A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of paclitaxel in combination with reparixin compared to paclitaxel alone as front-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (fRida).

PURPOSE: CXCR1, one of the receptors for CXCL8, has been identified as a druggable target on breast cancer cancer stem cells (CSC). Reparixin (R), an investigational oral inhibitor of CXCR1, was safely administered to metastatic breast cancer patients in combination with paclitaxel (P) and appeared to reduce CSC in a window-of-opportunity trial in operable breast cancer. The fRida trial (NCT02370238) evaluated the addition of R to weekly as first-line therapy for metastatic (m) TNBC. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects with untreated mTNBC were randomized 1:1 to R or placebo days 1-21 in combination with weekly P 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15 of 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was PFS by central review. RESULTS: 123 subjects were randomized (62 to R + P and 61 to placebo + P). PFS was not different between the 2 groups (median 5.5 and 5.6 months for R + P and placebo + P, respectively; HR 1.13, p = 0.5996). ALDH+ and CD24-/CD44+ CSC centrally evaluated by IHC were found in 16 and 34 of the 54 subjects who provided a metastatic tissue biopsy at study entry. Serious adverse events (21.3 and 20% of subjects) and grade ≥ 3 adverse reactions (ADR) (9.1 and 6.3% of all ADRs) occurred at similar frequency in both groups. CONCLUSION: fRida is the first randomized, double-blind clinical trial of a CSC-targeting agent in combination with chemotherapy in breast cancer. The primary endpoint of prolonged PFS was not met. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION/DATE OF REGISTRATION: NCT01861054/February 24, 2015.

The possibilities of molecular testing of somatic aberrations in tumor tissue using NGS in routine practice - current situation in the Czech Republic.

Molecular testing of tumor tissue for the detection of somatic aberrations using NGS is increasingly gaining significance in routine practice. The technical aspects of testing are standardized and currently do not pose a problem. However, the situation is evolving very rapidly regarding the indication of testing, which depends on the sometimes rapidly developing medical knowledge and needs in clinical practice. In order to implement NGS testing in practice and arrange its reimbursement by the health care system, first it is necessary to reach an agreement on the level of professional societies concerning the definition of priority and medically clearly justified areas in which molecular testing has a clear impact on therapeutical choices. The next step is to reach an agreement with the health insurance companies regarding NGS testing. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the issue of routine tumor tissue testing using the NGS method covered by public health insurance, with a summary of the current situation in the Czech Republic. Only the testing of somatic aberrations in solid tumors performed at pathology departments is discussed. The issue of testing in haemato-oncological centres is not the subject of this review.

Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is an important therapeutic target in colorectal carcinoma. Ramucirumab is a human IgG-1 monoclonal antibody that targets the extracellular domain of VEGF receptor 2. We assessed the efficacy and safety of ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI (leucovorin, fluorouracil, and irinotecan) for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with disease progression during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine. METHODS: Between Dec 14, 2010, and Aug 23, 2013, we enrolled patients into the multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 RAISE trial. Eligible patients had disease progression during or within 6 months of the last dose of first-line therapy. Patients were randomised (1:1) via a centralised, interactive voice-response system to receive 8 mg/kg intravenous ramucirumab plus FOLFIRI or matching placebo plus FOLFIRI every 2 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxic effects, or death. Randomisation was stratified by region, KRAS mutation status, and time to disease progression after starting first-line treatment. The primary endpoint was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01183780.ld FINDINGS: We enrolled 1072 patients (536 in each group). Median overall survival was 13·3 months (95% CI 12·4-14·5) for patients in the ramucirumab group versus 11·7 months (10·8-12·7) for the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·844 95% CI 0·730-0·976; log-rank p=0·0219). Survival benefit was consistent across subgroups of patients who received ramucirumab plus FOLFIRI. Grade 3 or worse adverse events seen in more than 5% of patients were neutropenia (203 [38%] of 529 patients in the ramucirumab group vs 123 [23%] of 528 in the placebo group, with febrile neutropenia incidence of 18 [3%] vs 13 [2%]), hypertension (59 [11%] vs 15 [3%]), diarrhoea (57 [11%] vs 51 [10%]), and fatigue (61 [12%] vs 41 [8%]). INTERPRETATION: Ramucirumab plus FOLFIRI significantly improved overall survival compared with placebo plus FOLFIRI as second-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. No unexpected adverse events were identified and toxic effects were manageable. FUNDING: Eli Lilly.

