Evaluating the relationship between conditional cash transfer programme on preterm births: a retrospective longitudinal study using the 100 million Brazilian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Preterm births increase mortality and morbidity during childhood and later life, which is closely associated with poverty and the quality of prenatal care. Therefore, income redistribution and poverty reduction initiatives may be valuable in preventing this outcome. We assessed whether receipt of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme - Bolsa Familia Programme, the largest in the world - reduces the occurrence of preterm births, including their severity categories, and explored how this association differs according to prenatal care and the quality of Bolsa Familia Programme management. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed involving the first live singleton births to mothersenrolled in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort from 2004 to 2015, who had at least one child before cohort enrollment. Only the first birth during the cohort period was included, but born from 2012 onward. A deterministic linkage with the Bolsa Familia Programme payroll dataset and a similarity linkage with the Brazilian Live Birth Information System were performed. The exposed group consisted of newborns to mothers who received Bolsa Familia from conception to delivery. Our outcomes were infants born with a gestational age < 37 weeks: (i) all preterm births, (ii) moderate-to-late (32-36), (iii) severe (28-31), and (iv) extreme (< 28) preterm births compared to at-term newborns. We combined propensity score-based methods and weighted logistic regressions to compare newborns to mothers who did and did not receive Bolsa Familia, controlling for socioeconomic conditions. We also estimated these effects separately, according to the adequacy of prenatal care and the index of quality of Bolsa Familia Programme management. RESULTS: 1,031,053 infants were analyzed; 65.9% of the mothers were beneficiaries. Bolsa Familia Programme was not associated with all sets of preterm births, moderate-to-late, and severe preterm births, but was associated with a reduction in extreme preterm births (weighted OR: 0.69; 95%CI: 0.63-0.76). This reduction can also be observed among mothers receiving adequate prenatal care (weighted OR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.59-0.74) and living in better Bolsa Familia management municipalities (weighted OR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.43-0.74). CONCLUSIONS: An income transfer programme for pregnant women of low-socioeconomic status, conditional to attending prenatal care appointments, has been associated with a reduction in extremely preterm births. These programmes could be essential in achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

Biases arising from linked administrative data for epidemiological research: a conceptual framework from registration to analyses.

Linked administrative data offer a rich source of information that can be harnessed to describe patterns of disease, understand their causes and evaluate interventions. However, administrative data are primarily collected for operational reasons such as recording vital events for legal purposes, and planning, provision and monitoring of services. The processes involved in generating and linking administrative datasets may generate sources of bias that are often not adequately considered by researchers. We provide a framework describing these biases, drawing on our experiences of using the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (100MCohort) which contains records of more than 131 million people whose families applied for social assistance between 2001 and 2018. Datasets for epidemiological research were derived by linking the 100MCohort to health-related databases such as the Mortality Information System and the Hospital Information System. Using the framework, we demonstrate how selection and misclassification biases may be introduced in three different stages: registering and recording of people's life events and use of services, linkage across administrative databases, and cleaning and coding of variables from derived datasets. Finally, we suggest eight recommendations which may reduce biases when analysing data from administrative sources.

Sociodemographic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in National Household Sample Survey cohort, Brazil, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the time until the occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 and positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, during the period from May to November 2020, based on a cohort of Brazilians participating in the COVID-19 National Household Sample Survey. METHODS: A concurrent and closed cohort was created using monthly data from the PNAD COVID-19, carried out via telephone survey. A new case was defined based on the report of the occurrence of a flu-like syndrome, associated with loss of smell or taste; and positivity was defined based on the report of a positive test, among those who reported having been tested. Cox regression models were applied to verify associations. The analyzes took into account sample weighting, calibrated for age, gender and education distribution. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of cases in the overall fixed cohort was 2.4%, while that of positive tests in the fixed tested cohort was 27.1%. Higher incidences were observed in the North region, in females, in residents of urban areas and in individuals with black skin color. New positive tests occurred more frequently in individuals with less education and healthcare workers. CONCLUSION: The importance of prospective national surveys is highlighted, contributing to detailed analyzes of social inequalities in reports focused on public health policies.

