[Wounded patients transportation during peace enforcement operation in Georgia (August 2008)].

The article highlights the analysis of wounded movement during peace enforcement operation in Georgia (August 2008). 72% of incoming patients were walking wounded; 97,5% male patients, 2,5% female patients; per cent of combat surgery pathology - 90,2% including combat surgical trauma 83,2%, general surgical diseases - 7%, combat therapeutic pathology - 9,8%; leading gunshot traumas in walking wounded are lower extremities injuries - 33,6%, upper extremities injuries - 27,9% (in total 61,5%), head injuries - 25,4%. Within combat therapeutic pathology walking wounded suffered from the following classes of diseases/sicknesses - I class - 35,7%, XII class - 14,3%, V class - 10,7%. 236 military hospitals (In Vladikavkaz) had admitted 71,2% of walking wounded (of incoming traffic), 1458 military hospitals (in Mozdok) had admitted 91,7% of walking wounded from front traffic, flank traffic was 100%. 49, 7% of patients finished the treatment in military hospitals of zone level, 47,9% of patients - in hospitals of district level, 2,4% of patients - in central hospitals. The,average duration of the treatment of walking wounded in hospitals of zone level consisted 16,9±0,7 days, no lethal outcomes were registered.

Event-by-event fluctuations of azimuthal particle anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at square root(sNN) = 200 GeV.

This Letter presents the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations of the elliptic flow parameter v(2) in Au+Au collisions at square root(s(NN))=200 GeV as a function of collision centrality. The relative nonstatistical fluctuations of the v(2) parameter are found to be approximately 40%. The results, including contributions from event-by-event elliptic flow fluctuations and from azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (nonflow correlations), establish an upper limit on the magnitude of underlying elliptic flow fluctuations. This limit is consistent with predictions based on spatial fluctuations of the participating nucleons in the initial nuclear overlap region. These results provide important constraints on models of the initial state and hydrodynamic evolution of relativistic heavy ion collisions.

High transverse momentum triggered correlations over a large pseudorapidity acceptance in Au + Au collisions at square root(s(NN)) = 200 GeV.

A measurement of two-particle correlations with a high transverse momentum trigger particle (p(T)(trig) > 2.5 GeV/c) is presented for Au+Au collisions at square root(s(NN)) = 200 GeV over the uniquely broad longitudinal acceptance of the PHOBOS detector (-4 < Delta eta < 2). A broadening of the away-side azimuthal correlation compared to elementary collisions is observed at all Delta eta. As in p+p collisions, the near side is characterized by a peak of correlated partners at small angle relative to the trigger particle. However, in central Au+Au collisions an additional correlation extended in Delta eta and known as the "ridge" is found to reach at least |Delta eta| approximately = 4. The ridge yield is largely independent of Delta eta over the measured range, and it decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For the chosen (p(T)(trig) cut, the ridge yield is consistent with zero for events with less than roughly 100 participating nucleons.

Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: results from the AMPLIFY trial.

BACKGROUND: The AMPLIFY trial compared apixaban with enoxaparin followed by warfarin for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). OBJECTIVE: To perform a subgroup analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of apixaban and enoxaparin followed by warfarin for the treatment of VTE in patients with cancer enrolled in AMPLIFY. PATIENTS/METHODS: Patients with symptomatic VTE were randomized to a 6-month course of apixaban or enoxaparin followed by warfarin. The primary efficacy outcome and principal safety outcome were recurrent VTE or VTE-related death and major bleeding, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 5395 patients randomized, 169 (3.1%) had active cancer at baseline, and 365 (6.8%) had a history of cancer without active cancer at baseline. Among patients with active cancer, recurrent VTE occurred in 3.7% and 6.4% of evaluable patients in the apixaban and enoxaparin/warfarin groups, respectively (relative risk [RR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-2.37); major bleeding occurred in 2.3% and 5.0% of evaluable patients, respectively (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.08-2.46). Among patients with a history of cancer, recurrent VTE occurred in 1.1% and 6.3% of evaluable patients in the apixaban and enoxaparin/warfarin groups, respectively (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.78); major bleeding occurred in 0.5% and 2.8% of treated patients, respectively (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.02-1.65). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this subgroup analysis suggest that apixaban is a convenient option for cancer patients with VTE. However, additional studies are needed to confirm this concept and to compare apixaban with low molecular weight heparin in these patients.

