Design and study of psychometric properties of the Community Attitude to Abortion Scale (CAAS) with the Chilean population: Autonomy and Stigma.

Introduction: Attitudes toward abortion are related to structural, cultural, and direct gender-based violence. This violence can affect women's mental, physical and reproductive health. Therefore, it is essential to know the nature of community attitudes toward abortion. Since we currently do not have an instrument that measures attitudes towards abortion in Chile, we set the objective of this study to design the Community Attitude to Abortion Scale (CAAS) and analyze its psychometric properties in a Chilean community population. Methods: This work is an instrumental design study. Using a sampling of panelists by sociodemographic quotas, we obtained a sample of 1,223 participants with a mean age of 36.7 years (SD = 13.56). Results: As a result, we obtained a scale of 18 items and two correlated factors, Autonomy and Stigma. This structure fits better as an Exploratory Structural Equations Model (ESEM). Both factors have excellent internal consistency. In addition, we obtained evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity: The scores on the factors of the Universal Religious Involvement Scale (I-E12) correlated negatively with Autonomy and positively with Stigma; participants with low levels of identification with a right-wing political orientation, with high levels of identification with a leftwing, pro-feminist, pro-LGBTQ +, and pro-euthanasia political orientation, obtained higher mean scores on Autonomy and lower on Stigma. Discussion: The CAAS is an adequate tool for use with the Chilean community population, with evidence of consistency and validity. La CAAS is the first tool to measure attitudes to abortion in this country.

Dating Victimization Among Chilean University Students: Gender Roles and Christian Spirituality.

This correlational-multivariate, cross-sectional quantitative study differentially determined by sex the prevalence of dating victimization by violence, the self-perception of victimization, and the attempt to ask for help to end a problematic relationship, as well as analyzing the explanatory weight of the attitudes to gender roles and Christian spirituality on these variables. The study sample, non-probabilistic and by convenience, was comprised of 759 Chilean university students. 63.9% were women and the average age was 20.5 years (SD=1.69). Men report suffering more physical violence and violence by coercion, and women have more tools to perceive their situation of victimization and to ask for help. Transcendent attitudes are a protective factor, stereotypes a risk factor, and the influence of religion is paradoxical. However, the explanatory power of these variables is low. In conclusion, dating violence is a problem present in the study sample, with the experience of victimization being different for men and women.

Este estudio cuantitativo transversal correlacional-multivariado, determinó de manera diferencial por sexo, la prevalencia de victimización por violencia en el noviazgo, la autopercepción de victimización y la intención de petición de ayuda para finalizar una relación problemática, además de analizar el peso explicativo de las actitudes ante los roles de género y la espiritualidad cristiana sobre estas variables. La muestra de estudio, no probabilística y por conveniencia, se compuso de 759 universitarios chilenos. El 63.9% fueron mujeres y la edad promedio fue de 20.5 años (SD=1.69). Ellos reportan sufrir más violencia por coerción y física, y ellas tienen más herramientas para percibir su situación de victimización y pedir ayuda. Las actitudes trascendentes son un factor protector, las estereotipadas un factor de riesgo y la influencia de la religión es paradójica. No obstante, el poder explicativo de estas variables es bajo. Se concluye que la violencia en el noviazgo es un problema presente en la muestra de estudio, siendo la experiencia de victimización diferente para hombres y mujeres.

Classification of Microarray Data.

The automatic classification of DNA microarray data is one of the hot topics in the field of bioinformatics, since it is an effective tool for the diagnosis of diseases in patients. The aim of this chapter is to present the most relevant aspects related to the classification of microarrays. We carried out an analysis of the strategies used for the classification of microarray data and a review of the main methods used in the literature. In addition, other related aspects are addressed as the reduction of dimensionality, to try to eliminate redundant information in genes, or the treatment of imbalanced data and missing of data. To conclude, we present an exhaustive review of the main scientific works in journals to show the most successful techniques applied in this discipline as well as the most used datasets to verify their effectiveness.

LANN-SVD: A Non-Iterative SVD-Based Learning Algorithm for One-Layer Neural Networks.

In the scope of data analytics, the volume of a data set can be defined as a product of instance size and dimensionality of the data. In many real problems, data sets are mainly large only on one of these aspects. Machine learning methods proposed in the literature are able to efficiently learn in only one of these two situations, when the number of variables is much greater than instances or vice versa. However, there is no proposal allowing to efficiently handle either circumstances in a large-scale scenario. In this brief, we present an approach to integrally address both situations, large dimensionality or large instance size, by using a singular value decomposition (SVD) within a learning algorithm for one-layer feedforward neural network. As a result, a noniterative solution is obtained, where the weights can be calculated in a closed-form manner, thereby avoiding low convergence rate and also hyperparameter tuning. The proposed learning method, LANN-SVD in short, presents a good computational efficiency for large-scale data analytic. Comprehensive comparisons were conducted to assess LANN-SVD against other state-of-the-art algorithms. The results of this brief exhibited the superior efficiency of the proposed method in any circumstance.