Prevalence of adult smokers in Brazilian capitals according to socioeconomic deprivation.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of adult smokers in the 26 capitals and the Federal District according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (Índice Brasileiro de Privação - IBP). METHODS: Dataset on smoking were obtained from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases by Survey (Vigitel) system for the 26 capitals and the Federal District, in the period from 2010 to 2013. The IBP classifies the census sectors according to indicators such as: income less than ½ minimum wage, illiterate population and without sanitary sewage. In the North and Northeast regions, the census sectors were grouped into four categories (low, medium, high and very high deprivation) and in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions into three (low, medium and high deprivation). Prevalence estimates of adult smokers were obtained using the indirect estimation method in small areas. To calculate the prevalence ratios, Poisson models are used. RESULTS: The positive association between prevalence and deprivation of census sector categories was found in 16 (59.3%) of the 27 cities. In nine (33.3%) cities, the sectors with the greatest deprivation had a higher prevalence of smokers when compared to those with the least deprivation, and in two (7.4%) there were no differences. In Aracaju, Belém, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Macapá and Salvador, the prevalence of adult smokers was three times higher in the group of sectors with greater deprivation compared to those with less deprivation. CONCLUSION: Sectors with greater social deprivation had a higher prevalence of smoking, compared with less deprivation, pointing to social inequalities.

Participation in Conditional Cash Transfer Program During Pregnancy and Birth Weight-Related Outcomes.

Importance: There is limited evidence of the association of conditional cash transfers, an important strategy to reduce poverty, with prevention of adverse birth-related outcomes. Objective: To investigate the association between receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) and birth weight indicators. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used a linked data resource, the Centro de Integracao de Dados e Conhecimentos Para Saude (CIDACS) birth cohort. All live-born singleton infants born to mothers registered in the cohort between January 2012 and December 2015 were included. Each analysis was conducted for the overall population and separately by level of education, self-reported maternal race, and number of prenatal appointments. Data were analyzed from January 3 to April 24, 2023. Exposure: Live births of mothers who had received BFP until delivery (for a minimum of 9 months) were classified as exposed and compared with live births from mothers who did not receive the benefit prior to delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures: Low birth weight (LBW), birth weight in grams, and small for gestational age (SGA) were evaluated. Analytical methods used included propensity score estimation, kernel matching, and weighted logistic and linear regressions. Race categories included Parda, which translates from Portuguese as "brown" and is used to denote individuals whose racial background is predominantly Black and those with multiracial or multiethnic ancestry, including European, African, and Indigenous origins. Results: A total of 4 277 523 live births (2 085 737 females [48.8%]; 15 207 among Asian [0.4%], 334 225 among Black [7.8%], 29 115 among Indigenous [0.7%], 2 588 363 among Parda [60.5%], and 1 310 613 among White [30.6%] mothers) were assessed. BFP was associated with an increase of 17.76 g (95% CI, 16.52-19.01 g) in birth weight. Beneficiaries had an 11% lower chance of LBW (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.88-0.90). BFP was associated with a greater decrease in odds of LBW among subgroups of mothers who attended fewer than 7 appointments (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.87), were Indigenous (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88), and had 3 or less years of education (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.81). There was no association between BFP and SGA, except among less educated mothers, who had a reduced risk of SGA (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79-0.88). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that BFP was associated with increased birth weight and reduced odds of LBW, with a greater decrease in odds of LBW among higher-risk groups. These findings suggest the importance of maintaining financial support for mothers at increased risk of birth weight-related outcomes.

Organization and offer of physical therapy care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. / Organização e oferta da assistência fisioterapêutica em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil.

The recovery of people affected by COVID-19 is a process that continues beyond the acute condition of infection by Sars-CoV-2. The impairment of several body systems can cause functional impacts and demand continuous physical therapy assistance both in outpatient care and in Primary Health Care (PHC). In this essay, we seek to discuss the challenges of organizing and offering Physical Therapy assistance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The analysis was summarized in three dimensions: offering physical therapy assistance in PHC, outpatient care, via telehealth. It is concluded that functional rehabilitation depends on the PHC's response capacity; there is a shortage of rehabilitation services that precedes the pandemic, and may not respond satisfactorily to the demands of the current epidemiological context; it is necessary to articulate the outpatient physiotherapy and PHC teams; although telehealth is a resource and an opportunity to increase the population's access to functional rehabilitation, its use requires caution; the physiotherapist plays a crucial role in the entire COVID-19 care continuum.

A recuperação das pessoas acometidas pela COVID-19 é um processo que continua para além do quadro agudo da infecção pelo Sars-CoV-2. O comprometimento de diversos sistemas corporais pode acarretar impactos funcionais e demandar assistência fisioterapêutica contínua tanto na atenção ambulatorial quanto na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Neste ensaio, busca-se discutir os desafios da organização e da oferta de assistência fisioterapêutica em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. A análise foi sumarizada em três dimensões: oferta da assistência fisioterapêutica na APS e na atenção ambulatorial, e oferta de atenção fisioterapêutica por telessaúde. Conclui-se que: a reabilitação funcional depende da capacidade de resposta da APS; existe um déficit de serviços de reabilitação que antecede a pandemia, e pode comprometer respostas satisfatórias às demandas do atual contexto epidemiológico; faz-se necessária a articulação entre as equipes de fisioterapia ambulatorial e da APS; embora a telessaúde seja um recurso e uma oportunidade para ampliar o acesso da população à reabilitação funcional, sua utilização exige cautela; o fisioterapeuta possui papel crucial em todo o continuum de cuidados da COVID-19.

