Body Composition and Clinical Outcomes in Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased mortality in various cancers, but the relationship between obesity and clinical outcomes in unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains unknown. This study investigated the association between body composition and clinical outcomes in patients with unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer who received ICIs. METHODS: Utilizing an unbiased database of 111 unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancers, we evaluated the relationships between body composition (body mass index, waist circumference, psoas major muscle volume, and subcutaneous and visceral fat areas) at the initiation of ICI treatment and clinical outcomes including the disease control rate and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Waist circumference was significantly associated with the disease control rate at the first assessment (P = 0.0008). A high waist circumference was significantly associated with favorable PFS in patients treated with nivolumab. In an univariable model, for 5-cm increase of waist circumference in the outcome category of PFS, univariable hazard ratio (HR) was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.87; P = 0.0002). A multivariable model controlling for potential confounders yielded a similar finding (multivariable HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.94; P = 0.027). We observed the similar finding in esophageal cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab+CDDP+5-FU (P = 0.048). In addition, waist circumference was significantly associated with the prognostic nutritional index (P = 0.0073). CONCLUSIONS: A high waist circumference was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in ICI-treated patients with unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer, providing a platform for further investigations on the relationships among body composition, nutrition, and the immune status.

Association of Acute Care Surgeon Involvement With PostSurgery Complications.

INTRODUCTION: Acute care surgeons are experts in trauma treatment, emergency surgery, and critical surgical care. Here, we analyzed the association of acute care surgeons on postoperative outcomes of emergency general surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study included 92 patients who underwent emergency general surgery at our institution between January 2020 and September 2021. Propensity score matching was used to analyze postoperative outcomes. The primary outcome was postoperative complications, while secondary outcomes included perioperative management and surgery-related and postoperative complications. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios for all complications. In this study, acute care surgeons were defined as acute care surgery (ACS)-certified surgeons by the Japanese Society for Acute Care Surgery. RESULTS: Overall, 30 patients were treated by an acute care surgeon and general surgeons (ACS group), and 62 patients were treated by general surgeons (non-ACS group), respectively. Propensity score matching identified 30 patients with balanced baseline covariates, in each group. The ACS group had lower complication rates (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥2) than the non-ACS group (17% versus 40%, P = 0.08). The ACS group had a significantly shorter surgery duration than the non-ACS group (75 min versus 96 min, P = 0.014). In the logistic analysis, acute care surgeon involvement was identified as an independent predictor for the decrease in all complications (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.64). CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the involvement of acute care surgeons may reduce the overall complication rate in emergency general surgery.

C-Reactive Protein Levels After Esophagectomy are Associated with Increased Surgical Complications and Poor Prognosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients.

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are reported to predict complications and survival after surgery in various cancers. However, the relationship between postoperative CRP levels and short- and long-term outcomes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients after esophagectomy is unclear. METHOD: We reviewed the records of 543 ESCC patients who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction at Kumamoto University Hospital between August 2010 and July 2021. Blood tests for CRP were done on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, 5 or 6, and 7 or 8. RESULTS: The mean CRP levels on day 1, day 3, day 5/6, and day 7/8 were 6.68 ± 0.13 mg/dL, 11.49 ± 0.27 mg/dL, 7.48 ± 0.26 mg/dL, and 5.38 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively. Mean CRP levels were highest on day 3, and CRP levels after day 3 correlated with grade >2 complications based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis established the optimal cut-off value for CRP day 3 levels to be 12.19 mg/dL. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that high CRP day 3 levels significantly correlated with grade >2 complications (odds ratio [OR] 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.56-5.35; p < 0.001). Moreover, high day 7/8 CRP levels (>3.52) correlated with postoperative survival, and based on multivariate logistic regression analyses, were significantly associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.43; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest CRP day 3 levels as a potential biomarker for predicting postoperative complications and that CRP day 7/8 levels have potential prognostic value for ESCC patients after esophagectomy.

