Victimization and Perception of Abuse in Adolescent and Young Homosexual and Heterosexual Couples in Spain.

Currently, violence in adolescent and young couples has a significant social impact on young people's physical and psychological health. However, the study of violence in homosexual couples must also be addressed. This research analyzes the levels of violent victimization and the perception of abuse in both homosexual and heterosexual couples. Participants' ages ranged between 14 and 29 years (M = 20.14, SD = 3.464). We used The Dating Violence Questionnaire-Revised (CUIVNO-R), which was applied in two consecutive studies. The results indicate high levels of victimization, especially in the sample of homosexual participants. The scores generally show a low perception of couple violence but high victimization rates. The results of this study reveal the importance of the issue of violence in couples from minority groups and suggest that couple violence should not be understood as unidirectional, i.e., exclusively from men to women. These findings show the need for education in healthy relationships and consideration of different types of couples in these relationships.

[Decision making in cannabis users]. / Toma de decisiones en consumidores de cannabis.

Several neuropsychological studies have shown that chronic cannabis users have cognitive impairments, including decision-making process. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the process, through the somatic marker hypothesis in a sample of 41 cannabis users compared with a control group of equal size, and to analyze the influence of age, sex, education level, age of onset and amount of daily consumption. In order to do that, the software "Cartas" (similar to the Iowa Gambling Task), was used, implementing its two versions: normal and reverse. The results show significant differences between cannabis users and control group in the normal and reverse task execution. By block analysis, the control group obtained higher scores in the normal task execution, however, in the reverse task, the differences between groups are present in the initial task execution but not final task execution. None of the analyzed variables (age, sex ...) are significantly related to task performance. These results suggest the existence of alterations in the decision making process of consumers cannabis, which may relate to the difficulty in generating somatic markers, and not for insensitivity punishments insensitivity.

The Role of Developmental Assets in Gender Differences in Anxiety in Spanish Youth.

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychological disorders during emerging adulthood. Some consistent gender differences have been reported in anxiety with women suffering more anxiety than men, which has detrimental consequences in most life spheres in the youth and later life stages. The understanding of the development of anxiety in emerging adulthood requires a developmental perspective. The Developmental Assets Theory was postulated to describe the individual and the contextual resources which may foster positive youth development and mental health. The present study aims to analyze to what extent the gender differences in anxiety may be partly explained by gender differences in developmental assets. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in which a sample of 1,044 youths (75.5% women; age range = 18-28; M age = 20.47, SD = 3.08) enrolled in 11 universities from different regions in Spain filled in self-report measures of developmental assets and anxiety symptoms. The participants completed an online survey with the scales, Developmental Assets Profile developed by the Search Institute (1) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (2). The results showed more anxiety in the female subsample (at both the symptoms and clinical levels). Some gender differences in developmental assets were also observed. A partial mediation model, based on regression analyses, indicated that gender differences in anxiety were partly explained by gender differences in developmental assets. Thus, higher anxiety in the women was partly due to lower scores in positive identity and higher scores in positive values. These results suggested the need to design programs to prevent anxiety with specific measures for women youth to nurture positive identity and promote strengths and coping skills that allow them to get the benefits of well-being derived from positive values, thus, preventing worry and stress overload, which may lead to anxiety.

Dating Violence Questionnaire for Victimization and Perpetration (DVQ-VP): An interdependence analysis of self-reports.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Although measurement instruments for intimate partner violence (IPV) are available, their validity considering the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports based on dyadic reports has not been tested. The aim was to test the validity and reliability of a new version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ-R) that includes the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports using current couple information. Method: Participants were young adults comprising 616 current heterosexual couples. Each dyad member responded to the victimization and perpetration versions of the DVQ-R independently from their partner. Results: The victimization-perpetration interdependence model based on dyadic data showed a good fit to the data and was invariant across sexes. All the factors were significantly correlated with each other and were reliable. Conclusions: The DVQ is a valid and reliable measurement instrument for the independent assessment of IPV perpetration and victimization in adolescent and young adult populations and an interdependent measure of IPV victimization and perpetration. The DVQ-VP is invariant across sexes, which makes the results obtained for males and females comparable. These results show the relevance of considering perpetration and victimization together and emphasize the necessity to be cautious regarding the excessive reliability of individual self-reported perpetration or victimization to obtain more precise knowledge.