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS: This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS: Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Differentials in death count records by databases in Brazil in 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS: This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP - Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM - Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS: Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION: The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire.

Methodological proposal for the redistribution of deaths due to garbage codes in mortality estimates for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a method for improving mortality estimates from noncommunicable diseases (NCD), including the redistribution of garbage codes in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: Brazilian Mortality Information System (MIS) was used as a data source to estimate age standardized mortality rates, before and after correction, for NCD (cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, diabetes, and neoplasms). The treatment for the correction of data addressed missing data, under-registration, and redistribution of garbage codes (GCs). Three-year periods 2010-2012 and 2015-2017, and the Bayesian method were used to estimate mortality rates, reducing the effect of fluctuation caused by small numbers at the municipal level. RESULTS: GCs redistribution step showed greater weight in corrections, about 40% in 2000 and roughly 20% as from 2007, with stabilization starting in this year. Throughout the historical series, the quality of information on causes of death has improved in Brazil, with heterogeneous results being observed among municipalities. CONCLUSION: Methodological studies that propose correction and improvement of the MIS are essential for monitoring mortality rates due to NCD at regional levels. The methodological proposal applied, for the first time in real data from Brazilian municipalities, is challenging and deserves further improvements. Improving the quality of the data is essential in order to build more accurate estimates based on the raw data from the SIM.

Primary care-based health surveillance actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: contributions to the debate. / Ações de vigilância à saúde integradas à Atenção Primária à Saúde diante da pandemia da COVID-19: contribuições para o debate.

We conducted an integrated literature review aimed at reflecting on the challenges related to primary care-based health surveillance actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in selected countries. The study included countries with different PHC models that adopted surveillance as an approach to control the transmission of COVID-19. We performed a search in October 2020 for relevant literature and norms and guidelines related to the organization of primary health care (PHC) in response to the pandemic on official government websites and the databases Web of Science and Science Direct. The integrated health surveillance actions demonstrated that efforts were more focused on risks, with some countries adopting innovative and effective measures to respond to COVID-19, considering emerging needs within PHC. However, in addition to ethical controversies and operational difficulties, access to technology was a challenge in actions developed by some countries due to social inequalities.

Trata-se de uma revisão de síntese integrativa com objetivo de refletir sobre os desafios atinentes às ações de vigilância em saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19, no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), em sistemas de saúde de países selecionados. Foram incluídos, no estudo, países com modelos de APS distintos, mas que adotaram a vigilância nos territórios como premissa para o controle da transmissão da COVID-19. Houve a revisão bibliográfica da literatura científica e a análise documental de normas e diretrizes relacionadas à organização da APS para enfrentamento da pandemia. A produção dos dados ocorreu no período entre abril e julho de 2020 e envolveu a busca de documentos sobre o enfrentamento da COVID-19, no que se refere à APS, nos sites oficiais governamentais de cada país e nas bases de dados científicas Web of Science e Science Direct. Ações integradas de vigilância em saúde demonstraram atuação mais direcionada sobre riscos, sendo possível respostas inovadoras e mais efetivas para enfrentamento da COVID-19, considerando necessidades emergentes no âmbito da APS. Contudo, experiências desenvolvidas por alguns países apresentaram controvérsias éticas e operacionais além dos desafios de acesso às tecnologias decorrente das desigualdades sociais.

Methods to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, with an emphasis on quasi-experimental approaches. / Métodos para avaliação da efetividade de vacinas para COVID-19 com ênfase em abordagens quase-experimentais.

The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness is conducted with real-world data. They are essential to monitor the performance of vaccination programmes over time, and in the context of the emergence of new variants. Until now, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines has been assessed based on classic methods, such as cohort and test-negative case-control studies, which may often not allow for adequate control of inherent biases in the assignment of vaccination campaigns. The aim of this review was to discuss the study designs available to evaluate vaccine effectiveness, highlighting quasi-experimental studies, which seek to mimic randomized trials, by introducing an exogenous component to allocate to treatment, in addition to the advantages, limitations, and applicability in the context of Brazilian data. The use of quasi-experimental approaches, such as interrupted time series, difference-in-differences, propensity scores, instrumental variables, and regression discontinuity design, are relevant due to the possibility of providing more accurate estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. This is especially important in scenarios such as the Brazilian, which characterized by the use of various vaccines, with the respective numbers and intervals between doses, applied to different age groups, and introduced at different times during the pandemic.