The role of neonatal and pubertal gonadal hormones in regulating the sex dependence of the hepatic microsomal testosterone 5-reductase activity in the rat.

Heptic microsomal testosterone 5-reductase activity was approximately fourfold higher in adult female rats than in males. This discrepancy was only partly androgen-dependent since gonadectomy of male rats at 68 days of age resulted in only a partial increase of the enzyme activity. This increase was reversible by the administration of testosterone. Similar treatment, however, produced no effect in the female rat, indicating that there is a sex difference in testosterone responsivity. Castration of newborn male rats resulted in a marked increase in the basal enzyme activity. This increase was not affected by treating the adults with testosterone. Giving testosterone to male rats immediately after neonatal gonadectomy, or to newborn female rats, did not produce the male pattern of both the basal enzyme activity and the testosterone responsivity in adulthood. These results suggest that a brief exposure to neonatal androgen is not critical for the expression of the male type of enzyme activity, but that the continuous presence of the male gonads up to and including the pubertal period is essential. Exposure of pubescent female rats to testosterone during the period from 35 to 50 days of age resulted in a significant increase in testosterone sensitivity when tested at 90 days of age, suggesting that pubertal exposure to androgen is important for the expression of testosterone responsivity in adulthood. The sensitivity was potentiated when the animals were ovariectomized before puberty. Furthermore, the enzyme activity in prepubertally ovariectomized female rats was significantly lower than that in adult gonadectomized animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Disposition of maternally-administered methadone and its effects on hepatic drug-metabolizing functions in perinatal guinea pigs.

Racemic methadone HCl(25 mg/kg given every 12 hr for 2 consecutive days) was administered orally to pregnant (60-65 days of gestation) or nursing (0-8 days post-partum) albino guinea pigs. The dams, fetuses and pups were killed 12 hr after the last dose for the analysis of maternal and perinatal plasma, brain, hepatic and renal methadone residues by GLC and the in vitro measurement of maternal and perinatal microsomal mono-oxygenase [p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (OD) and aniline hydroxylase (AH)] and glucuronosyltransferase (GT) activities. Methadone was acquired by the perinatal guinea pig both transplacentally and via the milk, more agent being obtained by the former route. Fetal plasma levels of methadone were consistently lower than those detected in the mother due, largely, to differential plasma protein binding. The perinatal pattern of tissue distribution of methadone was markedly different from that observed in the dam, exceedingly high levels being found in fetal brain and kidney. Maternally-administered methadone did not affect the ontogenesis of perinatal OD, AH and GT but it did reduce significantly the levels of hepatic GT activity in the pups and in the dams.

Effect of flutamide on hepatic cytosolic methyltrienolone (R1881) binding kinetics and testosterone responsive hepatic drug and steroid metabolism in the adult male rat.