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Aunque existen instrumentos de medida de la violencia en la pareja (IPV), no se ha evaluado su validez considerando la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración con datos diádicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CuViNo) incluyendo la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración de los miembros de parejas actuales. Método: Seiscientas dieciséis parejas heterosexuales de adultos jóvenes participaron en el estudio. Cada participante respondió de manera independiente a las versiones de victimización y perpetración del CuViNo. Resultados: El modelo de interdependencia victimización-perpetración basado en datos diádicos mostró un buen ajuste a los datos e invarianza entre sexos. Todos los factores correlacionaron significativamente y fueron fiables. Conclusiones: El CuViNo es un instrumento válido y fiable para la medición independiente de perpetración y victimización de IPV en adolescentes y adultos-jóvenes, pero también para la medición interdependiente de ambas. El CuViNo también es invariante entre sexos, lo que permite comparar los resultados de hombres y mujeres. Estos resultados muestran la relevancia de tener en cuenta la interdependencia entre victimización y perpetración, así como de cuidar la excesiva confianza en los autoinformes individuales centrados en la perpetración o la victimización a la hora de alcanzar un conocimiento preciso.

Relationships of Adolescent and Young Couples with Violent Behaviors: Conflict Resolution Strategies.

Violence in adolescent and young couples is a major issue given its high prevalence and the serious consequences that it brings. For this reason, this research has stated two main objectives. In the first place, to ascertain the level of agreement between both members of the couple both with regard to occurrence and frequency of violence. Second, to ascertain the level of agreement on the frequency of use of conflict resolution strategies in problematic situations in 141 heterosexual couples. The age of the sample was between 17 and 30. The tools used were the DVQ-R questionnaire and the Spanish adaptation by Bonache, Ramírez-Santana, and González-Mendez (2016) of the Inventory of Conflict Resolution Styles (CSRI)The results indicate that of the 141 couples in the sample, 112 were identified as violent, thus indicating a high prevalence of violence within their partner relationships. Regarding the levels of agreement and accordance, statistically significant discrepancies are reflected in the perception of violence between men and women, analyzing both roles (aggression and victimization). Finally, also noteworthy is use of the strategy of negative involvement in conflicts, with significant differences in relation to sex; it is the girls who make the most use of this strategy, and the high level of agreement on the frequency of problem-solving is reflected on that strategy.

Adolescent Conflict and Young Adult Couple Relationships: Directionality of Violence.

The objective of this research was to study victimization and aggression in adolescent and young couple relationships, as well as to identify the directionality of violence perpetration in a sample of 984 people between 15 and 31 years of age, of which 58.2% were women and 41.8% were men. Regarding the educational level of the population under study, 26% were students of junior high school, senior high school, or vocational training and 56.5% were college students. The research design followed the nonprobability purposive sampling method and used the DVQ-R questionnaire. The results suggest that violence is 65.2% bidirectional and 14.30% unidirectional, being bidirectionality more frequent in psychological violence and decreasing when physical violence occurs. The results reveal the need to integrate the different modalities of dating violence (unidirectional and bidirectional) and unperceived violence -that gives rise to technical abuse- into the different prevention programs addressed to adolescents and youth.

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido estudiar la victimización y la agresión en las relaciones de parejas adolescentes y jóvenes, así como comprobar la direccionalidad de la violencia perpetrada a través del estudio de 984 personas. Las edades están comprendidas entre los 15 y los 31 años de edad. En cuanto a la distribución de los sexos, el 58.2% son mujeres y el 41.8% restante hombres. Respecto al nivel educativo de la muestra, el 56.5% son universitarios y el 26% tienen estudios secundarios, bachillerato o formación profesional. El diseño de la investigación ha sido de tipo no probabilístico intencional. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Cuvino-R (Rodríguez-Díaz et al., 2017). Los resultados indican que la violencia se muestra bidireccional en un 65,2% y unidireccional en un 14,30%, siendo la bidireccionalidad más frecuente en la violencia psicológica, y disminuyendo cuando se agrava la conducta con violencia física. Con base en estos resultados, se debería discutir la necesidad de integrar las diferentes modalidades de violencia en la relación (Unidireccional o Bidireccional) y la violencia no percibida que da lugar al maltrato técnico en los diferentes campos de la prevención con adolescentes y jóvenes.

Age of onset of cannabis use and decision making under uncertainty.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis, like other substances, negatively affects health, inducing respiratory problems and mental and cognitive alterations. Memory and learning disorders, as well as executive dysfunctions, are also neuropsychological disorders associated to cannabis use. Recent evidence reveals that cannabis use during adolescence may disrupt the normal development of the brain. This study is aimed to analyze possible differences between early-onset and late-onset cannabis consumers. METHOD: We used a task based on a card game with four decks and different programs of gains/losses. A total of 72 subjects (19 women; 53 men) participated in the study; they were selected through a purposive sampling and divided into three groups: early-onset consumers, late-onset consumers, and control (non-consumers). The task used was the "Cartas" program (computerized version based on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)), with two versions: direct and inverse. The computational model "Prospect Valence Learning" (PVL) was applied in order to describe the decision according to four characteristics: utility, loss aversion, recency, and consistency. RESULTS: The results evidence worst performance in the IGT in the early-onset consumers as compared to late-onset consumers and control. Differences between groups were also found in the PVL computational model parameters, since the process of decision making of the early-onset consumers was more influenced by the magnitude of the gains-losses, and more determined by short-term results without loss aversion. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset cannabis use may involve decision-making problems, and therefore intervention programs are necessary in order to reduce the prevalence and delay the onset of cannabis use among teenagers.

Validation of Dating Violence Questionnarie-R (DVQ-R).

Despite the growing interest in the study of dating violence, relatively few psychometrically sound instruments are available to researchers. To provide an instrument to researchers and professionals to assess victimization in dating relationships, with adequate psychometric properties. Method: Participants were 6,138 adolescents drawn from the general population, 25% of which were university students. Participants responded to the original Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). Results: Confirmatory analyses results provided evidence of a clear factorial structure that was invariant through sex groups. The DVQ-R measures with 20 items five dimensions of abuse in affective interpersonal relationships of adolescents and youth: Detachment, Humiliation, Coercion, Physical and Sexual violence. Internal consistency indexes were adequate for both each one of the five dimensions as well as for the general scale. Conclusions: The DVQ-R is an useful assessment to be applied in adolescents and youth. Implications for research and intervention are discussed in light of the results obtained.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: La problemática de las relaciones afectivas entre los jóvenes ofrece como punto débil el no contar con un instrumento específico, válido y fiable. El objetivo es ofrecer un instrumento fácil de administrar a los investigadores y los profesionales para evaluar la victimización en las relaciones afectivas de adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: Los participantes son 6.138 adolescentes y jóvenes, con un 25% de universitarios. Se administró la versión original de 42 ítems del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CUVINO). Resultados: Los datos ofrecen unos índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, a la vez que una buena consistencia interna de la prueba, tanto para el total como para cada uno de los factores; a su vez, el análisis de invarianza factorial por multigrupo indica un ajuste adecuado para la variable sexo. La versión breve de 20 ítems evalúa cinco dimensiones: Desapego, Humillación, Coerción, Violencia física y Violencia sexual. Conclusiones: El CUVINO-R es un instrumento de evaluación útil para ser aplicado en adolescentes y jóvenes. Se discuten implicaciones para la investigación y la intervención desde los resultados obtenidos.