A avalição da efetividade de vacinas é feita com dados do mundo real e é essencial para monitorar o desempenho dos programas de vacinação ao longo do tempo bem como frente a novas variantes. Até o momento, a avaliação da efetividade das vacinas para COVID-19 tem sido baseada em métodos clássicos como estudos de coorte e caso controle teste-negativo, que muitas vezes podem não permitir o adequado controle dos vieses intrínsecos da alocação das campanhas de vacinação. O objetivo dessa revisão foi discutir os desenhos de estudo disponíveis para avaliação de efetividade das vacinas, enfatizando os estudos quase-experimentais, que buscam mimetizar os estudos aleatorizados ao introduzir um componente exógeno para atribuição ao tratamento, bem como suas vantagens, limitações e aplicabilidade no contexto dos dados brasileiros. O emprego de métodos quase-experimentais, incluindo as séries temporais interrompidas, o método de diferença em diferenças, escore de propensão, variáveis instrumentais e regressão descontínua, são relevantes pela possibilidade de gerar estimativas mais acuradas da efetividade de vacinas para COVID-19 em cenários como o brasileiro, que se caracteriza pelo uso de várias vacinas, com respectivos número e intervalos entre doses, aplicadas em diferentes faixas etárias e em diferentes momentos da pandemia.

Primary care-sensitive hospitalization conditions in children under the age of 1 in Brazil. / Internações por condições sensíveis à Atenção Primária à Saúde em crianças menores de 1 ano no Brasil.

Primary care-sensitive condition hospitalizations (PCSCH) are an essential health care indicator. This ecological, time-series study aimed to analyze the time trend of PCSCH in children under the age of 1 in Brazil, considering the age subcomponents of newborns and post-newborns. The PCSCH rates were calculated for infants under the age of 1 and in the neonatal and postneonatal subgroups. The Prais-Winsten generalized linear analysis model and the Annual Percent Change (APC) calculation were used to evaluate the time trend. The results showed that infectious gastroenteritis represented the most important cause of hospitalizations due PCSCH in children under the age of 1. Congenital syphilis and other congenital infections accounted for the highest proportion of hospitalizations in newborns, whereas gastroenteritis prevailed in post-newborns. An increase in newborn hospitalization rates and a decrease in hospitalization rates in both the postneonatal group and the group of children under the age of 1. Differences in trends in these hospitalization rates may reflect the influence of specific determinants on the risk of hospitalization in each age subcomponent.

As internações por condições sensíveis à Atenção Primária à Saúde (ICSAP) representam importante indicador do cuidado em saúde. Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal das internações por condições sensíveis a APS em menores de 1 ano, considerando os subcomponentes etários dos neonatos e pós-neonatos, no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, de série temporal. Foram calculadas as taxas de ICSAP em menores de 1 ano e nos subgrupos neonatal e pós-neonatal. O modelo de análise linear generalizado de Prais-Winsten e o cálculo da Annual Percente Change (APC) foram utilizados para avaliar a tendência temporal. Os resultados mostraram que as gastroenterites infecciosas representaram a causa mais importante de ICSAP nos menores de 1 ano. Nos neonatos, a sífilis congênita e outras infecções congênitas foram as responsáveis pela maior proporção de internações, enquanto nos pós-neonatos as gastroenterites tiveram maior magnitude. Constatou-se aumento nas taxas de hospitalização dos neonatos e diminuição nas taxas tanto no grupo pós-neonatal quanto no conjunto de menores de 1 ano. As diferenças nas tendências dessas taxas de hospitalizações podem refletir a influência de determinantes específicos no risco de internar em cada um dos subcomponentes etários.

[Adolescent and youth access to primary health care services in a city in the state of Bahia, Brazil]. / Acesso aos serviços de atenção primária à saúde por adolescentes e jovens em um município do Estado da Bahia, Brasil.

