A Survey of Machine and Deep Learning Methods for Privacy Protection in the Internet of Things.

Recent advances in hardware and information technology have accelerated the proliferation of smart and interconnected devices facilitating the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT applications and services are widely adopted in environments such as smart cities, smart industry, autonomous vehicles, and eHealth. As such, IoT devices are ubiquitously connected, transferring sensitive and personal data without requiring human interaction. Consequently, it is crucial to preserve data privacy. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent Machine Learning (ML)- and Deep Learning (DL)-based solutions for privacy in IoT. First, we present an in depth analysis of current privacy threats and attacks. Then, for each ML architecture proposed, we present the implementations, details, and the published results. Finally, we identify the most effective solutions for the different threats and attacks.

Transfer-Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Framework in IoT Networks.

Cyberattacks in the Internet of Things (IoT) are growing exponentially, especially zero-day attacks mostly driven by security weaknesses on IoT networks. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) adopted machine learning (ML), especially deep Learning (DL), to improve the detection of cyberattacks. DL-based IDSs require balanced datasets with large amounts of labeled data; however, there is a lack of such large collections in IoT networks. This paper proposes an efficient intrusion detection framework based on transfer learning (TL), knowledge transfer, and model refinement, for the effective detection of zero-day attacks. The framework is tailored to 5G IoT scenarios with unbalanced and scarce labeled datasets. The TL model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The framework was evaluated to detect a wide range of zero-day attacks. To this end, three specialized datasets were created. Experimental results show that the proposed TL-based framework achieves high accuracy and low false prediction rate (FPR). The proposed solution has better detection rates for the different families of known and zero-day attacks than any previous DL-based IDS. These results demonstrate that TL is effective in the detection of cyberattacks in IoT environments.

[The teaching of microbiology and parasitology in undergraduate medical education and its adaptation to the European Higher Education Area]. / La docencia de la microbiología y parasitología en los estudios de grado de medicina y su adaptación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior.

The creation of the European Higher Education Area provides a series of opportunities for far-reaching reform of medical education and changes in the way both students and teachers work. The Bologna process must be implemented before 2010 in signatory countries, which include Spain, and must allow education and academic titles to be homologated. Medical degrees must consist of 360 European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) credits, divided into six academic years (60 credits per academic year). The Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Barcelona has already put the finishing touches to a proposal for the distribution of subjects in the new curriculum. This proposal strengthens and reassesses the teaching of microbiology and parasitology compared with current curricula, giving these subjects appropriate weight in undergraduate medical education. The teaching of medical microbiology and parasitology is included as a core subject worth 8 ECTS in the third year and two free-choice modules of 2.5 and 3 ECTS to be taken in the first semesters of the fifth and sixth years as part of the minor in "Clinical and Experimental Laboratory"(30 ECTS). The teaching of microbiology will also play an important role in the Integrated Learning in Medicine (INTEL-M) course in the third, fourth and fifth years. INTEL-M is an innovation in the syllabus based on the joint planning, organization and evaluation of a series of subjects (24.5 ECTS) that are developed in small groups of students and in the form of problem-based learning.

Planes de prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en niños y adolescentes / Plans for the prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases in children and adolescents

Introducción: los planes de prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles en niños y adolescentes ocupan un gran espacio en el marco de la investigación en ciencias de la salud. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos como son PubMed, WOS y Cochrane. Son numerosos los trabajos previos que han analizado el diseño, secuencia y efectos en diferentes poblaciones. Resultados: los resultados de esta revisión mostraron que el mayor número de estudios fueron llevados a cabo por el sistema sanitario estatal en relación o aplicación con el sistema educativo estatal. Se analizaron 11 revisiones en cuestión ocupándose, cinco de ellas, de alimentación o nutrición y tres de estas de sobrepeso, obesidad y actividad física, siendo los temas más estudiados. Discusión: el análisis pormenorizado de la literatura científica sobre este tema mostró características comunes en los estudios referentes al método de implantación, análisis de los resultados y tiempo de intervención. Se requiere un mayor esfuerzo desde la administración en el diseño e implantación de planes multidisciplinares de intervención (AU)

