Pharmacology of hydrogen sulfide and its donors in cardiometabolic diseases.

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are major contributors to global mortality, emphasizing the critical need for novel therapeutic interventions. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has garnered enormous attention as a significant gasotransmitter with various physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological impacts within mammalian cardiometabolic systems. In addition to its roles in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory response, burgeoning research emphasizes the significance of H2S in regulating proteins via persulfidation, a well-known modification intricately associated with the pathogenesis of CMDs This review seeks to investigate recent updates on the physiological actions of endogenous H2S and the pharmacological roles of various H2S donors in addressing diverse aspects of CMDs across cellular, animal, and clinical studies. Of note, advanced methodologies including multi-omics, intestinal microflora analysis, organoid and single-cell sequencing techniques are gaining traction due to their ability to offer comprehensive insights into biomedical research. These emerging approaches hold promise in characterizing the pharmacological roles of H2S in health and diseases. We will critically assesse the current literatures to clarify the roles of H2S in diseases while also delineating the opportunities and challenges they present in H2S-based pharmacotherapy for CMDs. Significance Statement The comprehensive review covers recent developments in H2S biology and pharmacology in CMDs. Endogenous H2S and its donors show great promise for the management of CMDs by regulating numerous proteins and signaling pathways. The emergence of new technologies will considerably advance the pharmacological research and clinical translation of H2S.

Deficiency of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) impairs endothelial function in diet-induced diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) plays a critical role in the regulation of cholesterol ester metabolism. Deficiency of NCHE1 accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice. Nonetheless, the role of NCEH1 in endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes has not been explored. The present study sought to investigate whether NCEH1 improved endothelial function in diabetes, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. METHODS: The expression and activity of NCEH1 were determined in obese mice with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, high glucose (HG)-induced mouse aortae or primary endothelial cells (ECs). Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in aortae response to acetylcholine (Ach) was measured. RESULTS: Results showed that the expression and activity of NCEH1 were lower in HFD-induced mouse aortae, HG-exposed mouse aortae ex vivo, and HG-incubated primary ECs. HG exposure reduced EDR in mouse aortae, which was exaggerated by endothelial-specific deficiency of NCEH1, whereas NCEH1 overexpression restored the impaired EDR. Similar results were observed in HFD mice. Mechanically, NCEH1 ameliorated the disrupted EDR by dissociating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from caveolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to eNOS activation and nitric oxide (NO) release. Moreover, interaction of NCEH1 with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF1 led to the degradation of Cav-1 through the ubiquitination pathway. Silencing Cav-1 and upregulating ZNRF1 were sufficient to improve EDR of diabetic aortas, while overexpression of Cav-1 and downregulation of ZNRF1 abolished the effects of NCEH1 on endothelial function in diabetes. Thus, NCEH1 preserves endothelial function through increasing NO bioavailability secondary to the disruption of the Cav-1/eNOS complex in the endothelium of diabetic mice, depending on ZNRF1-induced ubiquitination of Cav-1. CONCLUSIONS: NCEH1 may be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.

Superoxide dismutases: marker in predicting reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome.

AIM: To examine the prognostic value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity for monitoring reduced left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)in the patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The population of this cross-sectional study included 2377 inpatients with type 2 diabetes who had an ACS admitted to the Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January 2016 to January 2021. RESULTS: Diabetic patients with ACS were divided into 2 subgroups based on LVEF. The mean SOD activity was significantly lower in patients with an LVEF ≤ 45% than in those with an LVEF > 45% (149.1 (146.4, 151.9) versus 161.9 (160.8, 163.0)). Using ROC statistic, a cut-off value of 148.8 U/ml indicated an LVEF ≤ 45% with a sensitivity of 51.6% and a specificity of 73.7%. SODs activity were found to be correlated with the levels of NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, the inflammatory marker CRP and fibrinogen. Despite taking the lowest quartile as a reference (OR 0.368, 95% CI 0.493-0.825, P = 0.001) or examining 1 normalized unit increase (OR 0.651, 95% CI 0.482-0.880, P = 0.005), SOD activity was found to be a stronger predictor of reduced LVEF than CRP and fibrinogen, independent of confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our cross-sectional study suggests that SOD activity might be a valuable and easily accessible tool for assessing and monitoring reduced LVEF in the diabetic patients with ACS.