The study sought to analyze the association between adolescents and young adults' access to primary health care services and Family Health Strategy (FHS) services. It is a cross-sectional study based on a household survey of 812 individuals aged between 15 and 24 years in Camaçari, Bahia State, Brazil, through cluster sampling. Demographic, socioeconomic, health and health service variables were used to describe the population according to primary health care area. The association between primary health care coverage area and access to its services, access barriers and participation in educational activities were estimated through prevalence ratios (PR) using multilevel logistic regression models in the R software. Access to primary health care services was reported by 89.5% of individuals, with no statistically significant differences between this type of access and primary health care coverage area. However, among individuals who reside in areas covered by FHS, there was greater access to harm reduction and health promotion actions (PR = 3.0; 95%CI: 1.68-5.34), but also lower probability of being seen by a health worker on the same day the appointment was scheduled (PR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.48-0.74) and lower availability of public transportation (RP = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.39-0.90). Study results point to a high prevalence of access to primary health care services among adolescents and young adults. Though we did not observe a difference in access between areas with FHS coverage, young people's greater participation in prevention and health promotion activities reinforces this strategy's importance within Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS).

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre o acesso aos serviços de atenção primária à saúde dos adolescentes e adultos jovens e a cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Trata-se de estudo transversal, a partir de um inquérito domiciliar realizado com 812 indivíduos de 15 a 24 anos de idade, em Camaçari, Bahia, Brasil, por meio de uma amostragem por conglomerados. Variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, de saúde e dos serviços de saúde foram utilizadas para descrição da população, segundo a área de cobertura de atenção primária à saúde. A associação entre área de cobertura da atenção primária à saúde e acesso aos serviços desta, as barreiras de acesso e a participação em atividades educativas foram estimadas por meio da razão de prevalência (RP), com uso do modelo de regressão logística multinível no software R. O acesso aos serviços de atenção primária à saúde foi referido por 89,5% dos indivíduos, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre esse tipo de acesso e a área de cobertura da ESF. Entretanto, entre indivíduos residentes em áreas cobertas pela ESF, verificou-se maior acesso às ações de prevenção de agravos e promoção da saúde (RP = 3,0; IC95%: 1,68-5,34), mas também menor probabilidade de o atendimento ocorrer no mesmo dia de marcação da consulta (RP = 0,60; IC95%: 0,48-0,74) e menor disponibilidade de transporte coletivo (RP = 0,59; IC95%: 0,39-0,90). Os dados deste estudo apontaram elevada prevalência de acesso aos serviços de atenção primátria à saúde entre os adolescentes e adultos jovens. Ainda que não se tenham observado diferenças do acesso entre as áreas com cobertura da ESF, a maior participação desses indivíduos em atividades de prevenção e promoção da saúde reforçam a importância dessa estratégia no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre el acceso a los servicios de atención primaria en salud de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes y la cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF). Se trata de un estudio transversal, a partir de una encuesta domiciliaria, realizada con 812 individuos de 15 a 24 años de edad, en Camaçari, Bahía, Brasil, mediante una muestra por conglomerados. Se utilizaron variables demográficas, socioeconómicas, de salud y de servicios de salud para la descripción de la población, según el área de cobertura de atención primaria en salud. La asociación entre área de cobertura de la atención primaria en salud y el acceso a los servicios de esta, las barreras de acceso, y la participación en actividades educativas se estimaron mediante la razón de prevalencia (RP), con el uso del modelo de regresión logística multinivel en el software R. Un 89,5% de los individuos informó de acceso a servicios de atención primaria en salud, no existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre este tipo de acceso y el área de cobertura de la ESF. No sólo entre individuos residentes en áreas cubiertas por la ESF se verificó un mayor acceso a las acciones de prevención de enfermedades y promoción de la salud (RP = 3,0; IC95%: 1,68-5,34), sino también una menor probabilidad de que la atención se produzca el mismo día en el que se fija la consulta (RP = 0,60; IC95%: 0,48-0,74) y una menor disponibilidad de transporte colectivo (RP = 0,59; IC95%: 0,39-0,90). Los datos de este estudio apuntaron una elevada prevalencia de acceso a los servicios de la atención primaria en salud entre los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. A pesar de que no se hayan observado diferencias de acceso entre las áreas con cobertura de la ESF, la mayor participación de estos individuos en actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud refuerza la importancia de esta estrategia en el ámbito del SUS.