Introduction: plans for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases in children and adolescents constitute an important area in the health care research field.Material and methods: we conducted a systematic review of evidence obtained from major databases such as PubMed, WoS and the Cochrane Library. Many studies have analysed the design, implementation and outcomes of strategies in different segments of the population.Results: the review of the literature showed that most studies were developed by the public health system and related to or implemented through the public school system. We analysed 11 systematic reviews, of which 5 focused on diet and nutrition and 3 on overweight, obesity and physical activity, which were the most frequently topics.Discussion: the detailed analysis of the literature on this subject revealed commonalities in the studies in terms of the implementation of the preventive strategies, the analysis of outcomes and the duration of the interventions. Further efforts must be devoted by government authorities to the design and implementation of multidisciplinary prevention strategies. (AU)

Quality of life and satisfaction with treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes: results in Spain of the PANORAMA study.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies are available on quality of life and treatment satisfaction of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both of them were the primary objectives of the PANORAMA (NCT00916513) study. Metabolic control, treatment patterns, and management by healthcare professionals were also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study randomly recruited>40 year-old patients with T2DM from Spanish healthcare centers. HbA1c was measured using the same technique in all patients, who also completed quality of life (EQ-5D and ADDQoL) and treatment satisfaction (DTSQ) questionnaires and the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS-II). RESULTS: Fifty-four investigators recruited 751 patients, 60.3% of whom had HbA1c levels <7%. Approximately 25% of patients on monotherapy had HbA1c values ≥ 7%, Patients with longer disease duration and more complex treatments, especially with insulin, showed the poorer control. Despite good overall treatment satisfaction (mean 29.3±6.1, 0 to 36-point scale), patients with a poorer metabolic control, previous hypoglycemia episodes, and more complex therapies had a worse QoL and a greater fear of suffering hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in metabolic control, there are still areas to improve. Early addition of safe drugs to monotherapy would help achieve control objectives without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, and delaying the start of insulin therapy. This would also improve QoL and treatment satisfaction.

[Clinical profile and management patterns in outpatients with heart failure in Spain: INCA study]. / Perfil clínico y patrones de manejo en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca atendidos ambulatoriamente en España: estudio INCA (Estudio Insuficiencia Cardíaca).

AIM: To assess clinical characteristics and treatment management of out-patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in Spain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Primary care (PC) centres and cardiology out-patient clinics. PATIENTS: CHF patients (all had an echocardiography performed). METHODS: Data were collected from consecutive patients who attended clinics (93 cardiologist and 415 PC physicians) with a diagnosis of CHF during June 2006. RESULTS: The study subjects were 2161 CHF patients (1412 PC; 749 Cardiology), with a mean age was 70.9+/-10.6 years and 55.62% were males. Patients followed up in cardiology were younger, the majority were male, had a better functional class, lower ejection fraction, and fewer co-morbidities than those followed up in PC. The most used treatments were drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system (ACEi or ARB) (89.4%) and diuretics (84.91%), followed by beta-blockers (43.96%). Blood pressure (< 130/80 mmHg) was controlled in 24.93% of the patients, and diabetes mellitus in 32.33% of the diabetics (HbA(1c)<6.5%). Both risk factors were significantly better in PC. CONCLUSIONS: The INCA results show different clinical characteristics between patients followed up in the two health care levels. The pharmacological treatment has improved since previous studies and is closer to that recommended in chronic heart failure guidelines. Nevertheless, blood pressure and diabetes mellitus control are still insufficient.