Cognitive Mechanisms in Decision-Making in Patients With Mild Alzheimer Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's dementia is characterized by significant cortical and subcortical atrophy, causing diverse neuropsychological deficits. According to the somatic marker hypothesis, the areas responsible for generating the somatic markers that anticipate the consequences of a decision and thereby optimize the process would be affected in these patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiment is to study the decision-making processes in Alzheimer type dementia patients to determine potential deficits in these processes as a result of the disease, aside from the cognitive impairment that is typical of aging. In addition, we wish to determine the defining characteristics of decision-making in these patients, on the basis of the prospect valence-learning parameters. METHOD: We evaluated 30 patients with Alzheimer's disease and a control group of 30 healthy subjects. A short version of the Iowa Gambling Task was used. RESULTS: The results showed that patients made less advantageous choices than did controls. Group differences were quantitative and qualitative, as significant differences in cognitive mechanisms identified in the prospect valence-learning decisions were observed. These results are consistent with evidence from neuroimaging studies as well as with work carried out with amnesic patients. CONCLUSION: That problems in our patients' decision-making could be due to the characteristic memory deficits of this disease, which prevents them from establishing new stimulus-reward relationships and eliminating previously learned responses as a result of the parietal and temporal atrophy they present.

Dating Violence Questionnaire for Victimization and Perpetration (DVQ-VP): An Interdependence Analysis of Self-Reports / Dating Violence Questionnaire for Victimization and Perpetration (DVQ-VP): un análisis de la interdependencia de los autoinformes en parejas

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Aunque existen instrumentos de medida de la violencia en la pareja (IPV), no se ha evaluado su validez considerando la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración con datos diádicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CuViNo) incluyendo la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración de los miembros de parejas actuales. Método: Seiscientas dieciséis parejas heterosexuales de adultos jóvenes participaron en el estudio. Cada participante respondió de manera independiente a las versiones de victimización y perpetración del CuViNo. Resultados: El modelo de interdependencia victimización-perpetración basado en datos diádicos mostró un buen ajuste a los datos e invarianza entre sexos. Todos los factores correlacionaron significativamente y fueron fiables. Conclusiones: El CuViNo es un instrumento válido y fiable para la medición independiente de perpetración y victimización de IPV en adolescentes y adultos-jóvenes, pero también para la medición interdependiente de ambas. El CuViNo también es invariante entre sexos, lo que permite comparar los resultados de hombres y mujeres. Estos resultados muestran la relevancia de tener en cuenta la interdependencia entre victimización y perpetración, así como de cuidar la excesiva confianza en los autoinformes individuales centrados en la perpetración o la victimización a la hora de alcanzar un conocimiento preciso.

Background/Objective: Although measurement instruments for intimate partner violence (IPV) are available, their validity considering the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports based on dyadic reports has not been tested. The aim was to test the validity and reliability of a new version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ–R) that includes the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports using current couple information. Method: Participants were young adults comprising 616 current heterosexual couples. Each dyad member responded to the victimization and perpetration versions of the DVQ-R independently from their partner. Results: The victimization-perpetration interdependence model based on dyadic data showed a good fit to the data and was invariant across sexes. All the factors were significantly correlated with each other and were reliable. Conclusions: The DVQ is a valid and reliable measurement instrument for the independent assessment of IPV perpetration and victimization in adolescent and young adult populations and an interdependent measure of IPV victimization and perpetration. The DVQ–VP is invariant across sexes, which makes the results obtained for males and females comparable. These results show the relevance of considering perpetration and victimization together and emphasize the necessity to be cautious regarding the excessive reliability of individual self-reported perpetration or victimization to obtain more precise knowledge.

Development of the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) amongst young Spanish people.