Sociodemographic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in National Household Sample Survey cohort, Brazil, 2020 / Desigualdades sociodemográficas na incidência de COVID-19 em coorte da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, Brasil, 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the time until the occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 and positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, during the period from May to November 2020, based on a cohort of Brazilians participating in the COVID-19 National Household Sample Survey. Methods: A concurrent and closed cohort was created using monthly data from the PNAD COVID-19, carried out via telephone survey. A new case was defined based on the report of the occurrence of a flu-like syndrome, associated with loss of smell or taste; and positivity was defined based on the report of a positive test, among those who reported having been tested. Cox regression models were applied to verify associations. The analyzes took into account sample weighting, calibrated for age, gender and education distribution. Results: The cumulative incidence of cases in the overall fixed cohort was 2.4%, while that of positive tests in the fixed tested cohort was 27.1%. Higher incidences were observed in the North region, in females, in residents of urban areas and in individuals with black skin color. New positive tests occurred more frequently in individuals with less education and healthcare workers. Conclusion: The importance of prospective national surveys is highlighted, contributing to detailed analyzes of social inequalities in reports focused on public health policies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e o tempo até a ocorrência de novos casos de COVID-19 e de testes positivos para Sars-CoV-2 no Brasil, durante o período de maio a novembro de 2020, com base em uma coorte dos brasileiros participantes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios COVID-19. Métodos: Foi constituída uma coorte concorrente e fechada utilizando dados mensais da Pnad COVID-19, realizada por inquérito telefônico. Um caso novo foi definido com base no relato da ocorrência de um quadro de síndrome gripal, associado à perda de olfato ou paladar; e a positividade foi definida com base no relato de um teste positivo, entre os que referiram ter sido testados. Foram aplicados modelos de regressão de Cox para verificar associações, considerando a ponderação amostral, calibrada para a distribuição etária, de sexos e de escolaridade. Resultados: A incidência acumulada de casos na coorte fixa geral foi de 2,4%, enquanto a de testes positivos na coorte fixa testada foi de 27,1%. Verificou-se maiores riscos nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste, entre mulheres, residentes em áreas urbanas, pessoas com escolaridade até o ensino médio, com a cor da pele declarada como preta e trabalhadores da área da saúde. Indivíduos com menor escolaridade e profissionais de saúde apresentaram maior frequência de novos testes positivos. Novos testes positivos ocorreram com maior frequência em indivíduos com menor escolaridade e trabalhadores da área da saúde. Conclusão: Foram observados riscos desiguais entre os estratos populacionais comparados. Destaca-se a importância da realização de inquéritos nacionais prospectivos na investigação de iniquidades em saúde.

[Effect of the Family Health Strategy on hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions in infants in Bahia State, Brazil]. / Efeito da Estratégia Saúde da Família nas internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em menores de um ano na Bahia, Brasil.

This study aimed to assess the effect of the expansion of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) on hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions (PCSCs) in children under one year of age. This was a longitudinal ecological study with the use of panel data, for which the analytical units were the 417 municipalities (counties) in Bahia State, Brazil, from 2000 to 2012. Data were obtained from the official health information systems. The hospitalization rate for PCSCs was the outcome and FHS coverage was the principal exposure. The co-variables referred to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and the local availability of pediatric beds. Bivariate and multivariate panel data analyses were performed, with negative binomial response and fixed effects models, using crude and adjusted relative risk (RR) as the measure of association, with the respective confidence intervals. To control for trend effect, the models were adjusted for time. From 2000 to 2012, 248,944 hospitalizations for PCSCs were recorded in children under one year, and the median municipal rate of hospitalizations for PCSCs decreased by 52.5% during the period, ranging from 96.9 to 46.0 avoidable hospitalizations per 1,000 live births. After adjusting the model, the reduction in avoidable hospitalizations was maintained at the different FHS coverage levels. This study demonstrated the effects of the consolidation of the FHS on hospitalizations for PCSCs in infants, which indicates the importance of strengthening primary care measures in order to offer case-resolving care during the first contact with the health system and avoid unnecessary hospitalizations.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da expansão da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) sobre as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) em crianças menores de um ano. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico longitudinal com uso de painel de dados, cujas unidades de análise foram os 417 municípios da Bahia, Brasil, entre 2000 a 2012. Os dados foram obtidos dos sistemas de informação em saúde. A taxa de ICSAP foi o desfecho e a cobertura da ESF à exposição principal. As covariáveis eram referentes às características demográficas e socioeconômicas e disponibilidade de leitos pediátricos nos municípios. Foi realizada análise de regressão bivariada e multivariada para painel de dados, com resposta binomial negativa e modelos de efeitos fixos, utilizando como medida de associação o risco relativo (RR), bruto e ajustado, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança. Para controle de efeito de tendência, os modelos foram ajustados pelo tempo. Entre 2000 e 2012, 248.944 ICSAP foram registradas em crianças menores de um ano, e a mediana das taxas municipais de ICSAP reduziu 52,5% no período, variando de 96,9 para 46,0 hospitalizações evitáveis por mil nascidos vivos. Após o ajuste do modelo, a redução das internações evitáveis se manteve nos diferentes níveis de cobertura da ESF. Este estudo demonstrou os efeitos da consolidação da ESF nas ICSAP em menores de um ano, o que indica a importância do fortalecimento das ações no âmbito da atenção primária, com o intuito de oferecer assistência resolutiva ao primeiro contato e evitar hospitalizações desnecessárias.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la expansión de la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) sobre los internamientos por condiciones sensibles en la atención primaria (ICSAP) con niños menores de un año. Se trata de un estudio ecológico longitudinal, con uso de panel de datos, cuyas unidades de análisis fueron los 417 municipios del Estado de Bahía, Brasil, del 2000 al 2012. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sistemas de información en salud. La tasa de ICSAP fue el desenlace y la cobertura de la ESF a la exposición principal. Las covariables se referían a las características demográficas y socioeconómicas y a la disponibilidad de camas pediátricas en los municipios. Se realizó un análisis de regresión bivariado y multivariado para el panel de datos, con una respuesta binomial negativa y modelos de efectos fijos, utilizando como medida de asociación el riesgo relativo (RR), bruto y ajustado, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Para el control de efecto de tendencia, los modelos se ajustaron por el tiempo. Entre 2000 y 2012, 248.944 ICSAP se registraron en niños menores de un año, y la media de las tasas municipales de ICSAP se redujo un 52,5% en el período, variando de 96,9 a 46,0 hospitalizaciones evitables por 1.000 nacidos vivos. Tras el ajuste del modelo, la reducción de los internamientos evitables se mantuvo en los diferentes niveles de cobertura de la ESF. Este estudio demostró los efectos de la consolidación de la ESF en las ICSAP en menores de un año, lo que indica la importancia del fortalecimiento de las acciones en el ámbito de la atención primaria, con la intención de ofrecer asistencia resolutiva con el primer contacto y evitar hospitalizaciones desnecesarias.