Flutamide was used to investigate the mechanism involved in androgen responsive hepatic microsomal drug and steroid metabolism. We compared the antiandrogenic action of flutamide on the prostate to its effect on testosterone responsive hepatic microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) and testosterone reductase (TR) activities. Male Wistar rats, castrated as adults, were treated with 5 mumoles.kg-1.day-1 of testosterone enanthate subcutaneously for 10 days. Co-administration of increasing doses of flutamide caused a dose-dependent reduction in prostate to body weight ratios and, in the same animals, caused significant alterations in adult male hepatic microsomal BPH and TR activities. These doses of flutamide did not affect the serum testosterone levels. To test the possibility that the action of flutamide on androgen responsive hepatic microsomal drug and steroid metabolism may be similar to that occurring in the prostate, a tissue which contains an androgen receptor, we also studied the effect of flutamide on the binding kinetics of the high affinity hepatic cytosolic [3H]R1881 binding protein in vivo. Scatchard analysis of [3H]R1881 binding data revealed a reduction in the binding capacity of the hepatic cytosolic androgen binding protein in castrated animals treated with a combination of flutamide and testosterone enanthate at doses capable of maximally altering hepatic microsomal drug and steroid metabolism. No alteration in binding affinity occurred in this treatment group. However, a decreased binding affinity was found when flutamide alone was given. The binding kinetics of the hepatic cytosolic androgen binding protein were not altered in the castrated adult male with or without testosterone treatment. When flutamide was injected daily into the intact adult female rat, no effect was observed on either hepatic microsomal BPH or TR activities. Taken together, these data indicate that flutamide reduces hepatic cytosolic R1881 binding in the adult male rat, and this may explain some of the effects of this antiandrogen on testosterone-sensitive hepatic microsomal drug and steroid metabolism.

Differential effects of diabetes on microsomal metabolism of various substrates. Comparison of streptozotocin and spontaneously diabetic Wistar rats.

We have examined the effect of recent onset diabetes on several aspects of hepatic microsomal metabolism in both streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and spontaneously diabetic BioBreeding (BB) male and female Wistar rats. Differential alterations of the diabetic state on hepatic microsomal enzyme activities were observed. Female diabetic rats exhibited no change in benzo [a]pyrene (BP) hydroxylase activity, a decrease in testosterone delta 4-hydrogenase, and an increase in aniline hydroxylase. On the other hand, male diabetic rats demonstrated a decrease in hepatic BP hydroxylase activity, no change in testosterone delta 4-hydrogenase, and an increase in aniline hydroxylase. Insulin treatment corrected these effects. No change in kidney BP hydroxylase activity was apparent in either female or male diabetics. There were no marked differences between the chemically induced and genetic models of diabetes with respect to the metabolism studies. Serum testosterone levels were significantly lower than control in male BB diabetics, whereas no change was apparent in female diabetics. Light microscopy and serum insulin determinations indicated that the spontaneously diabetic animals we examined were not severely diabetic. From electrophoresis of hepatic microsomal proteins we determined that spontaneous diabetes of short duration does alter the protein distribution in the cytochrome P-450 region. We conclude that the acute effects of STZ-induced and spontaneous diabetes on hepatic microsomal metabolism are quantitatively and qualitatively similar, despite probable differences in etiology of the diabetic state.

Prolactin receptor in rat liver: sex difference in estrogenic stimulation and imprinting of the responsiveness to estrogen by neonatal androgen in male rats.

Rat hepatic prolactin receptor is regulated by sex steroids. A high level of the receptor was found in female rats but the level was nearly undetectable in males. Gonadectomy reduced the receptor level in females but increased the level in males. Administration of estradiol benzoate (0.05 mumoles/kg on alternate days subcutaneously for 9 days) to adult gonadectomized females increased the receptor level by 473% whereas the same treatment in adult gonadectomized males produced a more modest 276% increase. This sexually dimorphic pattern in the responsiveness to estrogen stimulation in adult rats appeared to be determined neonatally. Neonatal gonadectomy of male rats changed the hepatic response system to a more female pattern in adulthood. Replacement of testosterone (1.45 mumoles at days 1 and 3 after birth) to these neonatally gonadectomized male rats restored the male pattern. Diethylstilbestrol replacement (1.45 mumoles at days 1 and 3 after birth) to the neonatally gonadectomized male rats showed the same effect as neonatally administered testosterone. Scatchard analysis revealed that the observed changes in binding are related to changes in binding capacity but not affinity. Desaturation by 4 M MgCl2 indicated that the amount of endogenously bound hormone was negligible in our membrane preparations.

