Randomized clinical trial of landiolol hydrochloride for the prevention of atrial fibrillation and postoperative complications after oesophagectomy for cancer.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is common after oesophageal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether landiolol hydrochloride was effective and safe in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after oesophagectomy, and to see whether a reduction in incidence of atrial fibrillation would reduce other postoperative complications. METHODS: This single-centre study enrolled patients scheduled for transthoracic oesophagectomy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial between March 2013 and January 2016. Enrolled patients were randomized with a 1 : 1 parallel allocation ratio to either landiolol prophylaxis or placebo. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after oesophagectomy. Secondary endpoints were incidence of postoperative complications, and effects on haemodynamic and inflammatory indices. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled, 50 in each group. Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurred in 15 patients (30 per cent) receiving placebo versus five (10 per cent) receiving landiolol (P = 0·012). The overall incidence of postoperative complications was significantly lower in the landiolol group (P = 0·046). In the landiolol group, postoperative heart rate was suppressed effectively, but the decrease in BP was not harmful. The interleukin 6 level was significantly lower on days 3 and 5 after surgery in the landiolol group (P = 0·001 and P = 0·002 respectively). CONCLUSION: Landiolol was effective and safe in preventing atrial fibrillation after oesophagectomy. Registration number: UMIN000010648 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/).

Phase I/II study of divided-dose docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) has a poor prognosis compared with other gastrointestinal cancers. Many patients present with locoregional unresectable or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. For these patients with metastatic esophageal cancer, chemotherapy is generally indicated. The aim of this phase I/II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combined use of docetaxel, cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)(DCF) in patients with recurrent/metastatic SCCE. This study adopted divided doses of docetaxel and CDDP in order to reduce the toxicities of the treatment. The dose of docetaxel was escalated using the following protocol in the phase I stage: level 1, 30 mg/m2; level 2, 35 mg/m2 and level 3, 40 mg/m2, which was intravenously infused for 2 hours on days 1 and 8. CDDP was administered at a dose of 12 mg/m2 infused for 4 hours on days 1-5. The 5-FU was administered at a dose of 600 mg/m2 continuously infused from day 1 to 5. This regimen was repeated every 4 weeks. The study subjects were nine patients (phase I) and 48 patients (phase II). The recommended dose was determined as level 3 in phase I. In the phase II stage, the overall response rate was 62.5%, with a complete response rate of 12.5%. The median progression-free survival was 6 months, and the median overall survival was 13 months. Grade 3/4 toxicities of leukopenia, neutropenia and febrile neutropenia occurred in 64.6%, 68.8% and 14.6% of the patients, while grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities were relatively rare. No treatment-related death was recorded. This modified DCF regimen with divided doses can be a tolerable and useful regimen of definitive chemotherapy for unresectable SCCE because of its high efficacy, although adequate care for severe neutropenia must be administered.

The TriAGe+ Score for Vertigo or Dizziness: A Diagnostic Model for Stroke in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Vertigo or dizziness is a common occurrence, but it remains a challenging symptom when encountered in the emergency department (ED). A diagnostic score for stroke with high accuracy is therefore required. METHODS: A single-center observational study (498 patients) was conducted. The predictor variables were derived from a multivariate logistic regression analysis with Akaike information criterion. The outcome was the occurrence of stroke. We evaluated the utility of a new diagnostic score (TriAGe+) and compared it with the ABCD2 score. RESULTS: The cohorts included 498 patients (147 with stroke [29.4%]). Eight variables were included: triggers, atrial fibrillation, male gender, blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, brainstem or cerebellar dysfunction, focal weakness or speech impairment, dizziness, and no history of vertigo or dizziness or labyrinth or vestibular disease. We derived the TriAGe+ score from these variables. In the cohort, the prevalence of stroke increased significantly using the diagnostic score: 5.9% for a score of 0-4; 9.1% for 5-7; 24.7% for 8-9; and 57.3% for 10-17. At a cutoff value of 10 points, the sensitivity of the score was 77.5%, the specificity was 72.1%, and the positive likelihood ratio was 3.2. When the cutoff was defined as 5 points, the score obtained a high sensitivity (96.6%) with a good negative likelihood ratio (.15). The new score outperformed the ABCD2 score for the occurrence of stroke (C statistic, .818 versus .726; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The TriAGe+ score can identify the occurrence of stroke in patients with vertigo or dizziness presenting to the ED.