Expenditure trends in ambulatory care sensitive conditions in the under-fives in Bahia, Brazil. / Tendência dos gastos e das internações por condições sensíveis à Atenção Primária em menores de cinco anos na Bahia, Brasil.

This study analyses expenditure trends in Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSCs) in children. It is an ecological time-series study, including hospitalizations of children under five in Bahia, between 2000 and 2012. We calculate the annual ACSC rates, as well as the total and average expenditure on these hospitalizations. We construct linear regression analysis models for the temporal trends. Between 2000 and 2012, 810,831 ACSC hospitalizations for the under-fives were recorded in Bahia. Hospitalization rates dropped 24.7% over this period, falling from 44.6 to 33.6 per 1,000 children. The total expenditure on such admissions is estimated to be 155.8 million Brazilian Reals. When we compare the first with the last year of the series, we note a reduction of 50.4% in total expenditure. The linear regression analysis demonstrates a reduction trend in average ACSC expenditure (ß = -1.20, p = 0.014), (ß = -3.45, p <0.01) and total expenditure (ß = -0,46, p <0.01). Despite the reductions in these indicators, ACSC rates remain high, which has a significant impact on the volume of resources spent on avoidable hospitalizations. To this end, it is important to reduce ACSC expenditure, to both improve population health and reduce hospital costs.

Este estudo analisou a tendência dos gastos e das Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em crianças residentes na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal, na Bahia, de 2000 a 2012. Foram calculadas as taxas anuais de ICSAP em menores de cinco anos, dos gastos totais e dos gastos médios. Para a análise da tendência temporal foram construídos modelos de regressão linear. Foram notificadas 810.831 ICSAP em menores de cinco anos na Bahia de 2000 a 2012. A taxa de ICSAP decresceu 24,7% no período, passando de 44,6 para 33,6 hospitalizações/1.000 crianças. O gasto total foi estimado em 155,8 milhões de reais, sendo observada redução de 50,4%, comparando-se o primeiro com o último ano da série. A análise de regressão linear evidenciou tendência de redução das ICSAP (ß = -1,20; p = 0,014), dos gastos médios (ß = -3,45; p < 0,01) e gastos totais (ß = -0,46; p < 0,01). Apesar do comportamento de queda, ainda há elevadas taxas de ICSAP, que repercutem em um grande volume de recursos gastos com tais hospitalizações. Nesse sentido, diminuir as ICSAP em menores de cinco anos é importante tanto para melhorar a saúde da população quanto para reduzir gastos hospitalares.

