Artificial Intelligence in Melanoma Dermatopathology: A Review of Literature.

ABSTRACT: Pathology serves as a promising field to integrate artificial intelligence into clinical practice as a powerful screening tool. Melanoma is a common skin cancer with high mortality and morbidity, requiring timely and accurate histopathologic diagnosis. This review explores applications of artificial intelligence in melanoma dermatopathology, including differential diagnostics, prognosis prediction, and personalized medicine decision-making.

Characterizing Skin Cancer in Transplant Recipients by Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype.

INTRODUCTION: Nearly half of organ transplants occur annually in patients with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (Fitz type) III-VI. Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are at risk for sequelae of chronic immunosuppression, of which skin cancer is common. As literature regarding skin cancer risk is largely conducted in OTRs with Fitz types I and II, we aimed to further characterize the incidence and risk factors for skin cancer in OTRs with higher Fitz types. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of OTRs with Fitz types III-VI evaluated by dermatology between 1 January 2012 and 1 June 2022. The primary outcome of this study was development of skin cancer post-transplant. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for skin cancer development. Data were analyzed using two-sample t-tests and Pearson's chi-squared. RESULTS: Of 530 OTRs, 193 had Fitz type III or higher. Ten patients (5.18%) developed 87 skin cancers and one recurrence at a mean of 5.17 years posttransplant. Patients with skin cancer self-identified as Black (70%, p-value ≤ 0.001), male (70%, p-value ≤ 0.001), and kidney transplant recipients (70%, p-value ≤ 0.001), with a mean age of 58.20 years at transplant (p-value ≤ 0.001). Subjects with skin cancer were more likely to be former smokers (60%) and prescribed tacrolimus (p-value ≤ 0.001 each). Development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (66, 75.86%) was most common, followed by basal cell carcinoma (17, 19.54%), and malignant melanoma (3, 3.45%). Skin cancer most often occurred on the face or scalp (60%, p-value = 0.027), though also developed in sun-protected sites (30%, p-value = 0.002). Verruca vulgaris was present in 10% of patients (p-value = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for skin cancer post-transplant differ in OTRs with higher Fitz types. Our results suggest that among OTRs who self-identified as Black, kidney recipients are at increased risk for skin cancer in non-sun-exposed regions. These cancers may be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Education is key for preventing morbidity and mortality secondary to skin cancer.