Bevacizumab with chemotherapy in patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Czech registry data.

AIM: This retrospective analysis investigated the effectiveness of combination therapy with bevacizumab and chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer. PATIENTS & METHODS: Patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer in the CORECT registry who initiated treatment with bevacizumab between 2008 and 2012 were enrolled. Overall survival and progression-free survival were the main effectiveness end points. RESULTS: A total of 981 patients were enrolled. Median progression-free survival was 11.3 months (95% CI: 10.7-11.8) and median overall survival was 28.4 months (95% CI: 26.2-30.6). The most common adverse events were thromboembolic disease (4%) and hypertension (3.5%). CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis shows the effectiveness of bevacizumab with chemotherapy in patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.

Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Czech population-based registry.

BACKGROUND: Patients aged 65 years and older represent the majority of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, this patient population is often underrepresented in clinical trials and probably undertreated in the clinical practice. METHODS: We have analysed the outcomes of 3,187 mCRC patients treated with first-line bevacizumab based on data from the Czech national registry of mCRC patients aiming to compare the treatment efficacy and safety according to the age categories. RESULTS: In total, 2,126 (66.7%), 932 (29.2%), and 129 (4.0%) patients were aged <65 years, 65 to 75 years, and 75+ years, respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 11.4, 11.3, and 11.8 months for patients aged <65 years, 65 to 75 years, and 75+ years, respectively (p = 0.94). Median overall survival (OS) was 26.9, 27.5, and 25.1 months for patients aged <65 years, 65 to 75 years, and 75+ years, respectively (p = 0.73). Using multivariable Cox model for both PFS and OS, the patient age was not significantly associated with either PFS or OS. No increase in bevacizumab-related toxicity was observed among the elderly mCRC patients with the exception of hypertension, which was observed in 71 (3.3%), 34 (3.6%), and 10 (7.8%) patients aged <65 years, 65 to 75 years, and 75+ years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest similar outcome in terms of OS and PFS with bevacizumab-containing therapy in elderly mCRC patients fit for chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy compared to younger patients. Thus, chronological age should not be considered to represent a limitation in prescribing bevacizumab-containing therapy in mCRC patients.

Ultrahypofractionated Proton Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Low and Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer-5-Year Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To analyze the 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) and late toxicity profile in patients with prostate cancer treated with pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 2013 and March 2016, 284 patients with prostate cancer were treated using intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT), with an ultrahypofractionated schedule (36.25 GyE in 5 fractions). Five patients were immediately lost from follow-up and thus were excluded from analysis. Data for 279 patients were prospectively collected and analyzed with a median follow-up time of 56.5 (range, 3.4-87.5) months. The mean age at time of treatment was 64.5 (40.1-85.7) years, and the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value was 6.35 µg/L (0.67-17.3 µg/L). A total of 121 (43.4%) patients had low-risk, 125 patients (44.8%) had favorable, and 33 (11.8%) unfavorable intermediate-risk cancer. In addition, 49 (17.6%) patients underwent neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, and no patients had adjuvant hormonal therapy. bDFS and late toxicity profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: The median treatment time was 9 days (range, 7-18 days). The 5-year bDFS was 96.9%, 91.7%, and 83.5% for the low-, favorable, and unfavorable intermediate-risk group, respectively. Late toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.4) was as follows: gastrointestinal: grade 1, 62 patients (22%), grade 2, 20 patients (7.2%), and grade 3, 1 patient (0.36%); genitourinary: grade 1, 80 patients (28.7%), grade 2, 14 patients (5%), and grade 3, 0 patients. PSA relapse was observed in 17 patients (6.1%), and lymph node or bone recurrence was detected in 11 patients. Four (1.4%) local recurrences were detected. Nine patients (3.2%) died of causes unrelated to prostate cancer. No deaths related to prostate cancer were reported. CONCLUSION: Ultrahypofractionated proton beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer is effective with long-term bDFS comparable with other fractionation schedules and with minimal serious long-term GI and GU toxicity.

