may mitigate the negative effects of confinement. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy, adherence and usability of a teleneurorehabilitation intervention for patients with acquired brain injury. Patients and methods: All patients included in a face-to-face neurorehabilitation programme at the time of the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain due to COVID-19 and who agreed to participate in the study were included in a teleneurorehabilitation programme. The effectiveness of the programme, understood as an improvement in independence, was quantified with the Barthel index. Adherence to the programme and usability of the tool were explored through questionnaires. Results: Altogether, 46 patients, accounting for 70.6% of the total, participated in the study. Participants significantly improved their independence and showed an improvement in the Barthel index between the start (77.3 ± 28.6) and the end of the programme (82.3 ± 26). Adherence to the intervention was very high (8.1 ± 2.2 out of 10) and the online sessions were the most highly rated content. The tool used showed a high usability (50.1 ± 9.9 out of 60) and could be used without assistance by more than half the participants. Conclusion: The teleneurorehabilitation intervention was found to be effective in improving patients’ independence, and promoted a high degree of adherence and usability.(AU)

Short-Term Outcome of Untreated Versus Treated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Renal Transplant Patients.

BACKGROUND: Infection of the urinary tract (UTI) is the most common form of bacterial infection in renal transplant patients, but its management is still controversial. We compared symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria, treated or untreated, during two different months (summer or winter). METHODS: This longitudinal, prospective study involved routine urine cultures collected during September 2014 or March 2015. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics from the patients with positive urine cultures were described. The main outcomes were the need of hospitalization, the bacterial clearance, and the selection of the resistant pathogen. RESULTS: From the 538 urine cultures collected, only 61 were positive urine cultures. Twenty were untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB), 28 were treated AB, and 13 were treated symptomatic bacteriuria. The more prevalent micro-organisms were E coli (27%), K pneumoniae (11%), and E faecalis (7%). There were no differences in the demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics depending on the month when the urine cultures were collected. Only 10 patients required hospitalization during follow-up, and all of them belonged to the treated group. Bacterial clearance after the treatment occurred in 20 patients of the 41 treated (48.9%) and spontaneously in 14 of the 20 patients untreated (70%). Of the treated patients, 47.6% developed a new resistance to another antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS: Only 7.6% of the routine urine cultures on renal transplant were positive. Untreated AB did not require hospitalization, and 70% had spontaneous bacterial clearance.

Detection of interleukin-2 is not useful for distinguishing between latent and active tuberculosis in clinical practice: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Previous reports have identified interleukin-2 (IL-2), quantified in the supernatants of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-tube (QFT) after 72 h of incubation, as a potential biomarker for distinguishing between latent and active tuberculosis (TB). However, its validity has not been tested in an appropriate clinical cohort. METHODS: A multicentre study of 161 consecutive adult patients undergoing evaluation for active TB at eight TB Units in Spain. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-2 were assessed in the supernatant of QFT after 16-24 h and 72 h of incubation. The accuracy of IL-2 for indicating latent TB infection (LTBI) was assessed by receiving operating characteristic curves. . RESULTS: Twenty-eight participants were not infected, 43 had LTBI, 69 had TB, and 21 were not classifiable. Median (interquartile range) IL-2 concentrations after 72 h of incubation were 0.0 pg/mL (0.0-0.0) in uninfected individuals, 261.0 pg/mL (81.0-853.0) in LTBI individuals, 166.5 pg/mL (33.5-551.5) in patients with extrapulmonary TB, 95.0 pg/mL (26.0-283.0) in patients with smear-negative pulmonary TB, and 38.5 pg/mL (7.5-178.0) in patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB (p <0.0001). The area under the curve of the receiving operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of IL-2 after 72 h of incubation for the diagnosis of LTBI was 0.63 (0.53-0.74) when all TB cases were considered as a single group, ranging from 0.59 (0.47-0.71) to 0.72 (0.58-0.85) when only extrapulmonary and smear-positive pulmonary TB cases respectively were considered. CONCLUSIONS: Quantification of IL-2 in the supernatant of QFT after a prolonged incubation is not useful to distinguish between LTBI and active disease in clinical practice.

Development of Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies After Restarting Hemodialysis Due to Graft Failure.