AtNusG, a chloroplast nucleoid protein of bacterial origin linking chloroplast transcriptional and translational machineries, is required for proper chloroplast gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In Escherichia coli, transcription-translation coupling is mediated by NusG. Although chloroplasts are descendants of endosymbiotic prokaryotes, the mechanism underlying this coupling in chloroplasts remains unclear. Here, we report transcription-translation coupling through AtNusG in chloroplasts. AtNusG is localized in chloroplast nucleoids and is closely associated with the chloroplast PEP complex by interacting with its essential component PAP9. It also comigrates with chloroplast ribosomes and interacts with their two components PRPS5 (uS5c) and PRPS10 (uS10c). These data suggest that the transcription and translation machineries are coupled in chloroplasts. In the atnusg mutant, the accumulation of chloroplast-encoded photosynthetic gene transcripts, such as psbA, psbB, psbC and psbD, was not obviously changed, but that of their proteins was clearly decreased. Chloroplast polysomic analysis indicated that the decrease in these proteins was due to the reduced efficiency of their translation in this mutant, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency and enhanced sensitivity to cold stress. These data indicate that AtNusG-mediated coupling between transcription and translation in chloroplasts ensures the rapid establishment of photosynthetic capacity for plant growth and the response to environmental changes. Therefore, our study reveals a conserved mechanism of transcription-translation coupling between chloroplasts and E. coli, which perhaps represents a regulatory mechanism of chloroplast gene expression. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of chloroplast gene expression in higher plants.

A newly proposed heatstroke-induced coagulopathy score in patients with heat illness: A multicenter retrospective study in China.

PURPOSE: In patients with heatstroke, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is associated with greater risk of in-hospital mortality. However, time-consuming assays or a complex diagnostic system may delay immediate treatment. Therefore, the present study proposes a new heatstroke-induced coagulopathy (HIC) score in patients with heat illness as an early warning indicator for DIC. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients with heat illness in 24 Chinese hospitals from March 2021 to May 2022. Patients under 18 years old, with a congenital clotting disorder or liver disease, or using anticoagulants were excluded. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, routine blood tests, conventional coagulation assays and biochemical indexes. The risk factors related to coagulation function in heatstroke were identified by regression analysis, and used to construct a scoring system for HIC. The data of patients who met the diagnostic criteria for HIC and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis defined-DIC were analyzed. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0. RESULTS: The final analysis included 302 patients with heat illness, of whom 131 (43.4%) suffered from heatstroke, including 7 death (5.3%). Core temperature (OR = 1.681, 95% CI 1.291 - 2.189, p < 0.001), prothrombin time (OR = 1.427, 95% CI 1.175 - 1.733, p < 0.001) and D-dimer (OR = 1.242, 95% CI 1.049 - 1.471, p = 0.012) were independent risk factors for heatstroke, and therefore used to construct an HIC scoring system because of their close relation with abnormal coagulation. A total score ≥ 3 indicated HIC, and HIC scores correlated with the score for International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis -DIC (r = 0.8848, p < 0.001). The incidence of HIC (27.5%) was higher than that of DIC (11.2%) in all of 131 heatstroke patients. Meanwhile, the mortality rate of HIC (19.4%) was lower than that of DIC (46.7%). When HIC developed into DIC, parameters of coagulation dysfunction changed significantly: platelet count decreased, D-dimer level rose, and prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The newly proposed HIC score may provide a valuable tool for early detection of HIC and prompt initiation of treatment.

Tip60-FOXO regulates JNK signaling mediated apoptosis in Drosophila.

The JNK signaling pathway plays crucial roles in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and stress response. Dysregulation of this pathway is closely linked to the onset and progression of numerous major diseases, such as developmental defects and tumors. Identifying and characterizing novel components of the JNK signaling pathway to enhance and refine its network hold significant scientific and clinical importance for the prevention and treatment of associated cancers. This study utilized the model organism Drosophila and employed multidisciplinary approaches encompassing genetics, developmental biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology to investigate the interplay between Tip60 and the JNK signaling pathway, and elucidated its regulatory mechanisms. Our findings suggest that loss of Tip60 acetyltransferase activity results in JNK signaling pathway activation and subsequent induction of JNK-dependent apoptosis. Genetic epistasis analysis reveals that Tip60 acts downstream of JNK, paralleling with the transcription factor FOXO. The biochemical results confirm that Tip60 can bind to FOXO and acetylate it. Introduction of human Tip60 into Drosophila effectively mitigates apoptosis induced by JNK signaling activation, underscoring conserved regulatory role of Tip60 in the JNK signaling pathway from Drosophila to humans. This study further enhances our understanding of the regulatory network of the JNK signaling pathway. By revealing the role and mechanism of Tip60 in JNK-dependent apoptosis, it unveils new insights and potential therapeutic avenues for preventing and treating associated cancers.