Textbook outcome contributes to long-term prognosis in elderly colorectal cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Textbook outcome (TO) has been used to define achievement of multiple "ideal" or "optimal" surgical and postoperative quality measures from the patient's perspective. However, TO has not been reported for their impact on survival in elderly, including CRC surgery. This study determined whether TO is associated with long-term outcomes after curative colorectomy in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Patient who underwent curative surgery over 75 years old for CRC between March 2005 and December 2016. TO included five separate parameters: surgery within 6 weeks, radical resection, Lymph node (LN) yield ≥ 12, no stoma, and no adverse outcome. When all 5 short-term quality of care parameters were realized, TO was achieved (TO). If any one of the 5 parameters was not met, the treatment was not considered TO (nTO). RESULTS: TO was realized in 80 patients (43.0%). Differences in surgical-related characteristics and pathological characteristics according to TO had no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics, except for Lymph node dissection. The Kaplan-Meier curves for OS and RFS association between TO and nTO had significantly poor 5-year OS and 5-year RFS compared with the TO groups (OS, 77.8% vs. 60.8%, P < 0.01; RFS, 69.6% vs. 50.8%, P = 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, nTO was an independent predictive factor for worse OS (HR, 2.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.175-3.557; P = 0.01) and RFS (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.043-2.842; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: TO can be a useful predictor for postoperative morbidity and prognosis after curative colorectomy for CRC.

Index of estimated benefit from lymph node dissection for stage I-III transverse colon cancer: an analysis of the JSCCR database.

PURPOSE: Main lymph node metastasis (LNM) dissection of transverse colon (TC) cancer is a difficult surgical procedure. Nonetheless, the main LNM ratio and the benefit of main lymph node (LN) dissection in TC cancer were unclear. This study aimed to identify high-risk patients for LNM and to evaluate the benefit of LN dissection in TC cancer. METHODS: Data for 26,552 colorectal cancer patients between 2007 and 2011 were obtained from the JSCCR database. Of these, 871 stage I-III TC cancer patients underwent surgery with radical LN dissection. These patients were evaluated using the index of estimated benefit from lymph node dissection (IEBLD), where IEBLD = (LNM ratio of each LN station) × (5-year overall survival (OS) rate of the patients with LNM) × 100. RESULTS: None of the patients with depth of invasion pT1-2 had main LNM. The presence of main LNM was associated with depth of invasion pT4, CEA-4H (carcinoembryonic antigen 4 times higher than preoperative cutoff value), or type 3, and 323 patients (37.1%) who had these factors were high-risk patients for main LNM. In these high-risk patients, the LNM ratio, 5-year OS rate of patients with LNM and IEBLD values, respectively, were 43.9%, 70.3%, and 30.5 for the pericolic LN; 20.3%, 66.0%, and 15.1 for the intermediate LN; and 9.6%, 58.5%, and 5.6 for the main LN. CONCLUSION: Main LNM is associated with depth of invasion pT4, CEA-4H, or type 3. The IEBLD for the main LN of high-risk TC cancer patients was over 5.

Risk factors for pulmonary morbidities after minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary morbidities after esophagectomy are still common and are a major cause of surgery-related mortality. The relationship between minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) and pulmonary morbidities is not clear. The current study aimed to examine the incidence of pulmonary morbidities after MIE and to clarify the associated risk factors. METHODS: Between May 2011 and December 2016, 184 patients underwent MIE for esophageal cancer. Clinical data were prospectively collected and analyzed. Patient- and surgery-related factors, relating to pulmonary complications, were compared between the complicated and uncomplicated cases. RESULTS: The incidence of any pulmonary morbidity following MIE was 17.9%. Univariate analysis showed that past heavy smoking [Brinkman index (BI) ≥ 1000], presence of neoadjuvant therapy, advanced clinical stage (stage III, IV), and intraoperative bleeding ≥ 600 g were candidates for being postoperative pulmonary morbidity risk factors. Multivariate analysis suggested that BI ≥ 1000 and advanced clinical stage were independent risk factors for causing pulmonary morbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Past heavy smoking and advanced stage are independent risk factors for pulmonary morbidities after MIE. When performing MIE for such cases, various preoperative precautions and careful postoperative monitoring are necessary.