BACKGROUND: Incidents of renal replacement therapy (RRT) from renal transplants are on the rise. Some authors have associated the development of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) with the end of immunosuppression treatment (IS) and/or the performing of a transplantectomy. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of transplant patients having high immunological risk who restarted RRT and the subsequent development of DSA. METHODS: We selected incidents on RRT carried out between 1980 and 2012 in our center: 146 cases; they presented non-DSA cytotoxic antibodies prior to returning to RRT. Survival time for the graft was 77.2 months; the average follow-up period for DSA development was 131.9 months. DSA in 76 cases (52.1%). Of 146 grafts, 72 underwent transplantectomy and 41 presented DSA after returning to RRT. In 17 of these cases (41.5%), the development of DSA occurred prior to the transplantectomy. Fifty-one cases of DSA were registered at the date of completion of the IS treatment, and 40 appeared after discontinuation (median 36 weeks) and 11 with previous appearance. IS was completed, with a median of 13 weeks after the return to RRT. RESULTS: No association was found between DSA development and order of graft, transplantectomy, or premature loss of the graft (≤15 months) after the return to RRT. There were significant differences between the number of HLA incompatibilities of the donor and the development of DSA. CONCLUSIONS: The development of DSA in high-immunological risk patients after restarting RRT is not related to transplantectomy.

Tyrosine-phosphatase and glutamate-decarboxylase antibodies after simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation: do they have an impact on pancreas graft survival?

INTRODUCTION: The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with auto-antibodies. These auto-antibodies contribute to pancreatic ß-cell destruction. Tyrosine-phosphatases (IA-2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) are the most frequently used by clinicians. When T1DM patients develops advanced chronic kidney disease, simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation becomes the best option. However, pancreatic graft survival is limited. The role of the auto-antibodies on pancreas graft survival remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pancreas graft survival according to the presence of GAD65 and IA-2 auto-antibodies after SPK transplantation. METHODS: We analyzed all SPK transplantations performed in our hospital since January 1990 to December 2013 with at least 30 days of pancreas graft survival. We collected demographic and clinical variables from donors and recipients. Graft failure was defined as complete insulin independence after transplantation. Pancreatic graft survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Overall, 152 SPK transplantations were performed during the period. One hundred sixteen were accessed for de novo post-transplantation auto-antibodies. Also, 17.8% (n = 27) were positive for anti-GAD65, 13.8% (n = 20) for IA-2, 3.9% (n = 6) were positive for both, and the rest were negative for any auto-antibody (n = 63). Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimated a worst pancreas graft survival for patients with positive IA-2 antibodies versus those patients with negative auto-antibodies and GAD65+auto-antibodies (P = .003 and .022, respectively, by log-rank). Mean pancreas graft survival rates at first and fifth year were 72% and 64%, respectively, for those patients with positive IA-2. CONCLUSIONS: IA-2 antibodies after SPK transplantation are associated with long-term graft lost compared with the rest of the groups. Monitoring of these auto-antibodies after SPK may help to identify patients with a higher risk of graft failure.

Health status measurement in Toxic Oil Syndrome.

Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) is a previously unreported condition which affected more than 20,000 people in Spain in 1981 and whose natural history is unknown. In 1993-94, a stratified random sample of 1400 survivors was drawn to measure their health status through clinical examination and their self-perception of well-being through the Nottingham Health Profile Questionnaire (NHPQ). Two-thirds of the sample population responded; indirect estimates suggest that selection bias was limited. Clear and intermediate signs of neuropathy were found in one-fifth and one-half of the patients, respectively. One-fourth and one-sixth showed some degree of scleroderma and contractures. All conditions were more frequent in women than in men and in age >50 than in younger ages. Although no concurrent control group was included in the study, prevalences of these conditions are well above expectations and are largely attributable to TOS. NHPQ scores increased with age in both sexes up to age 50, after which they reached a plateau (with values around 48 in men and 62 in women). Scores were associated to the occurrence of peripheral neurological changes, contractures, and scleroderma-like conditions. A multivariate analysis indicated age, sex, and severity of neurological conditions as major determinants of the NHPQ scores. This overall pattern of findings is peculiar to TOS and differs from the typical post-disaster nonspecific syndrome.