Hydrogen sulfide in health and diseases: cross talk with noncoding RNAs.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is previously described as a potentially lethal toxic gas. However, this gasotransmitter is also endogenously generated by the actions of cystathionine-ß-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in mammalian systems, thus belonging to the family of gasotransmitters after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). The physiological or pathological significance of H2S has been extensively expanded for decades. Growing evidence has revealed that H2S exerts cytoprotective functions in the cardiovascular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems by modulating numerous signaling pathways. With the continuous advancement of microarray and next-generation sequencing technologies, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained recognition as key players in human health and diseases due to their considerable potential as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Coincidentally, H2S and ncRNAs are not independent regulators but interact with each other during the development and progression of human diseases. Specifically, ncRNAs might serve as downstream mediators of H2S or act on H2S-generating enzymes to govern endogenous H2S production. The purpose of this review is to summarize the interactive regulatory roles of H2S and ncRNAs in the initiation and development of various diseases and explore their potential health and therapeutic benefits. This review will also highlight the importance of cross talk between H2S and ncRNAs in disease therapy.

Quintuple Function Integration in Two-Dimensional Cr(II) Five-Membered Heterocyclic Metal Organic Frameworks via Tuning Ligand Spin and Lattice Symmetry.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors (SCs) integrated with two or more functions are the cornerstone for constructing multifunctional nanodevices but remain largely limited. Here, by tuning the spin state of organic linkers and the symmetry/topology of crystal lattices, we predict a class of unprecedented multifunctional SCs in 2D Cr(II) five-membered heterocyclic metal organic frameworks that simultaneously possess auxetic effect, room-temperature ferrimagnetism, chiral ferroelectricity (FE), electrically reversible spin polarization, and topological nodal lines/points. Taking 2D Cr(TDZ)2 (TDZ = 1.2.5-thiadiazole) as an exemplification, the auxetic effect is produced by the antitetra-chiral lattice structure. The high temperature ferrimagnetism originates from the strong d-p direct magnetic exchange interaction between Cr cations and TDZ doublet radical anions. Meanwhile, the clockwise-counterclockwise alignment of TDZ's dipoles results in unique 2D chiral FE with atomic-scale vortex-antivortex states. 2D Cr(TDZ)2 is an intrinsic bipolar magnetic SC where half-metallic conduction with switchable spin-polarization direction can be induced by applying a gate voltage. In addition, the symmetry of the little group C4 of the lattice structure endows 2D Cr(TDZ)2 with topological nodal lines and a quadratic nodal point in the Brillouin zone near the Fermi level.

Catalytic Asymmetric Polycyclization of Tertiary Enamides with Silyl Enol Ethers: Total Synthesis of (-)-Cephalocyclidin A.

A catalytic enantioselective polycyclization of tertiary enamides with terminal silyl enol ethers has been developed by virtue of Cu(OTf)2 catalysis with a novel spiropyrroline-derived oxazole (SPDO) ligand. This tandem reaction offers an effective approach to assemble bicyclic and tricyclic N-heterocycles bearing both aza- and oxa-quaternary stereogenic centers, which are primal subunits in a range of natural alkaloids. Strategic application of this methodology and a late-stage radical cyclization as key steps have been showcased in the concise total synthesis of (-)-cephalocyclidin A.