CONUT: a novel independent predictive score for colorectal cancer patients undergoing potentially curative resection.

BACKGROUND: Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, calculated from serum albumin and total cholesterol concentrations and total lymphocyte count, is reportedly valuable for nutritional assessment. This study investigated whether CONUT score was predictive of outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing surgical resection. METHODS: Preoperative CONUT scores were retrospectively evaluated in 417 CRC patients who underwent potentially curative resection at Kumamoto University Hospital from March 2005 to August 2014. Patients were divided into four groups based on preoperative CONUT scores: normal, light, moderate, and severe. The associations of CONUT score with clinicopathological factors, patient survival, and postoperative complications were examined. RESULTS: CONUT score correlated significantly with age (P < 0.001), body mass index (P = 0.005), carcinoembryonic antigen (P = 0.002), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (P = 0.005) concentrations. Overall survival (OS) rate was significantly lower in patients with moderate/severe than light or normal CONUT scores. CONUT score was independently prognostic of OS [moderate/severe vs. normal, hazard ratio = 5.92, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.30-14.92; P < 0.001)]. Patients with moderate/severe CONUT scores were at greater risk for complications, especially for severe complications. Multivariate analysis showed that CONUT score was independently predictive of severe complications (moderate/severe vs. normal, odds ratio = 4.51, 95 % CI 1.89-10.74; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CONUT score may predict survival and postoperative severe complications in CRC patients undergoing potentially curative resection. Management of CRC patients may need consideration of host nutritional status.

Preoperative controlling nutritional status (CONUT) is useful to estimate the prognosis after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to confirm the predictive value of controlling nutritional status (CONUT), as a postoperative prognostic marker for esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 373 patients who underwent three-incision esophagectomy with 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer between April 2005 and March 2016. The patients were divided into three groups based on the degree of preoperative malnutrition as assessed by CONUT: normal, light malnutrition, and moderate or severe malnutrition. RESULTS: The patients with moderate or severe malnutrition experienced a significantly higher frequency of reoperation (normal or light malnutrition, 6.3%; moderate or severe malnutrition, 18.2%; P = 0.033) and a higher tendency for respiratory morbidities (normal or light malnutrition, 14.0%; moderate or severe malnutrition, 27.3%; P = 0.088). Cox regression analysis identified a significantly poor prognosis, in both overall survival (hazard ratio (HR), 3.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.714-7.390; P < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (HR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.790-6.516; P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: CONUT is convenient and useful for preoperatively assessing malnutrition and prognosis of esophageal cancer patients who underwent surgery.

Elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio predicts poor prognosis after esophagectomy in T1 esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to predict the prognosis of various malignant tumors, including esophageal cancer. However, no previous reports have supported the use of the preoperative NLR as an independent prognostic marker focused on superficial (T1) esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic impact of the preoperative NLR in T1 esophageal cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study recruited 245 consecutive patients with T1 esophageal cancer who underwent subtotal esophagectomy between 2005 and 2016. The relationship between the preoperative NLR and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS: The preoperative NLR was significantly higher in male patients (p = 0.029), patients with T1b esophageal cancer (p = 0.0274), and patients with venous vessel invasion (p = 0.0082). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the elevated preoperative NLR was significantly associated with a poorer disease-free survival (p < 0.0001) and overall survival (p = 0.0004). In the multivariate Cox model, the elevated preoperative NLR was an independent prognostic marker for both disease-free survival (p = 0.0013) and overall survival (p = 0.0027). CONCLUSION: An elevated preoperative NLR predicts poor prognosis in T1 esophageal cancer, suggesting the utility of the NLR as an easily measurable and generally available independent prognostic marker.