Prevalence of adult smokers in Brazilian capitals according to socioeconomic deprivation / Prevalência de fumantes adultos nas capitais brasileiras, segundo privação socioeconômica

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adult smokers in the 26 capitals and the Federal District according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (Índice Brasileiro de Privação - IBP). Methods: Dataset on smoking were obtained from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases by Survey (Vigitel) system for the 26 capitals and the Federal District, in the period from 2010 to 2013. The IBP classifies the census sectors according to indicators such as: income less than ½ minimum wage, illiterate population and without sanitary sewage. In the North and Northeast regions, the census sectors were grouped into four categories (low, medium, high and very high deprivation) and in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions into three (low, medium and high deprivation). Prevalence estimates of adult smokers were obtained using the indirect estimation method in small areas. To calculate the prevalence ratios, Poisson models are used. Results: The positive association between prevalence and deprivation of census sector categories was found in 16 (59.3%) of the 27 cities. In nine (33.3%) cities, the sectors with the greatest deprivation had a higher prevalence of smokers when compared to those with the least deprivation, and in two (7.4%) there were no differences. In Aracaju, Belém, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Macapá and Salvador, the prevalence of adult smokers was three times higher in the group of sectors with greater deprivation compared to those with less deprivation. Conclusion: Sectors with greater social deprivation had a higher prevalence of smoking, compared with less deprivation, pointing to social inequalities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências de adultos fumante nas 26 capitais e no Distrito Federal segundo o Índice Brasileiro de Privação. Métodos: Os dados sobre tabagismo foram obtidos junto ao sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito (Vigitel) para as 26 capitais e o Distrito Federal, no período de 2010 a 2013. O Índice Brasileiro de Privação classifica os setores censitários segundo indicadores como: renda menor que meio salário mínimo, população não alfabetizada e sem esgotamento sanitário. Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, os setores censitários foram agrupados em quatro categorias (baixa, média, alta e muito alta privação) e, nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, em três (baixa, média e alta privação). As estimativas de prevalências de adultos fumantes foram obtidas pelo método indireto de estimação em pequenas áreas. Para o cálculo das razões de prevalências, empregram-se modelos de Poisson. Resultados: A associação positiva entre a prevalência e a privação das categorias de setores censitários foi encontrada em 16 (59,3%) das 27 cidades. Em nove (33,3%) cidades, os setores de maior privação apresentaram maior prevalência de fumantes quando comparados aos de menor privação e, em duas (7,4%), não apresentaram diferenças. Em Aracaju, Belém, Fortaleza, João Pessoa, Macapá e Salvador, as prevalências de adultos fumantes foram três vezes maiores no grupo de setores com maior privação em relação aos de menor privação. Conclusão: Setores de maior privação social apresentaram maiores prevalências de tabagismo, comparados com menor privação, apontando desigualdades sociais.

Organização e oferta da assistência fisioterapêutica em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil / Organization and offer of physical therapy care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Resumo A recuperação das pessoas acometidas pela COVID-19 é um processo que continua para além do quadro agudo da infecção pelo Sars-CoV-2. O comprometimento de diversos sistemas corporais pode acarretar impactos funcionais e demandar assistência fisioterapêutica contínua tanto na atenção ambulatorial quanto na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Neste ensaio, busca-se discutir os desafios da organização e da oferta de assistência fisioterapêutica em resposta à pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. A análise foi sumarizada em três dimensões: oferta da assistência fisioterapêutica na APS e na atenção ambulatorial, e oferta de atenção fisioterapêutica por telessaúde. Conclui-se que: a reabilitação funcional depende da capacidade de resposta da APS; existe um déficit de serviços de reabilitação que antecede a pandemia, e pode comprometer respostas satisfatórias às demandas do atual contexto epidemiológico; faz-se necessária a articulação entre as equipes de fisioterapia ambulatorial e da APS; embora a telessaúde seja um recurso e uma oportunidade para ampliar o acesso da população à reabilitação funcional, sua utilização exige cautela; o fisioterapeuta possui papel crucial em todo o continuum de cuidados da COVID-19.

Abstract The recovery of people affected by COVID-19 is a process that continues beyond the acute condition of infection by Sars-CoV-2. The impairment of several body systems can cause functional impacts and demand continuous physical therapy assistance both in outpatient care and in Primary Health Care (PHC). In this essay, we seek to discuss the challenges of organizing and offering Physical Therapy assistance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The analysis was summarized in three dimensions: offering physical therapy assistance in PHC, outpatient care, via telehealth. It is concluded that functional rehabilitation depends on the PHC's response capacity; there is a shortage of rehabilitation services that precedes the pandemic, and may not respond satisfactorily to the demands of the current epidemiological context; it is necessary to articulate the outpatient physiotherapy and PHC teams; although telehealth is a resource and an opportunity to increase the population's access to functional rehabilitation, its use requires caution; the physiotherapist plays a crucial role in the entire COVID-19 care continuum.

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Differentials in death count records by databases in Brazil in 2010

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP - Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM - Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire.