Equal Opportunities for Stroke Survivors' Rehabilitation: A Study on the Validity of the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale Translated and Adapted into Romanian.

Background and objectives: The Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment (UEFMA) is one of the most recommended and used methods of clinical evaluation not only for post-stroke motor function disability conditions but also for physiotherapy goal-setting. Up to the present, an official Romanian version has not been officially available. This study aims to carry out a translation, adaptation, and validation of UEFMA in Romanian, thus giving both patients and medical practitioners the equal opportunity of benefiting from its proficiency. Material and methods: The English version of the motor component of UEFMA was back and forth translated in the assent of best practice translation guidelines. The research was performed on a group of 64 post-stroke in-patients regarding psychometric properties for content validation and an exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis was performed using the Bayesian model. To assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability, we used the Cronbach Alpha index and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). We used Pearson correlation with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) to determine concurrent validation. Standardized response mean (SRM) was applied to determine the responsiveness of the instrument used. Results: After performing the exploratory factor analysis, a single factor was extracted, with an Eigenvalue of 19.363, which explained 64.543% of the variation. The model was confirmed by Bayesian exploration, with Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) 0.051, Goodness-of-fit Index (GFI) 0.980, Normed-Fit Index (NFI) 0.978 and Relative Fit Index (RFI) 0.977. The Cronbach Alpha value was 0.981, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) index for average measures was 0.992, the Pearson correlation with FIM 0.789, and MRS -0.787, while the SRM was 1.117. Conclusions: The Romanian version of the UEFMA scale is a reliable, responsive and valid tool which can be used as a standardized assessment in post-stroke patients across Romania.

Asymmetric sleep in apneic human patients.

Unilateral sleep in marine mammals has been considered to be a defense against airway obstruction, as a sentinel for pod maintenance, and as a thermoregulatory mechanism. Birds also show asymmetric sleep, probably to avoid predation. The variable function of asymmetric sleep suggests a general capability for independence between brain hemispheres. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea share similar problems with diving mammals, but their eventual sleep asymmetry has received little attention. The present report shows that human sleep apnea patients also present temporary interhemispheric variations in dominance during sleep, with significant differences when comparing periods of open and closed airways. The magnitude of squared coherence, an index of interhemispheric EEG interdependence in phase and amplitude, rises in the delta EEG range during apneic episodes, while the phase lag index, a measure of linear and nonlinear interhemispheric phase synchrony, drops to zero. The L index, which measures generalized nonlinear EEG interhemispheric synchronization, increases during apneic events. Thus, the three indexes show significant and congruent changes in interhemispheric symmetry depending on the state of the airways. In conclusion, when confronted with a respiratory challenge, sleeping humans undergo small, but significant, breathing-related oscillations in interhemispheric dominance, similar to those observed in marine mammals. The evidence points to a relationship between cetacean unihemispheric sleep and their respiratory challenges.

Customized Manual Muscle Testing for Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Assessment.

In neuro-rehabilitation, the assessment of post-stroke patients' motor function of damaged upper extremities (UEs) is essential. Clinicians need clear and concise assessment instruments to monitor progress recorded in intensive rehabilitation sessions. One such instrument is Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), which, in our view, requires a modified scoring model aimed at improving the assessment process of patients' motor and functional UE status, and recording their step-by-step-progress, especially if patients undergo a short length of hospitalization (of about 10 therapy days). Hence, this paper presents a new scoring system developed by the authors. This systemresults in a more precise MMT grading scale, which has more grades and can provide a more specific muscular assessment, while offering more clarity in quantifying patients' progress after physical therapy. A prospective study was made of 41 post-stroke patients with upper extremity (UE) impairments. To determine the validity of the assessment tool for hypothesizing, and the unidimensionality and internal consistency of the customized model, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a structural equation model (SEM), Cronbach's Alpha, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used with Fugl−Meyer (FM) assessments, the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), AROM, and the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS). Considering the unidimensionality of the instrument used, we performed a linear regression to identify whether certain movements performed segmentally by the manually evaluated muscles influence the measured manual score of the whole UE. All indices suggested a good model fit, and a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.920 suggested strong internal consistency. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the MMT-customized score with AROM was 0.857, p < 0.001; that with FMUE was 0.905, p < 0.001; that with MRS was −0.608, p = 0.010; and that with MAS was −0.677, p < 0.001. The linear regression results suggest that wrist extensors, shoulder abductors, and finger flexors can influence the manual assessment of the muscle strength of the whole UE, thereby improving post-stroke patient management. The results of our research suggest that, using the proposed scoring, MMT may be a useful tool for UE assessment in post-stroke patients.

