Hair as an alternative matrix to assess exposure of premature neonates to phthalate and alternative plasticizers in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Due to adverse health effects, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer used to soften plastic medical devices (PMDs), was restricted, and gradually replaced by alternative plasticizers (APs). Up to this date, urine was the sole matrix studied for plasticizer exposure in neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), a population highly vulnerable to toxic effects of plasticizers. The primary aim of this study was to assess simultaneous measurement of phthalate and AP metabolites in neonatal scalp hair. In addition, we aimed to use this matrix to investigate exposure of premature neonates to plasticizers during their stay in the NICU. Hair samples in this study were collected from premature neonates and their mothers included in a prospective birth cohort study in a tertiary NICU at the Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Belgium. Samples from premature neonates (n = 45) and their mothers (n = 107) as well as from control neonates (n = 24) and mothers (n = 29) were analyzed using liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first study reporting metabolites of phthalate and alternative plasticizers in neonatal hair samples as biomarkers for exposure to these plasticizers. Results showed that hair sampled from premature neonates after a NICU stay contained significantly higher metabolite concentrations of both phthalates (DEHP, DiBP, and DnBP; 9.0-2500, 9.3-2200, and 24.7-5300 ng/g), and alternative plasticizers (DEHA, DEHT, and TOTM; 38.8-3400, 127.5-5700, and 10.8-8700 ng/g) - when compared to healthy control neonates. Besides, DEHP and DEHT metabolite concentrations were significantly higher than in hair sampled from adult populations. In addition, prolonged NICU exposure to non-invasive respiratory support devices and gastric tubes was correlated with increased concentrations in hair samples, indicating accumulation of plasticizers in this alternative matrix. In conclusion, our data indicate that preterm neonates are still highly exposed to phthalate and alternative plasticizers during NICU stay, despite the EU Medical Devices Regulation.

Ongoing exposure to endocrine disrupting phthalates and alternative plasticizers in neonatal intensive care unit patients.

Due to endocrine disrupting effects, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer used to soften plastic medical devices, was restricted in the EU Medical Devices Regulation (EU MDR 2017/745) and gradually replaced by alternative plasticizers. Neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are vulnerable to toxic effects of plasticizers. From June 2020 to August 2022, urine samples (n = 1070) were repeatedly collected from premature neonates (n = 132, 4-10 samples per patient) born at <31 weeks gestational age and/or <1500 g birth weight in the Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium. Term control neonates (n = 21, 1 sample per patient) were included from the maternity ward. Phthalate and alternative plasticizers' metabolites were analyzed using liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Phthalate metabolites were detected in almost all urine samples. Metabolites of alternative plasticizers, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-adipate (DEHA), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-terephthalate (DEHT) and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic-di-isononyl-ester (DINCH), had detection frequencies ranging 30-95 %. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in premature compared to control neonates (p = 0.023). NICU exposure to respiratory support devices and blood products showed increased phthalate metabolite concentrations (p < 0.001). Phthalate exposure increased from birth until four weeks postnatally. The estimated phthalate intake exceeded animal-derived no-effect-levels (DNEL) in 10 % of samples, with maximum values reaching 24 times the DNEL. 29 % of premature neonates had at least once an estimated phthalate intake above the DNEL. Preterm neonates are still exposed to phthalates during NICU stay, despite the EU Medical Devices Regulation. NICU exposure to alternative plasticizers is increasing, though currently not regulated, with insufficient knowledge on their hazard profile.

Neonatal exposure to phthalate and alternative plasticizers via parenteral nutrition.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer used to soften plastic medical devices (PMDs), was restricted in PMDs due to adverse health effects, being gradually replaced by alternative plasticizers (APs). Parenteral nutrition (PN), essential in the care for premature neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit, is stored in plastic storage bags and administered intravenously through plastic infusion circuits. We investigated to which extent PN contributes to current phthalate and AP exposure in premature neonates. First, we showed that DEHP and several APs are present in relevant amounts in PMDs used for neonatal PN administration. Secondly, ex vivo experiments mimicking clinical PN administration showed that lipid emulsions contained significant concentrations of DEHP and several APs (ATBC, TOTM, DEHT & DEHA), while hardly any plasticizers were detected in non-lipid solutions. ATBC leached from infusion circuits, while lipid emulsions were the major source for DEHP, TOTM, DEHT, and DEHA. PN administration resulted in estimated daily exposures of 13.9 µg/kg/d DEHP and 95.7 µg/kg/d ATBC in premature neonates, below their respective reference doses. Our data indicate that premature neonates requiring PN are still exposed to DEHP, as well as to a range of APs, making it a target for reduction of harmful plasticizer exposure.