Randomized clinical trial comparing long-term quality of life for Billroth I versus Roux-en-Y reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients' quality of life (QoL) deteriorates remarkably after gastrectomy. Billroth I reconstruction following distal gastrectomy has the physiological advantage of allowing food to pass through the duodenum. It was hypothesized that Billroth I reconstruction would be superior to Roux-en-Y reconstruction in terms of long-term QoL after distal gastrectomy. This study compared two reconstructions in a multicentre prospective randomized clinical trial to identify the optimal reconstruction procedure. METHODS: Between January 2009 and September 2010, patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were randomized during surgery to Billroth I or Roux-en-Y reconstruction. The primary endpoint was assessment of QoL using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Gastric (FACT-Ga) questionnaire 36 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients were enrolled in the study, 60 to Billroth I and 62 to Roux-en-Y reconstruction. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative complications or mortality, and no significant differences in FACT-Ga total score (P = 0·496). Symptom scales such as epigastric fullness (heaviness), diarrhoea and fatigue were significantly better in the Billroth I group at 36 months after gastrectomy (heaviness, P = 0·040; diarrhoea, P = 0·046; fatigue, P = 0·029). The rate of weight loss in the third year was lower for patients in the Billroth I group (P = 0·046). CONCLUSION: The choice of anastomotic reconstruction after distal gastrectomy resulted in no difference in long-term QoL in patients with gastric cancer. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01065688 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Sustainable biodegradation of phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals by Phragmites australis-rhizosphere bacteria association.

The efficacy of two rhizobacteria (Sphingobium fuliginis TIK1 and Sphingobium sp. IT4) of Phragmites australis for the sustainable treatment of water polluted with phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated. Strains TIK1 and IT4 have recently been isolated from Phragmites rhizosphere and shown to degrade various 4-alkylphenols-TIK1 via phenolic ring hydroxylation and meta-cleavage and IT4 via ipso-hydroxylation. The two strains also degraded bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B, bisphenol E, bisphenol F, bisphenol P and bisphenol S (BPS). Thus, strains TIK1 and IT4 have wide degradation spectra for phenolic EDCs. The two strains utilized Phragmites root extracts as a sole carbon source and sustainably colonized Phragmites roots, where they degraded phenolic EDCs. In sequencing batch reactor experiments using Phragmites in association with TIK1 or IT4, both associations repeatedly removed phenolic EDCs from polluted secondary effluent water (BPA, BPS, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol) from polluted secondary effluent water. The results suggest that hydroponic systems using Phragmites-TIK and Phragmites-IT4 associations would be useful for sustainable treatment of polluted waters containing various phenolic EDCs.

Viral degradation of marine bacterial exopolysaccharides.

The identification of the mechanisms by which marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is produced and regenerated is critical to develop robust prediction of ocean carbon cycling. Polysaccharides represent one of the main constituents of marine DOM and their degradation is mainly attributed to polysaccharidases derived from bacteria. Here, we report that marine viruses can depolymerize the exopolysaccharides (EPS) excreted by their hosts using five bacteriophages that infect the notable EPS producer, Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741. Degradation monitorings as assessed by gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography showed that four out of five phages carry structural enzymes that depolymerize purified solution of Cobetia marina EPS. The depolymerization patterns suggest that these putative polysaccharidases are constitutive, endo-acting and functionally diverse. Viral adsorption kinetics indicate that the presence of these enzymes provides a significant advantage for phages to adsorb onto their hosts upon intense EPS production conditions. The experimental demonstration that marine phages can display polysaccharidases active on bacterial EPS lead us to question whether viruses could also contribute to the degradation of marine DOM and modify its bioavailability. Considering the prominence of phages in the ocean, such studies may unveil an important microbial process that affects the marine carbon cycle.

Coenzyme A-dependent cleavage of membrane phospholipids in several rat tissues: ATP-independent acyl-CoA synthesis and the generation of lysophospholipids.

Substantial amounts of acyl-CoA were formed when microsomes from several rat tissues were incubated with varying concentrations of free CoA and bovine serum albumin even in the absence of ATP and Mg2+. For instance, 86 nmol of acyl-CoA was produced when microsomes (5 mg protein) were incubated with 300 microM CoA for 30 min. It was calculated that 1.8% of total fatty acyl residues were converted to acyl-CoA during the incubation. No appreciable amount of acyl-CoA was formed from free fatty acid or from boiled microsomes under the same experimental conditions. These observations indicate that acyl-CoA is formed from microsomal lipids by an enzyme activity distinct from previously known long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. The apparent Km value for CoA and Vmax were 180 microM and 20 nmol/30 min per mg protein, respectively. We found that several species of acyl-CoA such as arachidonoyl-CoA were preferentially synthesized through the reaction and that several types of phospholipids actually act as acyl donors in the formation of acyl-CoA. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine appear to be preferred substrates. We confirmed that lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine were generated along with the formation of acyl-CoA. It seems very likely that CoA-mediated cleavage of phospholipids/ATP-independent acyl-CoA synthesis is implicated in the metabolism of certain types of fatty acyl residues of membranous phospholipids in mammalian cells.

Correlation coefficients between the dioxin levels in mother's milk and the distances to the nearest waste incinerator which was the largest source of dioxins from each mother's place of residence in Tokyo, Japan.

BACKGROUND: To observe the relationship between the PCDD/F and Co-PCB levels in samples of human breast milk and nearby waste incinerators in Tokyo, Japan. METHODS: Breast milk was taken from 240 mothers residing in Tokyo, Japan to measure and analyze the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs; 14 congeners), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs; 15 congeners), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs; 12 congeners) contained in the fat. Individual milk samples (about 50 ml) were obtained from the mothers 30 days after delivery, between the months of June and September in 1999 and 2000. A map of Tokyo was used to measure the distances between each mother's place of residence and the closest public and industrial waste incinerators. RESULTS: The distances to the nearest waste incinerators bore no apparent correlations with the congeners of PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs. The distances were also uncorrelated with the mean toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) of PCDD/Fs (the sum of PCDDs and PCDFs), Co-PCBs, and the total PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs. CONCLUSIONS: Although waste incinerators were the largest source of dioxins in Japan at the time of the study, the dioxins levels of mother's milk bore no apparent relationships with the distances between the mothers' domiciles and the nearest waste incinerators. In this study, several meaningful factors were not taken into account, namely, the wind direction, the level of dioxin emitted from each incinerator, the level of environmental pollution of dioxins, and the average time the mothers stayed at home each day. A full understanding of these points awaits future studies.

Quantification of human herpesvirus 6 in healthy volunteers and patients with lymphoproliferative disorders by PCR-ELISA.

To determine whether actual numbers of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) genome in hematologic neoplasias are associated with disease condition, we developed a quantitative PCR-ELISA for detection of HHV-6. The amount of viral DNA was determined using externally amplified known amounts of the plasmid DNA containing the viral target sequences. First, we determined a viral burden in peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from 23 healthy volunteers and four specimens of lymph nodes with reactive hyperplasia. Using 1 microg of DNA, the prevalence of HHV-6 was 43.4% (10/23), ranging from 0 to 100 HHV-6 genomes in blood obtained from healthy volunteers. The amounts of HHV-6 genomes were < 10 in four non-neoplastic lymph node specimens. We next examined the amount of viral DNA in 21 blood specimens and 19 lymph node specimens obtained from patients with lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) at the time of diagnosis. The number of HHV-6 genomes in most of the B-cell lymphoma was < 5 in both blood and lymph node specimens, however, two lymph node specimens obtained from immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL) and T-cell lymphoma had very high levels of HHV-6 viral DNA (3705 and 810, respectively). We also found that HHV-6 genomes in peripheral blood were more than 1000 in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For all LPD patients combined, there were significantly higher levels of viral DNA (200.6 +/- 654.8 HHV-6 genomes per 1 microg purified DNA) compared to those in healthy volunteers (10.0 +/- 21.0 HHV-6 genomes per 1 microg purified DNA) (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a high level of HHV-6 viral DNA is occasionally associated with LPD patients. Although it is still uncertain whether HHV-6 is related to the pathogenesis in LPD or not, our results suggest that measurement of HHV-6 genomes using PCR-ELISA may be useful not only to understand the mechanism of HHV-6 infection in hemopoietic neoplasia but also to manage the care of immnocompromised patients such as bone marrow transplant patients.

Changes in epidemic patterns of Kawasaki disease in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Clustering of cases of Kawasaki disease throughout Japan was noted three times during the period before 1986. During the ensuing 10 years, however, no nationwide epidemic has been recognized. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that local outbreaks have persisted after 1987. METHOD: The data on 56 980 patients reported from 1987 through 1996 were classified according to the area of residence. The time trend of the incidence rate was compared by year and by quarter of the year (January to March, April to June, July to September and October to December) in 10 geographical areas in Japan. RESULTS: No nationwide outbreaks have been noted since 1987 in Japan, but the existence of local outbreaks of various magnitudes was recognized as occurring in different periods in certain areas. The incidence rates were continuously high in Area 1 between 1987 and 1988 and in Area 4 between 1995 and 1996. In Area 9 local outbreaks were noted on three separate occasions (from 1987 to the first half of 1988, between 1990 and 1991 and from the second half of 1992 to 1993). No clusterings were witnessed in other areas during the 10-year period. CONCLUSION: The current annual number of patients ranges from 5000 to 6000, and local epidemics occur in various areas. The current epidemiologic patterns support the infection theory for the etiology of this disease.

A rapid monitoring system of human herpesviruses reactivation by LightCycler in stem cell transplantation.

To establish a practical monitoring system of human herpesviruses reactivation in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation, we developed a new, very rapid, highly sensitive, and quantitative PCR assay for accurate measurement of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA using LightCycler. The LightCycler system revealed that there was a linear correlation in the wide range of viral template DNA at the indicated number of PCR cycles. Peripheral blood cells were collected from 16 patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. The cut-off level of CMV and HHV-6 was assessed as 10(2) copies/microg and that of EBV as 10(3). High numbers of CMV genomes were detected in 3/13 patients after transplant, and reactivation of HHV-6 was frequently seen, whereas none of the patient showed an elevation of EBV genome copies until the end of the observation period. In the present study, the reactivation of beta herpesviruses is associated with the occurrence of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in two patients undergoing allogeneic BMT. Therefore, it may contribute in clarifying the pathological potential of human herpesviruses using a large number of clinical samples. Our results suggest that this system may be useful for monitoring viral reactivation.

Separation of Akazara scallop and rabbit troponin components by a single-step chromatography on CM-Toyopearl.

Three components of Akazara scallop (Chlamys nipponensis akazara) troponin were well separated from each other by a single-step chromatography on CM-Toyopearl, although they were hardly separated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. Moreover, by means of this CM-chromatography, the troponin components of rabbit were also readily separated with high purities and in high yields. The components thus separated were readily reconstituted and the Ca2+ regulatory function was fully recovered.

Isolation of troponins from striated and smooth adductor muscles of Akazara scallop.

Troponins which confer Ca-sensitivity to skeletal actomyosin ATPase were successfully isolated from striated and smooth adductor muscles of "Akazara" scallop (Chlamys nipponensis akazara). SDS-gel electrophoresis showed that striated and smooth adductor troponins were composed of three components having molecular weights of about 52K (52,000), 40K, and 20K, and about 40K, 21K, and 20K, respectively. The Mg-ATPase activity of actomyosin reconstituted from rabbit actin and either Akazara striated adductor myosin or smooth adductor myosin, along with the respective tropomyosin and troponin, indicated that the Ca2+ concentration required for the activation of actomyosin ATPase appeared to be favorable to myosin-linked regulation.

Biochemical characteristics of the Mr 52,000 component of Akazara scallop troponin.

Some biochemical properties of the Mr 52,000 component of Akazara scallop striated adductor troponin, which had been tentatively identified as troponin-I, were compared with those of rabbit troponin-I. Both the Mr 52,000 component and rabbit troponin-I together with rabbit tropomyosin inhibited the Mg-ATPase activity of rabbit reconstituted actomyosin to 1/10 of the original activity. The inhibition was neutralized by the addition of Akazara scallop and rabbit troponin-C or Patinopecten scallop calmodulin. The Mr 52,000 component and rabbit troponin-I were insoluble below 0.15 M KCl, but were solubilized by complexing with an equimolar amount of troponin-C or calmodulin. On alkaline urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the Mr 52,000 component as well as rabbit troponin-I was found to form a stable complex with troponin-C or calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+.

A binary complex of troponin-I and troponin-T from Akazara scallop striated adductor muscle.

A binary complex consisting of Mr 19,000 and Mr 40,000 components was co-purified with troponin from a crude troponin fraction of Akazara scallop (Chlamys nipponensis akazara) striated adductor muscle. This complex is incapable of conferring Ca(2+)-sensitivity to rabbit reconstituted actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity, rather strongly inhibiting it, but became capable on further complexing with Akazara scallop troponin-C. To examine the effects of the Mr 19,000 and Mr 40,000 components on the ATPase activity, they were separated from each other by CM-Toyopearl column chromatography. The Mr 19,000 component strongly inhibited the Mg-ATPase activity of actomyosin-tropomyosin and the inhibition was reversed by further addition of the Akazara scallop troponin-C. On the other hand, the Mr 40,000 component slightly increased it. On hybridization with the Akazara scallop troponin subunits, the Mr 19,000 and Mr 40,000 components were shown to be able to substitute for troponin-I and troponin-T, respectively. The amino acid compositions of the Mr 40,000 component and troponin-T were almost identical, and those of the Mr 19,000 component and Mr 17,000 C-terminal fragment of the troponin-I resembled each other fairly well. From these results, it may be concluded that the Mr 19,000-40,000 binary complex is the troponin-I-troponin-T complex.