Regorafenib for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: An Analysis of a Registry-Based Cohort of 555 Patients.

PURPOSE: Regorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor approved for the therapy of previously treated metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC). The aim of the present study was to analyze the outcomes of treatment with regorafenib in real-world clinical practice based on data from a national registry. METHODS: The CORECT registry, the Czech non-interventional database of patients with mCRC treated with targeted agents, searched for patients with metastatic CRC treated with regorafenib. In total, 555 evaluable patients were identified. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 61.7 years. All patients had disease progression on or after previous systemic treatment. Most patients were treated with an initial dose of 160 mg daily (n = 463; 83.6%). The median duration of treatment was 2.7 months (range 0.0-23.4 months). By the data cut-off date, 472 patients (85%) had completed treatment with regorafenib and were evaluable for treatment response evaluation. Partial response was reported in 13 patients (2.8%) and disease stabilization in 130 patients (27.5%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 3.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2-3.7 months) and 9.3 months (95% CI 8.3-10.3 months), respectively. The 6-month OS rate was 67.7% (95% CI 63.4-72.1%). Multivariable analysis showed that female gender, longer interval from diagnosis of metastatic disease, M0 stage at diagnosis, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 0 were associated with longer PFS, while higher body-mass index (BMI), longer interval from diagnosis of metastatic disease, and ECOG PS of 0 were associated with longer OS. CONCLUSION: OS of patients treated with regorafenib in the real-world clinical practice in this cohort exceeded that reported in randomized trials. Regorafenib is a safe and active treatment option for a subgroup of patients with mCRC who are progressing after other systemic therapies and maintain good performance status.

FOCUS on FOCIS: combined chemo-immunotherapy for the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer.

Immunotherapy has emerged as another treatment modality in cancer. The goal of immunotherapy in advanced cancer patients does not have to be the complete eradication of tumor cells but rather the restoration of a dynamic balance between tumor cells and the immune response. Appropriate combination of tumor mass reduction (by surgery and/or chemotherapy) and neutralization of tumor-induced immunosuppression might set the right conditions for the induction of anti-tumor immune response by active immunotherapy. We review experimental basis and key concepts of combined chemo-immunotherapy and document its principles in the case report of patient with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer with sinister prognosis. More than four hundred prostate cancer patients have been treated with DC-based immunotherapy and tumor-specific immune responses have been reported in two-thirds of them. In half of these patients, DC immunotherapy resulted in transient clinical responses. Tregs, among other factors, potently inhibit tumor-specific T cells. Prostate cancer patients have elevated numbers of circulating and tumor infiltrating Tregs and there is evidence that Tregs increase tumor growth in vivo. Because of the high frequency of circulating Tregs in our patients, we first administered metronomic cyclophosphamide. After obtaining IRB approval, we started regular vaccinations with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with killed prostate cancer cells. In accordance with the principles of combined immunotherapy, we continued palliative chemotherapy with docetaxel to reduce the tumor cell burden. DC-based vaccination induced prostate cancer cell-specific immune response. Combined chemo-immunotherapy consisting of alternate courses of chemotherapy and vaccination with mature DCs pulsed with LNCap prostate cancer cell line led to the marked improvement in the clinical and laboratory presentation and to the decrease of PSA levels by more than 90%.

Extreme hypofractionated proton radiotherapy for prostate cancer using pencil beam scanning: Dosimetry, acute toxicity and preliminary results.

