RESUMEN
A patient co-infected with leprosy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-type 1 who developed type 2 lepra reaction in the absence of antiretroviral therapy is presented. The reaction responded only after initiating anti retroviral therapy (ART) despite normal CD4+ counts. The present report suggests that type 2 reactions in leprosy and HIV co-infected patients may not always be the typical manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and stresses the importance of considering concomitant HIV infection in refractory lepra reactions. Extensive research is required into the manifestations of HIV in leprosy patients.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inducido químicamente , Eritema Nudoso/inducido químicamente , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1 , Lepra Lepromatosa/inducido químicamente , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inmunología , Adulto , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Eritema Nudoso/diagnóstico , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Leprostáticos/uso terapéutico , Lepra Lepromatosa/diagnóstico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The stress and temperature dependence of three different lead zirconate titanate ceramics have been measured at 48 h and 1 month after poling. The data were fit to a modified Rayleigh law in which a negative quadratic stress term accounts for a saturation of the domain wall contributions at higher stress. The relative changes to the fitting parameters can be explained by the materials possessing differences in the concentration of orientable defect dipoles, but with similar distributions of relaxation time constants.
RESUMEN
The thyroid scintigraphs of 207 patients were examined with a view to investigate the anatomical origin of the pyramidal lobe (PL) and in order to determine the incidence of its scintigraphic detection. The PL was visualized in 41% of the cases studied with a greater incidence among the females as compared to the males. It was established that the likelihood of the PL arising from the isthmus of the thyroid or its lobes was about the same. Further, it was observed that the isthmal PL was usually located in the mid-line rather than laterally, in which case it was more often deviated to the left than to the right. The scintigraphic visualization of the PL was seen to increase with the size of the gland but in large goitres it was difficult to detect. It evolves that although at times, there might be a discrepancy between the apparent and the actual location of the PL due to the presence of overlying tissue, in a majority of cases, the scintigraphic appearances do in fact reflect the true picture.