Calidad de vida y satisfacción con el tratamiento de sujetos con diabetes tipo 2: resultados en España del estudio PANORAMA / Quality of life and satisfaction with treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes: Results in Spain of the PANORAMA study

OBJETIVOS: La evaluación de la calidad de vida y la satisfacción con el tratamiento relacionados con la diabetes tipo 2 han sido poco estudiados. Ambos son los objetivos principales del estudio PANORAMA (NCT00916513). También se evalúa el grado de control metabólico, los patrones de tratamiento y la actuación del profesional sanitario. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal y multicéntrico que incluyó pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mayores de 40 años seleccionados de manera aleatorizada entre los centros de salud españoles. Se determinó la HbA1c mediante un mismo sistema y cada paciente completó cuestionarios de calidad de vida (EQ-5D y ADDQoL), satisfacción con el tratamiento (DTSQ) y temor a la hipoglucemia (HFS-II). RESULTADOS: Cincuenta y cuatro investigadores incluyeron 751 pacientes. El 60,3% presenta HbA1c < 7%. El mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y los tratamientos complejos, especialmente con insulina, se asocian a peor control. Cerca de un 25% de los pacientes en monoterapia presenta HbA1c ≥ 7%. Aunque la satisfacción con el tratamiento en general es buena (media 29,3 ± 6,1, escala de 0 a 36 puntos), los pacientes con peor control metabólico, hipoglucemias previas y tratamientos más complejos refieren significativamente peor calidad de vida y más miedo a sufrir hipoglucemias. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el grado de control metabólico ha avanzado, todavía existen áreas de mejora. La adición precoz a la monoterapia de fármacos seguros ayudaría a lograr los objetivos de control sin aumentar el riesgo de hipoglucemias, y retrasando el inicio del tratamiento con insulina. Esto mejoraría la calidad de vida y la satisfacción con el tratamiento

OBJECTIVES: Few studies are available on quality of life and treatment satisfaction of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both of them were the primary objectives of the PANORAMA (NCT00916513) study. Metabolic control, treatment patterns, and management by healthcare professionals were also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study randomly recruited > 40 year-old patients with T2DM from Spanish healthcare centers. HbA1c was measured using the same technique in all patients, who also completed quality of life (EQ-5D and ADDQoL) and treatment satisfaction (DTSQ) questionnaires and the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS-II). RESULTS: Fifty-four investigators recruited 751 patients, 60.3% of whom had HbA1c levels < 7%. Approximately 25% of patients on monotherapy had HbA1c values ≥ 7%, Patients with longer disease duration and more complex treatments, especially with insulin, showed the poorer control. Despite good overall treatment satisfaction (mean 29.3 ± 6.1, 0 to 36-point scale), patients with a poorer metabolic control, previous hypoglycemia episodes, and more complex therapies had a worse QoL and a greater fear of suffering hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in metabolic control, there are still areas to improve. Early addition of safe drugs to monotherapy would help achieve control objectives without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, and delaying the start of insulin therapy. This would also improve QoL and treatment satisfaction

Conocimientos, conductas y fuentes de información sobre la salud sexual en adolescentes de un municipio gallego / Knowledge, behaviour and sources of information on sexual health among adolescents in a Galician town

OBJETIVO: describir los conocimientos y conductas de los adolescentes que cursan 4º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en un municipio gallego en relación a la salud sexual, anticoncepción e infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), así como sobre las fuentes que utilizaban para obtener información. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal en adolescentes en cuatro centros educativos de Carballiño (Ourense). Instrumento para la recogida de los datos: cuestionario autoadministrado de elaboración propia que recoge variables sociodemográficas, sobre temática sexual e internet y sobre ITS y anticoncepción. Análisis descriptivo de las variables y pruebas de contraste de hipótesis paramétricas/noparamétricas (Chi-Cuadrado, test exacto de Fisher, T-Student y U de Mann-Withney) para determinar la asociación. RESULTADOS: participaron 122 alumnos. El 40,9% se conectaba más de 10 h a internet a la semana. La edad del primer coito fue14,5 años. El método anticonceptivo más conocido fue el preservativo (96,7%). Al preguntar por las complicaciones que pueden aparecer al mantener relaciones sexuales sin protección, un 74,3%indicó que el VIH. El 47,6% de los chicos frente al 25,9% de las chicas utilizaba internet para informarse de sexualidad (p< 0,05).CONCLUSIONES: la edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales con penetración es precoz, con diferencias de género y en el acceso a la información. Existe desconocimiento sobre las principales ITS. Las consultas de Pediatría de Atención Primaria deberían ser espacios de educación sexual para los adolescentes, integrando la educación sexual en la práctica clínica habitual