INTRODUCTION: Extreme hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer is a common modality in photon therapy. Pencil beam scanning (PBS) in similar fractionation allows better dose distribution and makes proton therapy more available for such patients. The purpose of this study is the feasibility of extreme proton hypofractionated radiotherapy and publication of early clinical results. METHODS: Two hundred patients with early-stage prostate cancer were treated with IMPT (intensity-modulated proton therapy), extreme hypofractionated schedule (36.25 GyE in five fractions) between February 2013 and December 2015. Mean age of the patients was 64.3 years, and the mean value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) before treatment was 6.83 µg/L (0.6-17.3 µg/L). Ninety-three patients (46.5%) were in the low-risk group. One hundred and seven patients (53.5%) were in the intermediate-risk group. Twenty-nine patients (14.5%) had neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, and no patients had adjuvant hormonal therapy. Acute toxicity, late toxicity and short-term results were evaluated. RESULTS: All patients finished radiotherapy without interruptions. The median follow-up time was 36 months. The mean treatment time was 9.5 days (median 9 days). Acute toxicity according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v 4.0 was (gastrointestinal toxicity) GI (grade) G1-17%, G2-3.5%; (genitourinary toxicity) GU G1-40%, G2-19%; and no G3 toxicity was observed. Late toxicity was GI G1-19%, G2-5.5%; GU G1-17%, G2-4%; and no G3 toxicity was observed. PSA relapse was observed in one patient (1.08%) in the low-risk group (pelvic lymph node involvement was detected) and in seven patients (6.5%) in the intermediate-risk group (three lymph node metastases, two lymph node and bone metastases, two PSA relapses). No patient died of prostate cancer, and three patients died from other reasons. No local recurrence of cancer in the prostate was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Proton beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer is feasible with a low rate of acute toxicity and promising late toxicity and effectivity.

Safety of Imatinib Mesylate in a Multicenter Expanded Access Program in Adult Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the Adjuvant Setting.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors most often caused by activating mutations of the KIT gene. KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors provide targeted therapy for the underlying genetic mutation, and adjuvant therapy is indicated for patients who are at significant risk of relapse following GIST resection. This is a report of the safety of imatinib in patients with GIST in the adjuvant setting in an expanded access program. METHODS: In this multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial, safety was assessed based on the frequency of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Three hundred patients were treated and analyzed; 40 patients discontinued treatment. Median overall exposure during the program was 181 days (range 9-420); most patients (260/300 treated) completed the study. Six patients had disease recurrence, 4 of whom discontinued. In line with previously published reports, the most frequent AEs were nausea, diarrhea, and periorbital edema. The AEs were mild to moderate in most cases (76%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are in agreement with the known safety profile of imatinib and confirm the safety of imatinib at 400 mg/day in the adjuvant setting. The incidence of severe AEs was low.

Advantages in Prognosis of Adult Patients with Ewing Sarcoma: 11-years Experiences and Current Treatment Management.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an exceptionally rare tumor in adults. Data regarding outcomes of adult patients with ES and experiences with age-adapted therapeutic strategies are very limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors and clinical outcome in a cohort of adult patients treated according to pediatric protocols in the Czech Republic. The records of 58 adult ES patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2013 were reviewed and factors relevant to prognosis and survival were analyzed. The median age of study cohort was 29 years (range, 18-59). The most frequent location was axial (36.2%), followed by involvement of extraskeletal tissues (34.5%) and bones of the extremities (29.3%). Twenty-eight (48.3%) patients had metastatic disease. In cases with localized ES, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 76.5%. Using the log-rank test, the presence of metastasis at diagnosis, local treatment without surgery and a failure to achieve complete remission were associated with significantly shorter survival. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the achievement of complete remission was an independent predictor of patients's survival time. Outcomes of adults with localized ES treated according to multimodal pediatric protocols are similar to children. The achievement of complete remission is an independent predictor of survival time in ES patients. Severe hematological toxicity is foreseeable and manageable. Prognosis of patients with metastases or progression remains dismal.

Observed benefit and safety of aflibercept in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: An age-based analysis from the randomized placebo-controlled phase III VELOUR trial.

OBJECTIVES: Aflibercept (ziv-aflibercept) significantly improves progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) when added to 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI), compared with FOLFIRI alone, in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with oxaliplatin-based therapy. This subset analysis of the VELOUR study investigates aflibercept plus FOLFIRI versus placebo plus FOLFIRI according to age. METHODS: Efficacy and safety were analyzed by treatment arm and age (≥ or <65years). RESULTS: Overall, 443 patients were ≥65years old (205 in aflibercept arm; 238 in placebo arm) and 783 were <65years old (407 in aflibercept arm; 376 in placebo arm). Median OS was 12.6 versus 11.3months (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.85; 95.34% CI 0.68-1.07) in patients ≥65years old and 14.5 versus 12.5months (HR: 0.80; 95.34% CI 0.67-0.95) in those patients <65years old, for patients receiving FOLFIRI plus aflibercept or placebo, respectively. There was no interaction between treatment and age. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were comparable for patients <65years and ≥65years old. The incidence of grade 3/4 AEs was higher for patients ≥65years old than for those <65years old in both the aflibercept (89.3% versus 80.5%) and placebo (67.4% versus 59.4%) arms. Interaction tests for grade 3/4 antiangiogenic agent-related AEs suggested no heterogeneity between the older and younger patient populations (p>0.1). CONCLUSION: A limited but consistent benefit on both OS and PFS was associated with the addition of aflibercept to FOLFIRI compared with placebo in patients <65 and ≥65years old, with a marked but manageable increase in the toxicity profile in older patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.govNCT00561470.

Regorafenib in the Real-Life Clinical Practice: Data from the Czech Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of regorafenib for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in clinical practice in the Czech Republic, and to describe the clinical outcomes of patients in terms of safety and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data of patients treated with regorafenib were extracted from the national CORECT registry. The CORECT registry is a non-interventional post-marketing database, gathering information about patients with CRC and treated with targeted agents. Twenty oncology centres in the Czech Republic contributed to this registry. Collected data included patients' characteristics, disease history, cancer treatments, response to treatments and safety. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients treated with regorafenib in clinical practice were analysed. At regorafenib initiation, almost all patients were fully active or slightly restricted in physical activity. Regorafenib was not administered as first-line treatment in any patient. Median progression-free survival was 3.5 months and median overall survival was 9.3 months. One-year survival rate was 44.6 %. Four partial responses were observed and 51 stable diseases. Progression was observed in 66 patients (44.6 %). The main reported adverse events were skin toxicity (5.4 %) and fatigue (2.0 %). CONCLUSIONS: Regorafenib is a well-established treatment for pretreated patients with mCRC, however real-life data are scarce. Our results demonstrated slightly better efficacy of regorafenib and better safety profile in patients with mCRC compared to the randomised trials.

Comparing Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Young-onset and Late-onset Colorectal Cancer: An International Collaborative Study.

BACKGROUND: Compared with the general population, the incidence of young-onset (YO) colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. However, a significant knowledge gap exists in the clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six international tertiary cancer centers conducted a retrospective study. Patients with YO CRC (aged 18-44 years) and LO CRC (aged > 44 years) diagnosed with histologically proven colorectal adenocarcinoma from June 2003 to June 2014 were enrolled. Patients were randomly chosen from each center's database, and the patient demographics and treatment information were collected. The data were then centralized, and the final analysis was performed at a single institution. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for progression-free survival and mortality, and YO was compared with LO. Site-specific HRs were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 498 patients, including 224 with YO (129 men; mean age, 37 ± 5.5 years) and 274 with LO (167 men; mean age, 64.8 ± 9.5 years) CRC, were included. At the diagnosis, 137 patients (61.2%) and 122 patients (44.5%) with YO and LO CRC had metastatic disease, respectively. For both cohorts, the 3 most common presenting symptoms were pain, hematochezia, and weight loss. Surgery was performed in 141 YO (63.0%) and 219 LO (79.9%) patients. The longitudinal noncurative treatment patterns were similar, but more biologic therapy was used for these YO patients. The pooled progression-free survival analysis results for first-line noncurative treatment favored LO (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.04-3.68). The mortality analysis showed no significant differences between the 2 groups (YO: HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 0.91-2.58). CONCLUSION: Despite similar treatment patterns and survival outcomes, YO disease might be clinically more aggressive.

Exposure-response relationship of ramucirumab in patients with advanced second-line colorectal cancer: exploratory analysis of the RAISE trial.