American lobster troponin.

Troponin was isolated from the abdominal muscle of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) by essentially the same method as used for akazara scallop troponin [J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16749-16754 (1986)]. The thus isolated troponin together with lobster tropomyosin confers high Ca2(+)-sensitivity to rabbit reconstituted actomyosin. The troponin consists of components having Mr of about 42,000, 32,000, 30,000, and 17,000, but not the Mr 52,000-59,000 component previously reported to be present in several crustacean troponins. These troponin components were separated from each other by DEAE-Toyopearl column chromatography in the presence of 6 M urea. The Mr 17,000 component was further separated into one major and two minor components by the same chromatography, but each of them was confirmed to be a Ca2+ binding component, TnC. The Mr 32,000 and 30,000 components were both regarded as inhibitory subunits, TnIs, since the Mg-ATPase activity of actomyosin in the presence of tropomyosin was strongly inhibited by the addition of the components, and the inhibition was reversed by the further addition of TnC. Finally, the Mr 42,000 component was regarded as TnT, since this component formed stoichiometic complex with TnC and TnI, and was indispensable for Ca2+ regulation of the actomyosin-tropomyosin system.

Amino acid sequence of C-terminal 17 kDa CNBr-fragment of Akazara scallop troponin-I.

The M(r) 52,000 subunit of Akazara scallop striated muscle troponin, which was tentatively identified as troponin I, was cleaved into two major fragments with CNBr: C-terminal 17 kDa fragment (CN17K) and N-terminal 35 kDa fragment (CN35K) [J. Biochem. 108, 519-521 (1990)]. CN17K inhibits rabbit reconstituted actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity, weakly in the absence of troponin T but strongly in its presence, together with Akazara tropomyosin. CN35K, however, hardly shows such inhibition. Thus, the amino acid sequence of the CN17K was determined by the Edman method. CN17K comprises 135 amino acid residues and its calculated molecular mass is 15,732 Da. A computer search of the SWISS-PROT data base revealed the TnIs of crayfish tail muscle, rabbit skeletal muscle, and bovine cardiac muscle to be homologous proteins with total sequence homologies of 39, 30, and 30%, respectively, to CN17K. Significantly high homology was observed among these TnIs in the regions around residues 75-95, 99-114, and 135-151 of the rabbit TnI. From these facts, we conclude that the 52K subunit is a TnI.

Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA for Akazara scallop troponin T.

A cDNA clone encoding troponin T of Akazara scallop (Chlamys nipponensis akazara) striated adductor muscle has been isolated and sequenced. The complete sequence deduced consists of 314 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 37,206. Akazara scallop troponin T contains 55 amino acid residues more and 82 residues fewer than rabbit skeletal muscle troponin T and Drosophila melanogaster troponin T, respectively, showing almost the lowest sequence homology with rabbit troponin T (26%) but the highest homology with Drosophila troponin T (33%). Further, high sequence homology was seen in the functional regions: residues 33-120 and 174-227, corresponding respectively to residues 71-158 and 197-250 of rabbit troponin T (tropomyosin-binding regions); and residues 200-204, corresponding to 223 227 of rabbit troponin T (troponin I-binding region). In residues 1-70 (tropomyosin-binding region), however, only six residues are identical with rabbit troponin T.

Reversible changes in the ATPase activity and in the regulatory light chain content upon heat (30 degrees C)-treatment of "Akazara" striated adductor myosin.

Myosin from striated adductor muscle of "Akazara" scallop was incubated at 30 degrees C for 5 min in a medium containing 2 mM MgCl2 and various concentrations of Ca2+ ions. It was observed that the 30 degrees C-treatment resulted in a decrease in the Ca2+-sensitivity of myosin-ATPase as well as in the release of the regulatory light chain (EDTA-LC) of myosin. The 30 degrees C-treated myosin was then subjected to a cooling treatment, being kept for 18 h at 0 degrees C. It was found that EDTA-LC recombined with myosin and that Ca2+-sensitivity of myosin-ATPase was restored. It was also found that Ca2+ alone was about 70 times more effective than Mg2+ alone in preventing the heat-induced release of EDTA-LC from occurring and also in recombination of EDTA-LC with the heat-treated myosin.