Comparing the Behavioural Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone and Melatonin in Young and Old Wistar Rats.

Growth hormone (GH) and melatonin are two hormones with quite different physiological effects. Curiously, their secretion shows parallel and severe age-related reductions. This has promoted many reports for studying the therapeutic supplementation of both hormones in an attempt to avoid or delay the physical, physiological, and psychological decay observed in aged humans and in experimental animals. Interestingly, the effects of the external administration of low doses of GH and of melatonin were surprisingly similar, as both hormones caused significant improvements in the functional capabilities of aged subjects. The present report aims at discerning the eventual difference between cognitive and motor effects of the two hormones when administered to young and aged Wistar rats. The effects were tested in the radial maze, a test highly sensitive to the age-related impairments in working memory and also in the rotarod test, for evaluating the motor coordination. The results showed that both hormones caused clear improvements in both tasks. However, while GH improved the cognitive capacity and, most importantly, the physical stamina, the effects of melatonin should be attributed to its antioxidant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties.

Radiation therapy overcomes adverse prognostic role of cyclooxygenase-2 expression on Reed-Sternberg cells in early Hodgkin lymphoma.

PURPOSE: To analyze the role of radiation therapy (RT) on the adverse prognostic influence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression on Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, in the setting of early Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treated with ABVD (adriamycin, vinblastine, bleomycin, dacarbazine). METHODS AND MATERIALS: In the present study we retrospectively investigated the prognostic value of COX-2 expression in a large (n=143), uniformly treated early HL population from the Spanish Network of HL using tissue microarrays. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done, including the most recognized clinical variables and the potential role of administration of adjuvant RT. RESULTS: Median age was 31 years; the expression of COX-2 defined a subgroup with significantly worse prognosis. Considering COX-2(+) patients, those who received RT had significantly better 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) (80% vs 54% if no RT; P=.008). In contrast, COX-2(-) patients only had a modest, nonsignificant benefit from RT in terms of 5-year PFS (90% vs 79%; P=.13). When we compared the outcome of patients receiving RT considering the expression of COX-2 on RS cells, we found a nonsignificant 10% difference in terms of PFS between COX-2(+) and COX-2(-) patients (P=.09), whereas the difference between the 2 groups was important (25%) in patients not receiving RT (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclooxygenase-2 RS cell expression is an adverse independent prognostic factor in early HL. Radiation therapy overcomes the worse prognosis associated with COX-2 expression on RS cells, acting in a chemotherapy-independent way. Cyclooxygenase-2 RS cell expression may be useful for determining patient candidates with early HL to receive consolidation with RT.

The psycho-emotional profile of the HIV-positive naïve patient.

AIM: The paper aims to outline the naïve HIV-positive patient's profile, in terms of feelings and emotions post-diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The evaluation took place from January 2011 to December 2013 in the Psycho-social Assistance Office of the "Sfânta Parascheva" Infectious Diseases Hospital in Iasi. We evaluated 146 patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection, both in terms of immunological and virusological and from a psychological perspective, using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) and the clinical interview. RESULTS: In a period of 3 years (January 2011 - December 2013) we registered in the HIV/AIDS Regional Center in Iasi, 146 new cases of HIV infection in adults, with distribution by years as follows: 46 in 2011, 45 in 2012, 55 in 2013; 39 cases were in Iasi, 39 in Suceava, 26 in Botosani, 18 in Neamt 18, 16 in Bacau and 6 in Vaslui. Of these, 51 were women and 95 men, aged between 24 and 46 years. From the immunological point of view, 11% of patients had values of CD4 > 500 (16 patients), 47% between 500 and 100 (69 patients) and 42% < 100 (61 patients). From a psychological perspective, the clinical interview revealed a state of fear in 68.5% of cases (fear of death, fear of complications, fear of other people's reaction to the diagnosis), confusion in 62% of cases (in terms of diagnosis, the mode of infection, the future), anger in 27% of cases (against the source of infection, against themselves, against God or divinity), guilt and self-blame in 7% of cases. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) revealed moderate depression in 14% of patients; mild depression in 27% of patients and 58% of patients presented no symptoms of depression. Regarding the anxiety scale HAMA, in 54% of cases it showed mild anxiety, average anxiety in 28% of cases, 14% severe anxiety and 3% (4 cases) very severe anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Patients newly diagnosed with HIV are a vulnerable population with a specific psycho-emotional profile. Multidisciplinary knowledge--in medical, psycho -emotional and social terms--of the patient's characteristics and needs helps to support adherence to the antiretroviral therapy and improve the quality of life.