PURPOSE: To characterize ramucirumab exposure-response relationships for efficacy and safety in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) using data from the RAISE study. METHODS: Sparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected; a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the relationship between predicted ramucirumab minimum trough concentration at steady state (C min,ss) and survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival from patients in the ramucirumab plus folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) treatment arm stratified by C min,ss quartiles (Q). An ordered categorical model analyzed the relationship between C min,ss and safety outcomes. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic samples from 906 patients were included in exposure-efficacy analyses; samples from 905 patients were included in exposure-safety analyses. A significant association was identified between C min,ss and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for baseline factors associated with OS or PFS (p < 0.0001 for both). Median OS was 11.5, 12.9, 16.4, and 16.7, and 12.4 months for ramucirumab C min,ss Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and placebo group, respectively. Median PFS was 5.4, 4.6, 6.8, 8.5, and 5.2 months for ramucirumab C min,ss Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and placebo group, respectively. The risk of Grade ≥3 neutropenia was associated with an increase in ramucirumab exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Exploratory exposure-response analyses suggested a positive relationship between efficacy and ramucirumab exposure with manageable toxicities in patients from the RAISE study with mCRC over the ranges of exposures achieved by a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks in combination with FOLFIRI.

Aflibercept Plus FOLFIRI vs. Placebo Plus FOLFIRI in Second-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: a Post Hoc Analysis of Survival from the Phase III VELOUR Study Subsequent to Exclusion of Patients who had Recurrence During or Within 6 Months of Completing Adjuvant Oxaliplatin-Based Therapy.

The aim of this post hoc analysis of the VELOUR study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00561470) was to investigate the treatment effect of adding aflibercept to second-line infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who had failed any prior oxaliplatin-containing regimen. Adjuvant rapid relapsers (ARR), who were enrolled directly following relapse during or within 6 months of completion of oxaliplatin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy (N = 124, including 17 patients who also received bevacizumab as part of their adjuvant therapy), were excluded from the original VELOUR intention-to-treat (ITT) population (N = 1226). After exclusion of the ARR, overall survival (OS) in the ITT minus ARR (ITT-ARR) population (N = 1102) was longer in the aflibercept plus FOLFIRI arm than in the placebo plus FOLFIRI arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.78, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.90; median survival difference 1.87 months]. In the subgroup of patients assigned to the prior bevacizumab stratum at randomization, OS was numerically longer in the aflibercept plus FOLFIRI arm than in the placebo plus FOLFIRI arm (HR 0.81; 95 % CI 0.63-1.04; median survival difference 2.14 months). Comparison of the post hoc analysis results with the primary analysis from VELOUR suggests that the inclusion of the directly enrolled ARR may have understated the aflibercept treatment benefit for both bevacizumab-pretreated and bevacizumab-naïve patients in the strictly second-line setting although no definitive conclusion may be inferred. The benefit associated with the addition of aflibercept to second-line FOLFIRI in patients with mCRC was observed whatever the timing of first-line disease progression. There were no unexpected safety concerns.

Ixabepilone alone or with cetuximab as first-line treatment for advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Despite high initial sensitivity to chemotherapy, TNBC is associated with a poor prognosis, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The aim of this multicenter, randomized, open-label phase II trial was to assess the efficacy of ixabepilone as monotherapy, and the combination of ixabepilone with cetuximab, as first-line treatment in patients with triple-negative locally advanced nonresectable and/or metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women were randomly assigned to receive either ixabepilone (40 mg/m(2)) every 21 days (n = 40), or ixabepilone (40 mg/m(2)) every 21 days with cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) loading dose, followed by 250 mg/m(2)) once weekly (n = 39). The primary end point of the trial was to estimate the response rates of ixabepilone monotherapy and ixabepilone with cetuximab combination therapy. RESULTS: Of 79 randomized patients, 77 were treated. Based on an intent-to-treat analysis, an objective response rate of 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.6-46.5) was observed in the monotherapy arm, and 35.9% (95% CI, 21.2-52.8) in the combination arm. Median progression-free survival was 4.1 months in both treatment groups. Safety findings were consistent with the known individual toxicity profiles of ixabepilone and cetuximab. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders were more common with combination therapy, as were discontinuations because of adverse events. CONCLUSION: Ixabepilone monotherapy and the ixabepilone and cetuximab combination demonstrated similar levels of clinical activity in first-line treatment of advanced TNBC, with a predictable safety profile. Further investigation of novel therapies for TNBC is required to improve patient outcomes.