The Gender Role Attitude Scale (GRAS) as an alternative for the crisis in the measurement of attitudes towards gender roles in Latin America: a study in Chilean university students / La Escala de Actitudes de Roles de Género (GRAS) como una alternativa para la crisis en la medición de actitudes hacia los roles de género en América Latina: un estudio en universitarios chilenos

We have experienced sociocultural changes, which have favored the development of egalitarian gender role attitudes (GRA). Nevertheless, the revolution in gender roles is incomplete, and the lack of equity in social structures limits the individual experiences in equality. In the face of this reality, the scientific community is demanding a modernized system for measuring GRA. We present adaptation, evidence of factorial and convergent validity, accuracy, ceiling and floor effect, norms of interpretation by sex, and analyses of the easiest and most difficult GRAs to modify in the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). We used a sample of 1013 Chilean university students. The GRAS has a two-factor structure that evaluates stereotyped and transcendent attitudes of gender roles in the family, social, and work contexts. The scale presents convergent validity with a sexual double standard measure and is more reliable in the low scores of transcendence and the high scores of stereotyped attitudes. Transcendent factor had a ceiling effect, and stereotyped attitudes had a floor effect. Family gender roles are the easiest to change, and work-related roles the most difficult. The authors discuss the need for a structural change to reactivate the revolution of gender roles in Chile.(AU)

Hemos experimentado cambios socioculturales que han favorecido el desarrollo de actitudes de roles de género (GRA) más igualitarias. Sin embargo, actualmente la revolución en los roles de género está incompleta y la falta de equidad en las estructuras sociales limita las experiencias individuales en igualdad. Ante esta realidad, la comunidad científica exige un sistema modernizado para medir GRA. Presentamos adaptación, evidencia de validez factorial y convergente, precisión, efecto techo y piso, normas de interpretación por sexo, y análisis del GRA más fácil y difícil de modificar, para la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en una muestra de 1013 universitarios chilenos. La EARG tiene una estructura bifactorial que evalúa actitudes estereotipadas y trascendentes en contextos familiares, sociales y laborales. Presenta validez convergente con una medida de doble estándar sexual y es más confiable en niveles bajos de trascendencia y niveles altos de actitudes estereotipadas. El factor trascendente tuvo un efecto techo, y las actitudes estereotipadas un efecto suelo. Los roles familiares de género son los más fáciles de cambiar, y los relacionados con el trabajo los más difíciles. Se discute la necesidad de un cambio estructural para reactivar la revolución de los roles de género en Chile.(AU)

La psicopatía: Una revisión bibliográfica y bibliométrica / A psicopatia: uma revisão bibliográfica e bibliométrica / Psychopathy: a Bibliographic and Bibliometric Review

La psicopatía es un trastorno de personalidad caracterizado tanto por la falta de afecto, remordimientos y empatía como por seducción, manipulación y utilización del otro. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión bibliométrica sobre los artículos de revistas científicas recogidos en la plataforma de datos PsycINFO, hasta febrero del 2013, en base a los descriptores "Psychopathy" y "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Los resultados ofrecen información sobre: la evolución y tratamiento de ambos términos, la productividad anual, lugar de publicación, revistas científicas, autores más prolíficos, conceptos clave más utilizados, así como se concretizan los esfuerzos en muestras penitenciarias, mediante la realización de un análisis del contenido de los principales autores y la intervención en la psicopatía, lo que nos permite observar la necesidad de aumentar los criterios de diagnóstico de la psicopatía, aludiendo a la perspectiva de género, al contexto social, y a las características de personalidad(AU)

A psicopatía é um transtorno de personalidade caracterizado tanto por falta de afeto, remorsos e empatía como sedução, manipulação e uso do outro. Nosso objetivo é realizar uma revisão bibliométrica de artigos em revistas científicas recolhidas no banco de dados PsycINFO até fevereiro de 2013, a partir dos descritores "Psicopatia" e "Transtorno da Personalidade Anti-Social". Os resultados fornecem informações sobre: o desenvolvimento e tratamento de ambos os termos, a produtividade anual, local de publicação, revistas científicas, autores mais produtivos, conceitos-chave mais utilizados, assim como os esforços em amostras penitenciárias realizando uma análise de conteúdo dos principais autores e a intervenção em psicopatia, permitindo mostrar a necessidade de incrementar os critérios de diagnóstico de psicopatia, em referência ao gênero, ao contexto social e à caracteristicas de personalidade(AU)

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized both by a lack of affection, remorse and empathy, as by the ability to seduce, manipulate and use other people. Our goal is to perform a bibliometric review of articles published in scientific journals listed in the PsycINFO database by February 2013, using the keywords "Psychopathy" and "Antisocial Personality Disorder". The results provide information on the evolution and treatment of both terms; annual productivity; place of publication; recurrent scientific journals; most prolific authors; most popular keywords; as well as efforts undertaken in prison samples. Content analysis of the main authors show the need to increase diagnostic criteria for psychopathy according to gender, social context and personality traits(AU)