Multi-omics profiling of cholangiocytes reveals sex-specific chromatin state dynamics during hepatic cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cholangiocytes transit from quiescence to hyperproliferation during cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease (PLD), the severity of which displays prominent sex differences. Epigenetic regulation plays important roles in cell state transition. We aimed to investigate the sex-specific epigenetic basis of hepatic cystogenesis and to develop therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic modifications for PLD treatment. METHODS: Normal and cystic primary cholangiocytes were isolated from wild-type and PLD mice of both sexes. Chromatin states were characterized by analyzing chromatin accessibility (ATAC sequencing) and multiple histone modifications (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing). Differential gene expression was determined by transcriptomic analysis (RNA sequencing). Pharmacologic inhibition of epigenetic modifying enzymes was undertaken in PLD model mice. RESULTS: Through genome-wide profiling of chromatin dynamics, we revealed a profound increase of global chromatin accessibility during cystogenesis in both male and female PLD cholangiocytes. We identified a switch from H3K9me3 to H3K9ac on cis-regulatory DNA elements of cyst-associated genes and showed that inhibition of H3K9ac acetyltransferase or H3K9me3 demethylase slowed cyst growth in male, but not female, PLD mice. In contrast, we found that H3K27ac was specifically increased in female PLD mice and that genes associated with H3K27ac-gained regions were enriched for cyst-related pathways. In an integrated epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis, we identified an estrogen receptor alpha-centered transcription factor network associated with the H3K27ac-regulated cystogenic gene expression program in female PLD mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the multi-layered sex-specific epigenetic dynamics underlying cholangiocyte state transition and reveal a potential epigenetic therapeutic strategy for male PLD patients. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: In the present study, we elucidate a sex-specific epigenetic mechanism underlying the cholangiocyte state transition during hepatic cystogenesis and identify epigenetic drugs that effectively slow cyst growth in male PLD mice. These findings underscore the importance of sex difference in the pathogenesis of PLD and may guide researchers and physicians to develop sex-specific personalized approaches for PLD treatment.

Plaquette Singlet Transition, Magnetic Barocaloric Effect, and Spin Supersolidity in the Shastry-Sutherland Model.

Inspired by recent experimental measurements [Guo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 206602 (2020PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.124.206602); Jiménez et al., Nature (London) 592, 370 (2021)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-021-03411-8] on frustrated quantum magnet SrCu_{2}(BO_{3})_{2} under combined pressure and magnetic fields, we study the related spin-1/2 Shastry-Sutherland model using state-of-the-art tensor network methods. By calculating thermodynamics, correlations, and susceptibilities, we find, in zero magnetic field, not only a line of first-order dimer-singlet to plaquette-singlet phase transition ending with a critical point, but also signatures of the ordered plaquette-singlet transition with its critical end point terminating on this first-order line. Moreover, we uncover prominent magnetic barocaloric responses, a novel type of quantum correlation induced cooling effect, in the strongly fluctuating supercritical regime. Under finite fields, we identify a quantum phase transition from the plaquette-singlet phase to the spin supersolid phase that breaks simultaneously lattice translational and spin rotational symmetries. The present findings on the Shastry-Sutherland model are accessible in current experiments and would shed new light on the critical and supercritical phenomena in the archetypal frustrated quantum magnet SrCu_{2}(BO_{3})_{2}.

Bacterial communities associated with mushrooms in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are shaped by soil parameters.

Fungi capable of producing fruit bodies are essential food and medicine resources. Despite recent advances in the study of microbial communities in mycorrhizospheres, little is known about the bacterial communities contained in fruit bodies. Using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the bacterial communities in four species of mushrooms located on the alpine meadow and saline-alkali soil of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Proteobacteria (51.7% on average) and Actinobacteria (28.2% on average) were the dominant phyla in all of the sampled fairy ring fruit bodies, and Acidobacteria (27.5% on average) and Proteobacteria (25.7% on average) dominated their adjacent soils. For the Agria. Bitorquis, Actinobacteria was the dominant phylum in its fruit body (67.5% on average) and adjacent soils (65.9% on average). The alpha diversity (i.e., Chao1, Shannon, Richness, and Simpson indexes) of the bacterial communities in the fruit bodies were significantly lower than those in the soil samples. All of the fungi shared more than half of their bacterial phyla and 16.2% of their total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with their adjacent soil. Moreover, NH4+ and pH were the key factors associated with bacterial communities in the fruit bodies and soils, respectively. These results indicate that the fungi tend to create a unique niche that selects for specific members of the bacterial community. Using culture-dependent methods, we also isolated 27 bacterial species belonging to three phyla and five classes from fruit bodies and soils. The strains isolated will be useful for future research on interactions between mushroom-forming fungi and their bacterial endosymbionts.

Effects of remote ischemic preconditioning on coronary blood flow and microcirculation.