OBJECTIVE: to describe the knowledge and behaviours of adolescents in their 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education(ESO) in a Galician town, regarding sexual health, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), as well as the sources used to obtain information. METHOD: a descriptive transversal study in adolescents from four education centres in Carballiño (Ourense). The tool for data collection was a self-administered questionnaire prepared for this study, collecting sociodemographical variables, as well as sexual subjects and internet, and STDs and contraception. A descriptive analysis of variables and contrast tests for parametric/nonparametric hypothesis (Chi-Square, Fisher's exact test, T-Student, and Mann-Withney's U) was used to determine the association. RESULTS: one hundred and twenty-two (122) students were included. Out of these, 40.9% went on-line over 10 hours per week. The age for their first intercourse was 14.5 years. The best known contraceptive method was the condom (96.7%). When asking about the complications that might appear when engaging in sexual relationships without protection, 74.3% mentioned HIV. In order to obtain information about sexuality, 47.6% of boys vs.25.9% of girls used internet (p< 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: there is an early age for initiation in sexual relationships with penetration, with differences regarding gender and access to information. There is lack of knowledge about the main STDs. Pediatric Primary Care Units should be places for the sexual education of adolescents, incorporating sexual education into common clinical practice

El aprendizaje de los usos expositivos del lenguaje / The acquisition of expository uses of language / A aprendizagem dos usos expositivos da linguagem

Objetivo: Este estudio presenta una descripción del tipo de ayuda lingüística que los adultos les ofrecen a los niños mientras dan explicaciones sobre diversas cuestiones. Metodología: Se analizó una muestra de once minutos de interacción entre un niño pequeño y sus abuelos maternos, pues en el transcurso de estas conversaciones los niños tienen muchas oportunidades para aprender no sólo de los objetos y eventos del mundo sino también del lenguaje que se utiliza para referirse a ellos, para aprender cómo se nombran las realidades y, en algunos casos, cómo se participa en ellas. Resultados: Los adultos ofrecen al niño diferentes recursos discursivos con los que promueven que éste utilice términos que especifiquen las características que diferencian los objetos a los que se está refiriendo, adicione información, organice y clarifique lo que está diciendo. Conclusiones: La descripción de la ayuda que le ofrecen los adultos al niño permitió identificar diferentes recursos discursivos (elicitaciones y reformulaciones) que promueven el desarrollo de explicaciones cada vez más complejas.

Objective: This study offers a description of the kinds of linguistic aids offered by adults while giving explanations to young children about different issues. During the midst of these conversations children have several opportunities to learn, not only from objects and events, but also from the utterances used to refer to them, learning how realities are named after, and in many cases, how to participate in them. Methodology: Through the analysis of eleven minutes of inte-raction between young child and his maternal grandparents. Results: Adults offers young child different discursive ways for helping him to add information, organize and clarify the topic that he is talking about. Conclusions: The results allow to identify different ways that the adults use for helping young child to improve his explanations.

Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta uma descrição do tipo de ajuda lingüística que os adultos lhes oferecem às crianças enquanto dão explicações sobre diversas questões. Metodologia: Se analisou uma amostra de onze minutos de interação entre uma pequena criança e seus avôs maternos, pois no transcurso destas conversações, as crianças têm muitas oportunidades de aprender não só dos objetos e eventos do mundo senão também da linguagem que é utilizado para se referir a eles, para aprender como se nomeiam as realidades, e em alguns casos como se participa delas. Resultados: Os adultos oferecem à criança diferentes recursos discursivos com os que promovem que este utilize termos que especifiquem as características que diferenciam os objetos aos que se esta referindo, adicione informação, organize e clarifique o que esta dizendo. Conclusões: a descrição da ajuda que lhe oferecem os adultos à criança permitiu identificar diferentes recursos discursivos (incitamento e reformulações), que promovem o desenvolvimento de explicações cada vez mais complexas.

[Interpretive reading of the antibiogram of enterobacteria]. / Lectura interpretada del antibiograma de enterobacterias.

Many of the resistance mechanisms of enterobacteria to antimicrobial agents are well understood; nevertheless several aspects remain unsolved, particularly with regard to prediction of clinical response. The resistance pattern observed in the antibiogram of a specific organism should be the sum of the natural resistance pattern, characteristic of the species, plus the acquired resistance. In enterobacteria the principal mechanism of resistance to beta lactams and aminoglycosides is enzyme production, Each enzyme recognizes one or more specific beta lactam or aminoglycoside, as a substrate. This translates as a specific resistance phenotype that allows one to infer the enzyme(s) implicated. Enzyme resistance is not, however, the only mechanism of resistance to these agents; often the pattern observed is multifactorial. Resistance to quinolones is due to point and sequence mutations which may be selected by initially active fluoroquinolones and cause a stepwise increase of resistance.

La docencia de la microbiología y parasitología en los estudios de grado de medicina y su adaptación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior / The teaching of microbiology and parasitology in undergraduate medical education and its adaptation to the European Higher Education Area

La creación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior nos ofrece una serie de oportunidades para emprender una reforma profunda de los estudios de medicina y un cambio en las formas de trabajo del alumnado y el profesorado. El Plan de Bolonia se ha de implementar antes de 2010 en los países firmantes, entre ellos España, y ha de permitir la homologación de formaciones y de títulos. El grado de medicina tiene que constar de 360 créditos europeos (ECTS) repartidos en 6 cursos académicos (60 créditos por curso). La Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona ha ultimado ya una propuesta de distribución de materias para el nuevo plan de estudios. En dicha propuesta se refuerza y revaloriza la enseñanza de los contenidos de la microbiología y parasitología (MyP) en relación con los planes de estudio vigentes, planteando de modo adecuado su ubicación, dimensión y competencias en el grado de medicina. La enseñanza de los contenidos de MyP médicas se incluye como una asignatura troncal de 8 ECTS en el tercer curso, y 2 asignaturas optativas de 2,5 y 3 ECTS a desarrollar en el primer semestre de quinto y sexto cursos, en el contexto de la mención "laboratorio clínico y experimental" (30 ECTS). Es de destacar también el papel relevante que ha de desempeñar la enseñanza de la microbiología en los aprendizajes integrados en medicina (AIM) en tercero, cuarto y quinto cursos. Los AIM son una innovación curricular que se basa en la planificación, organización y evaluación conjunta de una serie de asignaturas (24,5 ECTS) que se desarrollarán en grupos reducidos de alumnos y en formato de aprendizaje basado en problemas tutelados

The creation of the European Higher Education Area provides a series of opportunities for far-reaching reform of medical education and changes in the way both students and teachers work. The Bologna process must be implemented before 2010 in signatory countries, which include Spain, and must allow education and academic titles to be homologated. Medical degrees must consist of 360 European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) credits, divided into six academic years (60 credits per academic year). The Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Barcelona has already put the finishing touches to a proposal for the distribution of subjects in the new curriculum. This proposal strengthens and reassesses the teaching of microbiology and parasitology compared with current curricula, giving these subjects appropriate weight in undergraduate medical education. The teaching of medical microbiology and parasitology is included as a core subject worth 8 ECTS in the third year and two free-choice modules of 2.5 and 3 ECTS to be taken in the first semesters of the fifth and sixth years as part of the minor in "Clinical and Experimental Laboratory" (30 ECTS). The teaching of microbiology will also play an important role in the Integrated Learning in Medicine (INTEL-M) course in the third, fourth and fifth years. INTEL-M is an innovation in the syllabus based on the joint planning, organization and evaluation of a series of subjects (24.5 ECTS) that are developed in small groups of students and in the form of problem-based learning