Dyadic adjustment in HIV sero-concordant and sero-discordant couples.

AIM: The HIV infected population in Romania is at an age when engaging in a serious relationship is more and more an issue. Dyadic adjustment is the process which most couples go through, in their attempt to form a steady relationship. It is represented by important changes that appear in one's perception of himself and the significant other. Dyadic adjustment can be measured by a series of parameters--couple's satisfaction, couple's consensus, couple's cohesion and expressing emotions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a study on 60 young men and women (30 male, 30 female). Of these, 45 are in evidence at the lasi Regional Center (22 male, 23 female), the other 15 being their uninfected parteners (8 male, 7 female). They were evaluated using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, developed by Graham B. Spanier. RESULTS: Most couples enrolled in this study (50%) were sero-concordant (both partners were HIV-positive -15). 26% of couples were made-up an HIV-positive female and a non-infected male, and 24% were made-up of a non-infected female and an HIV-positive male. The median age was 23 years, 33.4% of them came from rural areas. Average schooling level was 6 primary classes, with extremes between two classes of primary and higher education. Only 50% of patients had a job, while the rest had no stable job and were not employed, 33.4% came from broken families or foster care. 100% of HIV infected patients are in active therapy, poliexperimented. Most patients have 5-6 treatment regimens (45%), with a maximum of 8-9 regimens. Most of the couples enrolled (83.3%) were not married, as our study evolved only 5 married couples. The relationship length varied between 4 moths and 15 years. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale revealed high scores in couple's consensus and cohesion for both concordant and discordant couples. In couples where both partners are HIV-positive, the DAS revealed average scores for all four areas of dyadic adjustmet. In Couples where one partner is HIV-positive, and the other is not infected, low scores were seen in emotional expression and in the couple's satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV infection affects an individual's life and his adjustment to a couple in the sense that a series of factors changes the couple's dynamic--physical and emotional changes specific to the infection and AIDS, ARV treatments' side-effects, the care for the uninfected partner, and preventing HIV transmission through intercourse. All these elements lower the level of dyadic adjustment and increase the level of stress in individuals that are part of an HIV couple.

[The quality of life if HIV/AIDS patients in Iasi Romania]. / Calitatea vietii la pacientii Centrului Regional HIV/SIDA din Iasi.

UNLABELLED: Quality of life in relation to health is a consequence of disease and treatment on the patient's perception of his ability to have a full and useful life. Due to its nature, the quality of life is a multidimensional and subjective construct, based on the patient's experience. We operationalized the quality of life using the following parameters: CD4 count and HIV viral levels in the patient's blood, the number of days of hospitalization, number of antiretroviral plans, types of side effects and their frequency, psychological issues (anxiety, depression, and neurotic tendencies). METHODS: We centralized data from a total of 600 patients from the Regional Center in Iasi in 2010-2011. Side effects accused by the patients emerged from discussions with the infectious disease doctor and psychologist, and psychological aspects were measured by specific instruments (PA Inventory, Beck Depression Scale). RESULTS: Most patients enrolled in the study were male (59%) with mean age of 21.1 years. 34% of them came from rural areas. Average schooling level was 6 primary classes, with extremes between the two classes of primary and higher education. Only 14% of patients had a job, while the rest did not have a stable job or were not employed. 38% came from broken homes or foster care. 85% of patients were in therapy at the time of data centralization. 55% were in the second, third or fourth regimen. 25% were at their first scheme, while 10% in the seventh - eighth scheme. The mean CD4 count ranged between 13 and 269/mmc, while the average viral load varied between 1730 and 3.180.000/mmc. The average number of days of hospitalization was 4. Among the antiretroviral side effects patients complained nausea and vomiting in 85% of cases, lipodystrophy symptoms in 25% of cases, diarrhea 15%. With regard to psychological aspects, 65% of patients showed an above average level of anxiety, 40% showed depressive symptoms, while 10% had specific obsessions-compulsions, and 10% neurotic and hysterical tendencies. CONCLUSIONS: By measuring the quality of life through the above parameters, we obtained a clear and comprehensive picture of the situation facing the HIV patient. We believe that close cooperation between the team of doctors and psychologists assisting the infectious patient, on the one hand, and specialists in other medical fields that interact with the patient, on the other hand, can enhance the quality of life of the HIV patient and maintain it at a comfortable level.