Prognostic and clinical impact of PIK3CA mutation in gastric cancer: pyrosequencing technology and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations that activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway have been observed in several types of carcinoma and have been associated with patient prognosis. However, the significance of PIK3CA mutations in gastric cancer remains unclear. This retrospective study investigated the relationship between PIK3CA mutations and clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. Additionally, we reviewed the rate of PIK3CA mutations in gastric cancer and the association between PIK3CA mutations and prognosis in human cancers. METHODS: The study included 208 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgical resection at Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan, between January 2001 and August 2010. Mutations in PIK3CA exons 9 and 20 were quantified by pyrosequencing assays. RESULTS: PIK3CA mutations were detected in 25 (12 %) of the 208 patients. Ten patients had c.1634A > G (p.E545G), 10 had c.1624G > A (p.E542K), 13 had c.1633G > A (p.E545K), nine had c.3139C > T (p.H1047R), and 1 had c.3140A > G (p.H1047Y) mutations. PIK3CA mutations were not significantly associated with any clinical, epidemiologic, or pathologic characteristic. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant differences in disease-free survival (log rank P = 0.84) and overall survival (log rank P = 0.74) between patients with and without PIK3CA mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in PIK3CA did not correlate with prognosis in patients with gastric cancer, providing additional evidence for the lack of relationship between the two.

Omental flap after pelvic exenteration for pelvic cancer.

Pelvic infection is a significant clinical problem after pelvic exenteration. The clinical benefit of an omental flap in reducing the incidence of such infections is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an omental flap after pelvic exenteration reduces the incidence of pelvic infection and the length of postoperative hospital stay. In this study, we demonstrate a safe, effective, simple method for reducing the incidence of pelvic infection using an omental flap. We performed pelvic exenteration for tumors that were suspected to have extensive invasion to the bladder, prostate, or uterus. The omentum was dissected from the transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach. The flap was based on the right gastroepiploic vessels and tunneled in the retrocolic plane, through the mesentery of the transverse colon and ileocecum, to the defect. Twenty-seven patients were analyzed retrospectively. Ten patients received omental flaps, and 17 patients underwent pelvic exenteration without an omental flap. The incidence of pelvic infection was significantly reduced in the patients with omental flaps.

Retroileal colorectal anastomosis after extended left colectomy: application for laparoscopic surgery.

Tension-free anastomosis is often difficult to achieve after extended left hemicolectomy because the residual colon is too short to reach the rectal stump. Retroileal colorectal anastomosis is very simple and useful for obtaining tension-free anastomosis. We first applied this technique to laparoscopic operations. We herein describe the procedure of laparoscopic retroileal colorectal anastomosis.

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio predicts the prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: As cancer advances, changes in the systemic inflammatory response alter the relative levels of circulating white blood cell types and may contribute to the progression and outcomes of cancer. The aim of the current study is to clarify the impact of the preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the prognosis and whether clinical and pathological features modify the influence of the NLR on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the mortality hazard ratios (HRs), including the preoperative NLR, obtained from data for 283 ESCC patients undergoing resection in the period from 2005 to 2011, adjusting for clinical and pathological features. RESULTS: A high NLR was associated with a significantly shorter overall survival (p = 0.0018) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.0097). In the multivariate Cox model, we confirmed that the NLR was an independent prognostic marker for both overall survival (p = 0.0081) and cancer-specific survival (p = 0.028). The outcomes were not significantly modified by other diagnostic factors, including the tumor stage, in the survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative NLR is significantly associated with a poor prognosis in patients with ESCC, suggesting the utility of NLR as a cost-effective and broadly available independent prognostic marker of ESCC.