La psicopatía: una revisión bibliográfica y bibliométrica / A psicopatia: uma revisão bibliográfica e bibliométrica / Psychopathy: a bibliographic and bibliometric review

La psicopatía es un trastorno de personalidad caracterizado tanto por la falta de afecto, remordimientos y empatía como por seducción, manipulación y utilización del otro. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión bibliométrica sobre los artículos de revistas científicas recogidos en la plataforma de datos PsycINFO, hasta febrero del 2013, en base a los descriptores "Psychopathy" y "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Los resultados ofrecen información sobre: la evolución y tratamiento de ambos términos, la productividad anual, lugar de publicación, revistas científicas, autores más prolíficos, conceptos clave más utilizados, así como se concretizan los esfuerzos en muestras penitenciarias, mediante la realización de un análisis del contenido de los principales autores y la intervención en la psicopatía, lo que nos permite observar la necesidad de aumentar los criterios de diagnóstico de la psicopatía, aludiendo a la perspectiva de género, al contexto social, y a las características de personalidad.

A psicopatía é um transtorno de personalidade caracterizado tanto por falta de afeto, remorsos e empatía como sedução, manipulação e uso do outro. Nosso objetivo é realizar uma revisão bibliométrica de artigos em revistas científicas recolhidas no banco de dados PsycINFO até fevereiro de 2013, a partir dos descritores "Psicopatia" e "Transtorno da Personalidade Anti-Social". Os resultados fornecem informações sobre: o desenvolvimento e tratamento de ambos os termos, a produtividade anual, local de publicação, revistas científicas, autores mais produtivos, conceitos-chave mais utilizados, assim como os esforços em amostras penitenciárias realizando uma análise de conteúdo dos principais autores e a intervenção em psicopatia, permitindo mostrar a necessidade de incrementar os critérios de diagnóstico de psicopatia, em referência ao gênero, ao contexto social e à caracteristicas de personalidade.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized both by a lack of affection, remorse and empathy, as by the ability to seduce, manipulate and use other people. Our goal is to perform a bibliometric review of articles published in scientific journals listed in the PsycINFO database by February 2013, using the keywords "Psychopathy" and "Antisocial Personality Disorder". The results provide information on the evolution and treatment of both terms; annual productivity; place of publication; recurrent scientific journals; most prolific authors; most popular keywords; as well as efforts undertaken in prison samples. Content analysis of the main authors show the need to increase diagnostic criteria for psychopathy according to gender, social context and personality traits.

Relación entre el uso de sustancias psicoactivas y el maltrato familiar: Un análisis en población penitenciaria / Relationship between psychoactive substance use and family maltreatment: a prison population analysis

El estudio se ha enmarcado en el análisis de la relación entre el contexto familiar y conductas infractores a corta edad, a considerar delictivas en la edad adulta, con el consumo de drogas, siendo el objetivo establecer la posible influencia que el maltrato familiar durante el período de socialización tiene en una edad temprana de inicio de un consumo de drogas en una muestra de reclusos del establecimiento penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España). El estudio se realizó con un total de 157 internos que participaron de manera voluntaria, a la vez que se considera como variable predictora la violencia física y psicológica de los padres y hermanos y variable criterio el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. De los resultados obtenidos a través del análisis de supervivencia, mediante el método de regresión de Cox, y mediado, tanto por el estado del interno como por el delito cometido por el que cumplen condena en prisión, se concluye la importancia del maltrato sufrido en el seno familiar, en el inicio del consumo más temprano de tabaco, alcohol, cocaína, heroína y anfetaminas según el nivel de reincidencia, así como en el inicio de consumo de alcohol, cannabis, fármacos, cocaína, anfetaminas y drogas de diseño según el tipo de delito (AU)

The present study is framed within the analysis of the relation-ship between family background and offending behaviour at young age, considered crime during adulthood; and drug use. The aim is to establish the possible influence of family maltreatment experienced during the socialization period on the early onset of drug use in a sample of prison inmates from the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain). The study was performed with a total of 157 inmates who participated voluntarily. Physical and psychological violence exercised by parents and siblings was considered a predicting variable, with psychoactive substances consumption being considered a dependent variable. Analysis of survival was performed using the Cox regression method, and is therefore mediated by both the type of inmate (i.e. primary or recidivist) and the type of crime for which they are serving time in prison. According to the rate of recidivism, results reveal the importance of maltreatment experienced within families in the earlier onset of tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines use. Likewise, according to the type of crime, maltreatment within the family influences the initiation of alcohol, cannabis, prescription drugs, cocaine, amphetamines and designer drugs consumption (AU)