Balance of mass, momentum, and energy in splintering central collisions for 40Ar up to 115 MeV /Nucleon

For central collisions of (17-115)A MeV 40Ar+Cu, Ag, Au, an overall balance is determined for the average mass, energy, and longitudinal momentum. Light charged particles and fragments are separated into forward-focused and isotropic components in the frame of the heaviest fragment. Energy removal by the isotropic component reaches 1-2 GeV. For such high deposition energies, statistical multifragmentation models predict much more extensive nuclear disassembly than is observed.

Effects of aging on efficiency of task switching in a variant of the trail making test.

The Trail Making Test (TMT; R. M. Reitan, 1958, 1992) is extensively used in research in neuropsychology and in aging, in part because it has been postulated to reflect executive processes, such as planning and switching. However, neurocognitive and individual-difference-based analyses of this test are complicated because of different spatial arrangements of targets, the use of letters only in Version B, and potential order effects when Version A is administered prior to Version B. The present article examines a variant of a TMT (called the Connections Test) that attempts to remedy these deficiencies. A structural equation model suggested that there were no direct effects of age on either the nonalternating or alternating versions of the Connections Test (analogous to TMT Versions A and B, respectively); rather, all age-related effects were mediated through effects on perceptual speed. Moreover, although the nonalternating and alternating versions were strongly related to one another, only the latter had significant independent relations with measures of higher order cognition.

Beyond a stereotyped view of older adults' traditional family values.

Structural equation models for predictors of traditional family values regarding relationships were examined in 2 samples: undergraduate students and adults ranging widely in age (23-86 years). Predictor variables included verbal ability, need for cognition, need for closure, intolerance for ambiguity, religiosity, and gender orientation. The models accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in traditional family values (64% for students, 63% for adults). Findings provide little support for common stereotypes regarding age and gender differences in traditionalism. Instead, 3 individual-differences variables predicted traditional family values: need for closure, religiosity, and verbal ability. Outcomes argue for the need to identify multiple mechanisms by which personal characteristics such as need for closure and religiosity influence traditionalism in social belief systems and argue against reliance on status variables such as age and gender as explanatory variables for these beliefs.

New anti-Cu-TETA and anti-Y-DOTA monoclonal antibodies for potential use in the pre-targeted delivery of radiopharmaceuticals to tumor.

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against yttrium(III)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N''N'''--tetraacetic acid (Y-DOTA) and copper(II)-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (Cu-TETA). Four hybridomas with high Y-DOTA binding activity and one hybridoma with Cu-TETA activity were selected. MAbs were purified from mouse ascites by Protein A affinity chromatography and characterized. Affinity constants were determined by equilibrium dialysis and the highest affinity Y-DOTA MAb (K(aff) = 1.9 x 10(8) M(-1)) was further characterized by competitive ELISA. Gd-DOTA competed as well as Y-DOTA, whereas In-DOTA required 740x higher concentrations for 50% inhibition of this Y-DOTA MAb binding to human serum albumin-Y-DOTA-coated microtiter plates. These anti-metal chelate MAbs have potential use as vehicles for the pretargeted delivery of radiometal chelates to tumors.

[Anti-inflammatory effect of arglabin and 11,13-dihydro-13-dimethylaminoarglabin hydrochloride]. / Protivovospalitel'nye svoistva arglabina i gidrokhlorida 11,13-digidro-13-dimetilaminoarglabina.

The sesquiterpene lactone arglabin, as well as its derivative 11,13-Dihydro-13-dimethylaminoarglabin hydrochloride, exhibit antiexudative and antiproliferative properties on the models of acute aseptic inflammation caused by formalin, carrageenan, and histamine, and on the model of proliferative inflammation accompanying cotton-pellet granuloma.

An adaptive-design dose-ranging study of PD 0348292, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, for thromboprophylaxis after total knee replacement surgery.