Sarcopenia is a Negative Prognostic Factor After Curative Resection of Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle depletion (sarcopenia) is closely associated with limited physical ability and high mortality. This study was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of skeletal muscle depletion in patients with resectable stage I-III colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 220 consecutive patients with stage I-III CRC who underwent curative resection. The skeletal muscle cross-sectional area was measured by preoperative computed tomography. The lowest sex-specific quartile of skeletal muscle mass was classified as sarcopenia. Factors contributing to recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Of 220 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 55 (25 %) had sarcopenia. The median follow-up duration was 41.4 months. Patients with sarcopenia were younger and had higher carcinoembryonic antigen levels than patients without sarcopenia. RFS and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in patients with sarcopenia than those without (5-year RFS, 56 vs. 79 %, log-rank p = 0.006; 5-year OS, 68 vs. 85 %, log-rank p = 0.015). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that sarcopenia was independently associated with shorter RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.176; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.200-3.943; p = 0.010) and OS (HR 2.270; 95 % CI 1.147-4.494; p = 0.019). The influence of sarcopenia on patient outcome was modified by age at surgery (p value for interaction = 0.026); sarcopenia was associated with a poor prognosis, especially in young patients (log-rank p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia negatively impacts survival in patients undergoing curative resection for stage I-III CRC.

Predictors of long-term survival in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer with multi-organ metastases: a single-center retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis for most patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) and multi-organ metastases is poor. However, little information is currently available on prognostic factors in these patients. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of a good prognosis in this patient group. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study in which we examined the relationship between patient characteristics and prognosis in 161 stage IV CRC patients with indications for first-line systemic chemotherapy. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) for death, adjusted for clinical and pathological characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 161 patients recruited to the study, 83 had single-organ and 78 had multi-organ metastases. Median survival time was significantly shorter in patients with multi-organ metastases than in those with single-organ metastases (19.2 vs. 42.0 months, respectively; log-rank, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in survival between patients with metastases in two versus three or more organs (log-rank; P = 0.368). According to univariate analysis, primary tumor sites in the left side of the colon and in the rectum, a pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen concentration of >50 ng/mL, a well-/moderately differentiated tumor, and R0 resection of metastatic lesions were associated with better overall survival. According to multivariate analysis, left-sided location of the primary tumor [HR 0.414, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.216-0.815; P = 0.011] and R0 resection of metastatic lesions (HR 0.247, 95 % CI 0.04 0-0.834; P = 0.021) were independently associated with good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the site of the primary tumor in the left side of the colon and in the rectum and R0 resection of metastatic lesions are predictors of a good prognosis in patients with stage IV CRC and multi-organ metastases.

Complete pathologic response after laparoscopic hepatectomy following treatment with nivolumab and ipilimumab for anticancer drug-resistant MSI-high colon cancer liver metastasis consisting of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation: A case report.

A 56-year-old man referred to our hospital for cecum cancer. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) found swollen reginal lymph nodes and liver metastasis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a solitary lesion on liver (S2). We performed a laparoscopic ileocolic resection and liver partial resection. Tumor pathology showed that these tumors were moderate-differentiated adenocarcinoma (pT3N2bM1 Stage IVA). Genetic examination revealed MSI-high, KRAS wild type, and BRAF wild type. After surgery, two liver metastases were found in S4 and S7 as new lesion in EOB-MRI. We started chemotherapy with the FOLFOFIRI plus bevacizumab regimen, but two liver metastases were enlarged after six cycles of chemotherapy. As a second-line treatment, nivolumab and ipilimumab combination therapy was started. After three cycles of these therapy, both of these tumors shrinkage were observed. We performed laparoscopic liver resection. In specimens, there were no malignant cells. Pathological study revealed that in the initial surgery specimen, PD-L1 protein was detected in both primary and metastatic lesions, and HLA-DR, CK5/6 in liver. No recurrence was observed at 6 months after the surgery. In conclusion, we reported the case of anticancer drug-resistant MSI-high colon cancer liver metastasis was resected after treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors and a pathological complete response was found.

BRAF-mutant mismatch repair deficient invasive colon cancer regressing to sessile serrated lesion.