Evolution of wakefulness, sleep and hibernation: from reptiles to mammals.

Thus far, most hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of sleep only addressed the probable origin of its main states, REM and NREM. Our article presents the origin of the whole continuum of mammalian vigilance states including waking, sleep and hibernation and the causes of the alternation NREM-REM in a sleeping episode. We propose: (1) the active state of reptiles is a form of subcortical waking, without homology with the cortical waking of mammals; (2) reptilian waking gave origin to mammalian sleep; (3) reptilian basking behaviour evolved into NREM; (4) post-basking risk assessment behaviour, with motor suspension, head dipping movements, eye scanning and stretch attending postures, evolved into phasic REM; (5) post-basking, goal directed behaviour evolved into tonic REM and (6) nocturnal rest evolved to shallow torpor. A small number of changes from previous reptilian stages explain these transformations.

[Cryptococcus meningitis, five years of experience and literature review]. / Meningita cu Cryptococcus spp. Cinci ani de experienta si revista literaturii.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of Cryptococcus spp. isolated from patients in northeast Romania. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fungi isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were identified by ID32C strips (bioMerieux, France). Susceptibility testing was performed using ATB FUNGUS2 strips (bioMerieux, France). RESULTS: A total of 20 significant strains have been isolated. Overall, Cryptococcus neoformans was the most frequent isolate (95%). We mention the first Cryptococcus albidus meningitis in Romania (strain with multiple resistance). All cryptococci tested were susceptible to amphotericin B with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) =1 microg/mL; 90% strains were susceptible to flucytosine. Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was observed in 2 and 1 case, respectively. Most of the patients had an associated infection, tuberculosis in 37.5% cases. Despite appropriate therapy 4 patients died (21%). CONCLUSION: First choice induction therapy with amphotericin B plus flucytosine followed by fluconazole is highly recommended since resistance to antifungal agents is still very low.

[Tetanus in childhood--experience at the Infectious Disease Hospital Iasi, January 1980-October 2003]. / Tetanosul la copil. Experienta Clinicii de Boli Infectioase Iasi în perioada 1980-2003.

The aim of our study is to present the tetanus pediatric cases for almost 24 year period. We analyzed epidemiologically, clinico-biologically and the treatment from the patients' files. In above mentioned period were admitted 8 children with tetanus, 4 cases in 1980-1990; 5 patients were female, mainly came from suburban area; 12-15 year old group of age was mainly involved-3 cases. A point of entry was certified in 7 cases, the mean incubation period was 9.2 days, all the cases had a typical form of the disease. The complications were: bronchopneumonia, ileus (1 case). The performed treatment--antitetanic serum, antibiotics, sedatives, curare for 3 patients; no patient died. A rare disease for the pediatric age, tetanus could be a severe disease, with severe complications.

[Cutaneous and oral manifestations in HIV-infected children and adults--169 cases]. / Manifestari cutaneo-mucoase în infectia HIV/SIDA. Consideratii pe 169 de cazuri.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to evaluate cutaneous and oral manifestations in infected HIV patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 169 cases admitted in Infectiouse Disease Department of Iasi in 2001-2002 period. RESULTS: Cutaneous and oral manifestations were: candidiasis (99 cases), herpes virus infectious (36 cases), scabies and straphylococcal/streptococcal skin disease (26 cases), prurigo nodularis, psoriasis and verruca vulgaris (9 cases). Children of 0-13 year old group was 75.73 percent. Classification of HIV infection was related with CD4 count for 166 cases. Twelve cases with oral pharyngitis candidiasis, scabies and streptococcal skin diseases was 2-3 recurrent episodes of manifestations. Etiotrop treatment was associated with HAART therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous and oral manifestations are occurred frequently in HIV infected patients, with a various etiology, but the severity, persistence and its evolution did not evaluate.