Gender roles depend on the attitudes and beliefs about them, which at the same time facilitate the formation of stereotypes that will foster violence in interpersonal relationships in couples. The assessment tools used tend to represent the sexist attitude towards women, without taking into account that men can also be recipients of the same behavior from their partner. The objective of the study is to provide an improved scale for the assessment of gender role attitudes, based on the theoretical perspective of gender equality. The sample comprises 2,136 young Spanish men and women, students in Vocational Training (Spanish acronym FP) and at university in the age range 15-26 years old. The results show the existence of a single bipolar factor - transcendent attitudes vs. sexist attitudes - fulfilling psychometric fit indices, and providing the basis for modifying attitudes depending on the difficulty of the items for such modification. The implications for intervention are oriented based on the perspective of prevention and changing sexist gender attitudes.

Los roles de género dependen de las actitudes y creencias acerca de los mismos, lo que al mismo tiempo facilita la formación de estereotipos que favorecerán la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales de pareja. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados tienden a representar la actitud sexista hacia las mujeres sin tener presente que los hombres pueden ser también receptores del mismo comportamiento por parte de su pareja. El objetivo del estudio es crear una escala mejorada para la evaluación de las actitudes de rol de género, tomando como base la perspectiva teórica de la igualdad de género. La muestra está formada por 2.136 jóvenes españoles de ambos sexos, estudiantes de Formación Profesional (FP) y Universitarios, cuyas edades están en el rango de 15 a 26 años. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un único factor bipolar -actitudes trascendentes vs. actitudes sexistas- cumpliendo los índices de ajuste psicométricos, y ofreciendo las bases de la modificación de las actitudes en función de la dificultad de los ítems para dicho cambio. Las implicaciones para la intervención se orientan en base a la perspectiva de la prevención y el cambio de actitudes sexistas de género.

Concordancia en la percepción de conductas violentas en parejas adolescentes / Concordance in the perception of violent behavior in adolescent couples

Resumen La violencia entre parejas de adolescentes es un tema de relevancia a nivel social, destacando por sus tasas de prevalencia y graves consecuencias. Como objetivo, se plantea comprobar los niveles de prevalencia de sucesos violentos en parejas adolescentes y jóvenes, y determinar los niveles de concordancia en la ocurrencia de la violencia en base a la información aportada por ambos miembros de la pareja. La muestra se conforma de 106 parejas con un rango de edad entre 18 y 30 años. Se aplicó de forma independiente el cuestionario de violencia entre novios, versión para parejas (CUVINO-VA). Los resultados reflejaron una alta prevalencia de violencia en sus relaciones de noviazgo y elevadas discrepancias en su percepción, estadísticamente significativas, tanto en varones como mujeres tanto en los roles de agresión como de victimización.

Abstract Violence between adolescent couples is a topic of social relevance, highlighted by its prevalence rates and its serious consequences. As an objective, it is proposed to check the levels of prevalence of violent events in adolescent and young couples and to determine the levels of concordance in the occurrence of violence during courtship based on the information provided by both members of the same couple. The sample consists of 106 couples with an age range between 18 and 30 years, to who was applied independently the questionnaire of violence between dating, in its version for couples (CUVINO-VA). The results reflected a high prevalence of violence in their dating relationships and high discrepancies in their perception, statistically significant, in both men and women in both the roles of aggression and victimization.

Validation of Dating Violence Questionnarie-R (DVQ-R) / Validación del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios-Revisado (CUVINO-R)

Background/Objective: Despite the growing interest in the study of dating violence, relatively few psychometrically sound instruments are available to researchers. To provide an instrument to researchers and professionals to assess victimization in dating relationships, with adequate psychometric properties. Method: Participants were 6,138 adolescents drawn from the general population, 25% of which were university students. Participants responded to the original Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ). Results: Confirmatory analyses results provided evidence of a clear factorial structure that was invariant through sex groups. The DVQ-R measures with 20 items five dimensions of abuse in affective interpersonal relationships of adolescents and youth: Detachment, Humiliation, Coercion, Physical and Sexual violence. Internal consistency indexes were adequate for both each one of the five dimensions as well as for the general scale. Conclusions: The DVQ-R is an useful assessment to be applied in adolescents and youth. Implications for research and intervention are discussed in light of the results obtained (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: La problemática de las relaciones afectivas entre los jóvenes ofrece como punto débil el no contar con un instrumento específico, válido y fiable. El objetivo es ofrecer un instrumento fácil de administrar a los investigadores y los profesionales para evaluar la victimización en las relaciones afectivas de adolescentes y jóvenes. Método: Los participantes son 6.138 adolescentes y jóvenes, con un 25% de universitarios. Se administró la versión original de 42 ítems del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CUVINO). Resultados: Los datos ofrecen unos índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio, a la vez que una buena consistencia interna de la prueba, tanto para el total como para cada uno de los factores; a su vez, el análisis de invarianza factorial por multigrupo indica un ajuste adecuado para la variable sexo. La versión breve de 20 ítems evalúa cinco dimensiones: Desapego, Humillación, Coerción, Violencia física y Violencia sexual. Conclusiones: El CUVINO-R es un instrumento de evaluación útil para ser aplicado en adolescentes y jóvenes. Se discuten implicaciones para la investigación y la intervención desde los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Development of the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) amongst young Spanish people / Desarrollo de la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en jóvenes españoles

Gender roles depend on the attitudes and beliefs about them, which at the same time facilitate the formation of stereotypes that will foster violence in interpersonal relationships in couples. The assessment tools used tend to represent the sexist attitude towards women, without taking into account that men can also be recipients of the same behavior from their partner. The objective of the study is to provide an improved scale for the assessment of gender role attitudes, based on the theoretical perspective of gender equality. The sample comprises 2,136 young Spanish men and women, students in Vocational Training (Spanish acronym FP) and at university in the age range 15-26 years old. The results show the existence of a single bipolar factor - transcendent attitudes vs. sexist attitudes - fulfilling psychometric fit indices, and providing the basis for modifying attitudes depending on the difficulty of the items for such modification. The implications for intervention are oriented based on the perspective of prevention and changing sexist gender attitudes (AU)

Los roles de género dependen de las actitudes y creencias acerca de los mismos, lo que al mismo tiempo facilita la formación de estereotipos que favorecerán la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales de pareja. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados tienden a representar la actitud sexista hacia las mujeres sin tener presente que los hombres pueden ser también receptores del mismo comportamiento por parte de su pareja. El objetivo del estudio es crear una escala mejorada para la evaluación de las actitudes de rol de género, tomando como base la perspectiva teórica de la igualdad de género. La muestra está formada por 2.136 jóvenes españoles de ambos sexos, estudiantes de Formación Profesional (FP) y Universitarios, cuyas edades están en el rango de 15 a 26 años. Los resultados muestran la existencia de un único factor bipolar -actitudes trascendentes vs. actitudes sexistas- cumpliendo los índices de ajuste psicométricos, y ofreciendo las bases de la modificación de las actitudes en función de la dificultad de los ítems para dicho cambio. Las implicaciones para la intervención se orientan en base a la perspectiva de la prevención y el cambio de actitudes sexistas de género (AU)

Mecanismos cognitivos en la toma de decisiones arriesgadas en consumidores de cannabis / Cognitive mechanisms in risky decisionmaking in cannabis users