Bevacizumab with FOLFIRI or XELIRI in the First-line Therapy of Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma: Results from Czech Observational Registry.

AIM: To retrospectively compare the efficacy of two irinotecan-based chemotherapy regimens combined with bevacizumab in first-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data of 558 patients with mCRC treated with first-line bevacizumab plus irinotecan-containing regimen were obtained from the national CORECT registry that collects data of all patients with mCRC treated with targeted-agents. The treatment outcomes of patients treated with bevacizumab plus irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid (FOLFIRI) were compared to patients treated with bevacizumab plus irinotecan and capecitabine (XELIRI). RESULTS: Among 4,312 patients with CRC treated with bevacizumab, only 13% (558) received irinotecan-based chemotherapy. No significant differences were observed in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival between FOLFIRI and XELIRI groups. Moreover, the toxicity of both regimens was also comparable. CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis confirms the comparable activity of FOLFIRI and XELIRI regimens when combined with bevacizumab.

Clinical Benefit and Health-Related Quality of Life Assessment in Patients Treated with Cisplatin/S-1 Versus Cisplatin/5-FU: Secondary End Point Results From the First-Line Advanced Gastric Cancer Study (FLAGS).

PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and time to worsening of clinical benefit parameters were evaluated as secondary end points in the phase 3 first-line advanced gastric cancer study (FLAGS) trial of cisplatin/S-1 versus cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: The primary PRO end point was the Trial Outcome Index of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Gastric (FACT-Ga). FACT-Ga was completed at the beginning of the first 4 cycles, cycle 6, and then every 3 cycles thereafter. The Chemotherapy Convenience and Satisfaction Questionnaire (CCSQ) was administered before the first 4 cycles; clinical benefit parameters (performance status, weight loss, and anorexia) were assessed at baseline, prior to study drug administration on day 1 of each cycle after cycle 1, and at the end of study treatment. RESULTS: Compliance to questionnaire fulfillment was more than 80 % through cycle 9. Significantly, fewer patients treated with cisplatin/S-1 reported worsened physical well-being (PWB) scores (45.1 versus 51.7 %, p = 0.044) and experienced significantly longer time to worsening in PWB scores, with a median of 4.5 months (95 % confidence interval (CI), 3.1-5.1) compared to 3.0 months (2.8-4.6) with cisplatin/5-FU (CF) (p = 0.01). Patients receiving cisplatin/S-1 also reported significantly higher best and worst score of PWB as well as CCSQ scores and a longer median time to worsening in clinical benefit parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in secondary end points of PWB, CCSQ scores, and clinical benefit parameters favoring the cisplatin/S-1 arm provide further evidence for considering this combination a standard therapeutic option for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer.

Comparison of Two Prognostic Models in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cancer Treated with Sunitinib: a Retrospective, Registry-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to compare two prognostic models in terms of progression-free survival (PFS), median overall survival (OS), and 1-year survival in patients treated first-line with sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS: Data from patients who met prognostic model criteria for recording of baseline parameters and outcomes in the Czech Patient Registry RENal Information System (RENIS) were included in the retrospective analysis (n = 495). Performance of the modified Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) model and International Database Consortium (IDC) model was compared. PFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The statistical significance of differences in Kaplan-Meier estimates was assessed using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Median OS for prognostic groups according to MSKCC and IDC criteria, respectively, was 39.5 months (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 23.9-55.2) versus 44.3 months (95 % CI: 31.6-56.9) for favourable-risk patients (no adverse factors), 28.5 months (95 % CI: 20.1-36.8) versus 24.8 months (95 % CI: 19.8-29.8) for intermediate-risk patients (1-2 adverse factors), and 10.6 months (95 % CI: 6.3-14.8) versus 9.3 months (95 % CI: 5.1-13.5) for poor-risk patients (≥3 adverse factors). The majority of MSKCC poor-risk patients (54.1 %, n = 72) were reclassified as intermediate-risk using IDC criteria, and 20.2 % (n = 61) of MSKCC intermediate-risk patients were reclassified to the IDC favourable-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Both prognostic models were validated in the present cohort. Use of the IDC model resulted in an upward shift in prognostic assessment compared to the MSKCC model.