BACKGROUND: PD 0348292 is an oral, selective, direct and reversible factor Xa inhibitor. This was an adaptive dose-ranging study evaluating a 100-fold PD 0348292 dose range in subjects undergoing total knee replacement (TKR). OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a dose range of PD 0348292 relative to enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: Extensive dose-response modeling and trial simulations were used to select the PD 0348292 dose range for the Phase 2 study. Subjects were randomized to a blinded PD 0348292 dose (0.1 mg qd to 10 mg qd) or open-label enoxaparin (30 mg bid) for 6-14 days after TKR surgery. Efficacy was assessed by mandatory bilateral venography. Results were analyzed using a dose-response modeling approach. RESULTS: Observed VTE frequency ranged from 1.4-37.1% across PD 0348292 doses and was 18.1% for enoxaparin. The PD 0348292 dose-response relationship for VTE was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The dose of PD 0348292 equivalent to enoxaparin 30 mg bid for VTE prevention was estimated to be 1.16 mg (95% CI = 0.56 mg, 2.41 mg) qd. Total bleeding ranged from 4.9% to 13.8% across PD 0348292 doses and was 6.3% with enoxaparin. The dose-response relationship for total bleeding was not statistically significant (P = 0.2464). Overall, PD 0348292 and enoxaparin were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Characterization of the dose-response relationship for VTE and bleeding using an adaptive Phase 2 study design provided a strong quantitative basis for Phase 3 dose selection.

System size, energy, and centrality dependence of pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

We present the first measurements of the pseudorapidity distribution of primary charged particles in Cu+Cu collisions as a function of collision centrality and energy, sqrt[s_{NN}]=22.4, 62.4, and 200 GeV, over a wide range of pseudorapidity, using the PHOBOS detector. A comparison of Cu+Cu and Au+Au results shows that the total number of produced charged particles and the rough shape (height and width) of the pseudorapidity distributions are determined by the number of nucleon participants. More detailed studies reveal that a more precise matching of the shape of the Cu+Cu and Au+Au pseudorapidity distributions over the full range of pseudorapidity occurs for the same N{part}/2A rather than the same N_{part}. In other words, it is the collision geometry rather than just the number of nucleon participants that drives the detailed shape of the pseudorapidity distribution and its centrality dependence at RHIC energies.

System size, energy, pseudorapidity, and centrality dependence of elliptic flow.

This Letter presents measurements of the elliptic flow of charged particles as a function of pseudorapidity and centrality from Cu-Cu collisions at 62.4 and 200 GeV using the PHOBOS detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow in Cu-Cu collisions is found to be significant even for the most central events. For comparison with the Au-Au results, it is found that the detailed way in which the collision geometry (eccentricity) is estimated is of critical importance when scaling out system-size effects. A new form of eccentricity, called the participant eccentricity, is introduced which yields a scaled elliptic flow in the Cu-Cu system that has the same relative magnitude and qualitative features as that in the Au-Au system.

Energy dependence of directed flow over a wide range of pseudorapidity in Au + Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

We report on measurements of directed flow as a function of pseudorapidity in Au + Au collisions at energies of square root of SNN = 19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV as measured by the PHOBOS detector at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results are particularly valuable because of the extensive, continuous pseudorapidity coverage of the PHOBOS detector. There is no significant indication of structure near midrapidity and the data surprisingly exhibit extended longitudinal scaling similar to that seen for elliptic flow and charged particle pseudorapidity density.

System size and centrality dependence of charged hadron transverse momentum spectra in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at square root of SNN = 62.4 and 200 GeV.

We present transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons produced in Cu + Cu collisions at square root of SNN = 62.4 and 200 GeV. The spectra are measured for transverse momenta of 0.25 < pT < 5.0 GeV/c at square root of SNN = 62.4 GeV and 0.25 < pT < 7.0 GeV/c at square root of SNN = 200 GeV, in a pseudorapidity range of 0.2 < eta < 1.4. The nuclear modification factor R(AA) is calculated relative to p + p data at both collision energies as a function of collision centrality. At a given collision energy and fractional cross section, R(AA) is observed to be systematically larger in Cu + Cu collisions compared to Au + Au. However, for the same number of participating nucleons, R(AA) is essentially the same in both systems over the measured range of pT, in spite of the significantly different geometries of the Cu + Cu and Au + Au systems.