Se exploraron las relaciones entre consumo de cannabis y los procesos de toma de decisiones. Se empleó una versión informática de la Iowa Gambling Task (programa Cartas) en sus versiones normal e inversa y se aplicó el modelo Prospect Valence Learning (PVL) que caracteriza el proceso de toma de decisiones en base a los parámetros: Recencia, Consistencia, Aversión a las pérdidas y Regla de utilidad. Participaron 73 consumidores de cannabis y 73 no consumidores como grupo control. En la versión normal el grupo control obtuvo mejores puntuaciones que los consumidores. Ambos grupos se mostraron consistentes y con aversión a las pérdidas. Los controles estuvieron más influenciados por la frecuencia de las ganancias-pérdidas, mientras que los consumidores por su magnitud. La influencia de las elecciones inmediatas fue mayor en consumidores que presentaron un olvido rápido mientras que en los controles fue gradual. En la versión inversa, la ejecución de la tarea fue mejor en los controles. Ambos grupos mostraron consistencia, aversión a las pérdidas, más influenciados por la magnitud de las pérdidas-ganancias y con baja influencia de las elecciones inmediatas. Los resultados mostraron las relaciones entre consumo de drogas y el proceso de toma de decisiones, en consonancia con los obtenidos en otros trabajos, donde consumidores presentan peores resultados que controles, además, los parámetros del PVL nos permitieron caracterizar adecuadamente la toma de decisiones. Esto confirma la relación entre el consumo de drogas y la toma de decisiones, bien por la vulnerabilidad previa al consumo, bien por la neurotoxicidad de la drogas

The relationship between the use of cannabis and the decision making processes was explored. A computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task (Cards Software) in its normal and reverse version was used, and the Prospect Valence Learning (PVL) model, which characterize the process of decision-making based on the parameters: Recency, Consistency, Loss aversion and Utility shape, was applied. Seventy-three cannabis consumers and a control group with 73 non consumers participated in the study. In the normal mode, subjects in the control group scored higher than cannabis consumers. Both groups showed consistent responses and aversion to loss. Non consumers showed greater influence of the gain-loss frequency, while consumers were more influenced by the magnitude of the gain-loss. The influence of immediate choices was higher among consumers who showed a quick oblivion while in the control group this process was more gradual. In the reverse mode, task performance was better among control group participants. Both groups showed consistency, loss aversion, more influenced by the magnitude of the gain-loss, and low influence of immediate elections. The results show the relationship between drug use and the decision making processes, being consistent with the results obtained in other studies where consumers had worse results than control group. Moreover, the PVL parameters allow to adequately characterize decision-making. This confirms the relationship between drug use and decision-making by either the vulnerability prior to consumption or the neurotoxicity of drugs

Toma de decisiones en consumidores de cannabis / Decision making in cannabis users

Diversos estudios neuropsicológicos han demostrado que los consumidores crónicos de cannabis presentan deterioros cognitivos, incluyendo el proceso de toma de decisiones. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar dicho proceso, a través de la hipótesis del marcador somático, en una muestra de 41 consumidores de cannabis comparándolo con un grupo control de igual tamaño, así como analizarla influencia de la edad, sexo, nivel de estudios, edad de inicio y cantidad de consumo diario. Para ello, se ha utilizado el programa "Cartas" (similar a la Iowa Gambling Task), administrando dos versiones: normal e inversa. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los consumidores de cannabis y el grupo control en la ejecución de la tarea normal e inversa. En el análisis por bloques, el grupo control obtiene puntuaciones superiores en la ejecución de la tarea normal, sin embargo, en la tarea inversa, las diferencias entre ambos grupos se dan en la parte inicial pero no en la final. Ninguna de las variables analizadas (edad, sexo,...) se relaciona significativamente con el rendimiento de la tarea. Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de alteraciones en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los consumidores de cannabis, que pueden relacionarse con la dificultad para generar marcadores somáticos, y no con la insensibilidad a las pérdidas(AU)

Several neuropsychological studies have shown that chronic cannabis users have cognitive impairments, including decision-making process. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the process, through the somatic marker hypothesis in a sample of 41 cannabis users compared with a control group of equal size, and to analyze the influence of age, sex, education level, age of onset and amount of daily consumption. In order to do that, the software "Cartas" (similar to the Iowa Gambling Task),was used, implementing its two versions: normal and reverse. The results show significant differences between cannabis users and control group in the normal and reverse task execution. By block analysis, the control group obtained higher scores in the normal task execution, however, in the reverse task, the differences between groups are present in the initial task execution but not final task execution. None of the analyzed variables (age, sex ...) are significantly related to task performance. These results suggest the existence of alterations in the decision making process of consumers cannabis, which may relate to the difficulty in generating somatic markers, and not for insensitivity punishments insensitivity(AU)

Maltrato y delincuencia / No disponible

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer, por una parte, la relación de determinadas variables familiares con la manifestación de la conducta de malos tratos; y, por otra parte, la relación entre la existencia de maltrato en la infancia y la posterior conducta delictiva en una muestra de presos del Establecimiento Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias). Se analizaron variables familiares, escolares, laborales y de salud, historia penitenciaria e historia de drogodependencia; todas ellas recogidas en una historia de vida que se aplicó a una muestra de 87 personas. El tratamiento estadístico de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante el paquete informático SPSS. Los resultados obtenidos parecen indicar, en primer lugar, los antecedentes de adicción del padre (fundamentalmente adicción al alcohol) es una de las variables analizadas que mayor significación muestra ante la variable criterio de maltrato familiar; en segundo lugar, también los antecedentes penales del padre tienen incidencia en la existencia de malos tratos en el ámbito familiar y, finalmente, respecto a la relación entre los antecedentes de la madre, tanto de adicción como penales, con la variable criterio no es significativa. Por otra parte, la relación entre la existencia de maltrato y variables relativas a la historia penitenciaria (edad de ingreso en prisión, reincidencia...) también ha resultado significativa (AU)

Maltreatment and delinquency.The objective of this work is to know, on the one hand, the relation of determined familiar variables with the manifestation of the conduct of bad treatments; and, on the other hand, the relation between the existence of maltreatment in the childhood and the later criminal conduct in a sample of prisoners of the Penitentiary Establishment of Villabona (Asturias). Familiar, school, labour variables and of health, penitentiary history and history of drug addiction were analysed; all collected in a life history that was applied to a sample of 87 people. The processing of the data was carried out by means of statistical package SPSS. The results indicate several questions. In the first place, the variable antecedent of addiction of the father (fundamentally alcohol addiction) is one of the analysed variables more significant before the variable criterion of familiar mistreat. Secondly, also the criminal records of the father have incidence in the existence of bad treatments in the familiar scope. Finally, the antecedents of addiction or penitentiaries of the mother with respect to the criterion variable is not significant. On the other hand, the relation between the existence of mistreat and familiar variables to penitentiary history (age to enter in prison, recidivism...) also have been significant (AU)

Jóvenes y competencia social: un programa de intervención / No disponible

Desde hace más de diez años, la investigación sobre el modelo cognitivo (llamado en la adaptación española “el pensamiento prosocial”) ha mostrado resultados sustanciales en la prevención y el tratamiento de la conducta antisocial. Los estudios en EEUU, Canadá, Gales, Escocia y España (así como también en otros países en los que partes esenciales de este programa se han validado) indican que el hecho de mejorar las capacidades y habilidades sociocognitivas es una buena manera de ayudar a evitar la desadaptación personal y social. Nuestra investigación se centra en 275 estudiantes de secundaria en situación de riesgo, y pretende estudiar el impacto del modelo de pensamiento prosocial en su adaptación a jóvenes en la prevención del fracaso social y escolar. Presentamos los primeros resultados de esta investigación en una muestra de jóvenes valencianos, asturianos y onubenses (AU)

Youth and social competence: An intervention programme. During more than ten years the research abouth the cognitive model (called in the Spanish adaptation “the prosocial thinking”) has shown sustantive results in the prevention and treating of antisocial behavior. Studies in USA, Canada, Wales, Scotland and Spain (as well as other countries in wich some sustantive parts of this program have been tested) have indicated that improving socio-cognitive abilities and skills is a good mean to help avoiding personal and social desviation. Our research focuses in at-risk secondary school students, and pretend to study the impact of an adapted youth version of prosocial thinking program in the prevention of school and social failure. We offer the first results of this research in a sample of Valencian, Asturian and of Huelva youths (AU)