Perfil clínico y patrones de manejo en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca atendidos ambulatoriamente en España: estudio INCA (Estudio Insuficiencia Cardíaca) / Clinical profile and management patterns in outpatients with heart failure in Spain: INCA study

ObjetivosConocer las características clínicas y el manejo terapéutico de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica atendidos ambulatoriamente en España.DiseñoEstudio transversal y multicéntrico.EmplazamientoAtencion primaria (AP) y consultas ambulatorias de cardiología.ParticipantesPacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica (con ecocardiograma realizado en todos ellos).MétodosRecogida de datos demográficos, clínicos y relativos al tratamiento de pacientes consecutivos que acudieron a la consulta (93 cardiólogos y 415 médicos de AP) con el diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardíaca en junio de 2006.ResultadosDatos válidos de 2.161 pacientes (1.412 de AP; 749 de cardiología). La media de edad era 70,9±10,6 años; el 55,62% eran varones. Entre los pacientes atendidos en cardiología había más varones y eran más jóvenes, con mejor grado funcional, menor fracción de eyección y menos comorbilidades que entre los atendidos en AP. Los fármacos más utilizados para tratar la insuficiencia cardíaca eran los fármacos que bloquean el sistema renina-angiotensina (IECA o ARA-II) (89,4%) y los diuréticos (84,91%), seguidos de los bloqueadores beta (43,96%). La presión arterial estaba controlada (< 130/80mmHg) en el 24,93% de los pacientes, y la diabetes mellitus en el 32,33% de los diabéticos (HbA1c<6,5%). El control de ambas era significativamente mejor en AP.ConclusionesNuestros resultados indican que existen diferencias en las características de los pacientes atendidos en ambos ámbitos asistenciales, y que se ha producido una mejora en la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico en comparación con estudios previos y se aproximan más a lo recomendado por las guías de insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. A pesar de ello, el control de la presión arterial y la diabetes mellitus es insuficiente(AU)

AimTo assess clinical characteristics and treatment management of out-patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in Spain.DesignCross-sectional study.LocationPrimary care (PC) centres and cardiology out-patient clinics.PatientsCHF patients (all had an echocardiography performed).MethodsData were collected from consecutive patients who attended clinics (93 cardiologist and 415 PC physicians) with a diagnosis of CHF during June 2006.ResultsThe study subjects were 2161 CHF patients (1412 PC; 749 Cardiology), with a mean age was 70.9±10.6 years and 55.62% were males. Patients followed up in cardiology were younger, the majority were male, had a better functional class, lower ejection fraction, and fewer co-morbidities than those followed up in PC. The most used treatments were drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system (ACEi or ARB) (89.4%) and diuretics (84.91%), followed by beta-blockers (43.96%). Blood pressure (< 130/80mmHg) was controlled in 24.93% of the patients, and diabetes mellitus in 32.33% of the diabetics (HbA1c<6.5%). Both risk factors were significantly better in PC.ConclusionsThe INCA results show different clinical characteristics between patients followed up in the two health care levels. The pharmacological treatment has improved since previous studies and is closer to that recommended in chronic heart failure guidelines. Nevertheless, blood pressure and diabetes mellitus control are still insufficient(AU)

Colestasis intrahepática e insuficiencia hepática debidas a amiloidosis / Intrahepatic cholestasis and hepatic failure due to hepatic amyloidosis

No disponible

Lectura interpretada del antibiograma de enterobacterias / Interpretative reading of the antibiogram of enterobacteria

No disponible