A 69-year-old female was presented with a history of sigmoid colon cancer, uterine cancer, and intrahepatic carcinomas. After computed tomography revealed a disseminated nodule located in the peritoneum, colonoscopy demonstrated a rather flat-to-slightly elevated lesion with a depressed area located in the ascending colon. The flat component showed color similar to its surrounding area, and the depressed area showed redness and an expanded appearance. We obtained a biopsy specimen from the depressed area, and microscopic examination revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, which was immunohistochemically positive for BRAF V600E-mutated and PMS2 proteins, and showed loss of MSH2 and MSH6 protein expressions. These findings suggested the lesion to have transformed from a sessile serrated lesion (SSL) to mismatch repair (MMR) deficient colon cancer. The patient underwent surgical removal of the nodule, which interpreted as metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma histopathologically. After postoperative chemotherapy, the follow-up colonoscopy revealed only the flat portion of the lesion without depressed area. Consequently, we performed an endoscopic resection, and microscopic examination confirmed the existence of BRAF V600E-mutated protein-positive and MMR protein-retained SSL without residual carcinoma. This is the first report of BRAF-mutant and MMR-deficient colon cancer, in association with SSL, showing regression.

Extracellular water to total body water ratio, a novel predictor of recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer.

Background: Total body water (TBW) fraction, which accounts for 60% of body weight, is an important indicator of body composition, and the extracellular water to TBW ratio (ECW/TBW) is reportedly useful in predicting clinical outcomes of patients with organ disorders. We aimed to clarify the clinical impact of preoperative ECW/TBW status on survival outcomes in cancer patients. Methods: We used a database of 320 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who underwent potentially curative resections. Preoperative ECW/TBW was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and its correlation with patient survival outcomes, clinicopathological factors, laboratory data, and comorbidities were analyzed. Results: A high preoperative ECW/TBW was significantly associated with poorer relapse-free survival (RFS; p = 0.001) and overall survival (OS; p = 0.003). A high ECW/TBW ratio was significantly associated with older age (p < 0.001), low BMI (p = 0.009), and right-sided tumors (p = 0.03). In a multivariate analysis, a high ECW/TBW significantly predicted a higher RFS mortality (HR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.10-3.88, p = 0.024) and OS mortality (HR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.25-8.36, p = 0.016). Furthermore, a high ECW/TBW was significantly associated with lower hemoglobin (p < 0.001) and albumin levels (p < 0.001), but not comorbidities. Conclusions: A high preoperative ECW/TBW was a predictive factor for recurrence and poorer overall survival independent of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) stage. Our data suggest that preoperative evaluation of ECW/TBW using BIA might serve as a novel tool for developing CRC treatment strategies.

Emerging evidence of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.

Since the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which modulate the interplay between the tumor cell and immune system, immunotherapy has become widely recognized as a new standard treatment for cancers including microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibodies) that act in the effector phase of T cells and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody) that acts mainly in the priming phase are now in clinical use. These antibodies have shown therapeutic efficacy in MSI colorectal cancer patients who have failed to respond to existing standard therapies. Pembrolizumab is also strongly recommended as first-line therapy for MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer. Therefore, the MSI status and tumor mutation burden of the tumor should be clarified before starting treatment. Because many patients do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or molecularly targeted agents, are being investigated. Furthermore, treatment methods for preoperative adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer are being developed.

A case of familial adenomatous polyposis with protein-losing enteropathy treated by laparoscopic total colorectal resection: A literature review.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) with protein-losing enteropathy is a rare disorder and is difficult to treat medically. A 74-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of anorexia. Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy showed multiple adenomas from the ascending colon to the rectum and adenocarcinoma in the sigmoid colon and descending colon. Laboratory findings showed hypoalbuminemia (albumin 1.6 mg/dl). Protein leak scintigraphy using 99mTc-HSAD found a protein leak from the colon. Although hypercaloric infusion was administered, the nutritional status was not improved and albumin transfusion was required. The patient underwent laparoscopic total proctocolectomy, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, and temporary ileostomy. She had a good postoperative course and the hypoalbuminemia normalized in a few weeks. The patient underwent temporary ileostomy reversal. Here we report a case of FAP with protein-losing enteropathy who underwent laparoscopic total proctocolectomy, which resulted in improvement of the protein leak as well as cancer treatment.