This study aimed to determine the effect of short-term remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on coronary blood flow and microcirculation function using the quantitative flow ratio (QFR) and index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). We randomly divided 129 patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) into RIPC and control groups. Following the first CAG, we randomly divided the patients further into the unilateral upper limb and lower limb groups for four cycles of ischemia/reperfusion circulation; subsequently, we performed the second CAG. During each CAG, contrast-flow QFR (cQFR), fixed-flow QFR (fQFR), and IMR (in patients with cardiac syndrome X) were calculated and compared. We measured 253 coronary arteries in 129 patients. Compared to the control group, the average cQFR of the RIPC group increased significantly after RIPC. Additionally, 23 patients with cardiac syndrome X (IMR > 30) were included in this study. Compared to the control group, IMR and the difference between cQFR and fQFR (cQFR-fQFR) both decreased significantly after receiving RIPC. The application of RIPC can increase coronary blood flow and improve coronary microcirculation function.

Disrupted cardiac fibroblast BCAA catabolism contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy via a periostin/NAP1L2/SIRT3 axis.

BACKGROUND: Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a critical role in cell fate determination and tissue remodeling, but the underlying role and mechanism of periostin in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) are far from clear. Thus, we aimed to clarify the mechanistic participation of periostin in DCM. METHODS: The expression of periostin was examined in DCM patients, diabetic mice and high glucose (HG)-exposed cardiac fibroblasts (CF). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments assessed the potential role of periostin in DCM pathogenesis. RNA sequencing was used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of periostin in DCM. RESULTS: A mouse cytokine antibody array showed that the protein expression of periostin was most significantly upregulated in diabetic mouse heart, and this increase was also observed in patients with DCM or HG-incubated CF. Periostin-deficient mice were protected from diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial damage, while overexpression of periostin held the opposite effects. Hyperglycemia stimulated the expression of periostin in a TGF-ß/Smad-dependent manner. RNA sequencing results showed that periostin upregulated the expression of nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 2 (NAP1L2) which recruited SIRT3 to deacetylate H3K27ac on the promoters of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism-related enzymes BCAT2 and PP2Cm, resulting in BCAA catabolism impairment. Additionally, CF-derived periostin induced hypertrophy, oxidative injury and inflammation in primary cardiomyocytes. Finally, we identified that glucosyringic acid (GA) specifically targeted and inhibited periostin to ameliorate DCM. CONCLUSION: Overall, manipulating periostin expression may function as a promising strategy in the treatment of DCM.

The Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Spirotetronate Lobophorins A, B, and H8 from Streptomyces sp. CB09030 and Their Biosynthetic Gene Cluster.

Lobophorins (LOBs) are a growing family of spirotetronate natural products with significant cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Herein, we report the transwell-based discovery of Streptomyces sp. CB09030 from a panel of 16 in-house Streptomyces strains, which has significant anti-mycobacterial activity and produces LOB A (1), LOB B (2), and LOB H8 (3). Genome sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed the potential biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for 1-3, which is highly homologous with the reported BGCs for LOBs. However, the glycosyltransferase LobG1 in S. sp. CB09030 has certain point mutations compared to the reported LobG1. Finally, LOB analogue 4 (O-ß-D-kijanosyl-(1→17)-kijanolide) was obtained through an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2. Compounds 1-4 showed different antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Bacillus subtilis, which revealed the varying roles of different sugars in their antibacterial activities.

[Simultaneous determination of eleven volatile components in Cinnamomi Oleum by GC-MS].

A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of eleven volatile components in Cinnamomi Oleum and the chemical pattern recognition was utilized to evaluate the quality of essential oil obtained from Cinnamomi Fructus medicinal materials in various habitats. The Cinnamomi Fructus medicinal materials were treated by water distillation, analyzed using GC-MS, and detected by selective ion monitoring(SIM), and the internal standards were used for quantification. The content results of Cinnamomi Oleum from various batches were analyzed by hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) for the statistic analysis. Eleven components showed good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges(R~2>0.999 7), with average recoveries of 92.41%-102.1% and RSD of 1.2%-3.2%(n=6). The samples were classified into three categories by HCA and PCA, and 2-nonanone was screened as a marker of variability between batches in combination with OPLS-DA. This method is specific, sensitive, simple, and accurate, and the screened components can be utilized as a basis for the quality control of Cinnamomi Oleum.

Cardiomyocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is essential for energy metabolism and extracellular matrix homeostasis during pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor critical for systemic lipid homeostasis, has been shown closely related to cardiac remodeling. However, the roles of cardiomyocyte PPARα in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling remains unclear because of lacking a cardiomyocyte-specific Ppara-deficient (PparaΔCM) mouse model. This study aimed to determine the specific role of cardiomyocyte PPARα in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac remodeling using an inducible PparaΔCM mouse model. PparaΔCM and Pparafl/fl mice were randomly subjected to sham or TAC for 2 weeks. Cardiomyocyte PPARα deficiency accelerated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to fatty acid metabolism were dramatically downregulated, but genes critical for glycolysis were markedly upregulated in PparaΔCM hearts. Moreover, the hypertrophy-related genes, including genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell adhesion, and cell migration, were upregulated in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. Western blot analyses demonstrated an increased HIF1α protein level in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. PET/CT analyses showed an enhanced glucose uptake in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. Bioenergetic analyses further revealed that both basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates and ATP production were significantly increased in hypertrophic Pparafl/fl hearts; however, these increases were markedly blunted in PparaΔCM hearts. In contrast, hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts exhibited enhanced extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) capacity, as reflected by increased basal ECAR and glycolysis but decreased glycolytic reserve. These results suggest that cardiomyocyte PPARα is crucial for the homeostasis of both energy metabolism and ECM during TAC-induced cardiac remodeling, thus providing new insights into potential therapeutics of cardiac remodeling-related diseases.

Waterproof molecular monolayers stabilize 2D materials.

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have rich and unique functional properties, but many are susceptible to corrosion under ambient conditions. Here we show that linear alkylamines n-C m H2m+1NH2, with m = 4 through 11, are highly effective in protecting the optoelectronic properties of these materials, such as black phosphorus (BP) and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs: WS2, 1T'-MoTe2, WTe2, WSe2, TaS2, and NbSe2). As a representative example, n-hexylamine (m = 6) can be applied in the form of thin molecular monolayers on BP flakes with less than 2-nm thickness and can prolong BP's lifetime from a few hours to several weeks and even months in ambient environments. Characterizations combined with our theoretical analysis show that the thin monolayers selectively sift out water molecules, forming a drying layer to achieve the passivation of the protected 2D materials. The monolayer coating is also stable in air, H2 annealing, and organic solvents, but can be removed by certain organic acids.

Quantification of SHR0302 in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and application to a pharmacokinetic study.

SHR0302, as a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor 1, is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. A novel and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been developed and validated for determining the concentration of SHR0302 in human plasma. A precipitation deproteinization method was used for plasma pretreatment with methanol. Detection was carried out on an Agilent 1,260 UPLC coupled with a Triple Quad 4000 mass spectrometer operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode, and the analytes were separated on a Synergi Polar-RP C18 (50 × 2.0 mm, 4 µm, Phenomenex) analytical column with gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid, and 2 mmol/l ammonium acetate in water and 0.1% formic acid and 2 mmol/l ammonium acetate in methanol, The selected ion transitions were m/z 415.2 → 258.2 and m/z 398.2 → 258.2 for SHR0302 and SHR143181 (internal standard), respectively. A full validation, including selectivity, linearity, carryover, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability, was carried out in human plasma. It was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in Chinese healthy subjects after oral administration of SHR0302 tablet.

Identifying the unique characteristics of the Chinese indigenous pig breeds in the Yangtze River Delta region for precise conservation.

BACKGROUND: China is the country with the most abundant swine genetic resources in the world. Through thousands of years of domestication and natural selection, most of pigs in China have developed unique genetic characteristics. Finding the unique genetic characteristics and modules of each breed is an essential part of their precise conservation. RESULTS: In this study, we used the partial least squares method to identify the significant specific SNPs of 19 local Chinese pig breeds and 5 Western pig breeds. A total of 37,514 significant specific SNPs (p < 0.01) were obtained from these breeds, and the Chinese local pig breed with the most significant SNPs was Hongdenglong (HD), followed by Jiaxing black (JX), Huaibei (HB), Bihu (BH), small Meishan (SMS), Shengxian Hua (SH), Jiangquhai (JQ), Mi (MI), Chunan (CA), Chalu (CL), Jinhualiangtouwu (JHL), Fengjing (FJ), middle Meishan (MMS), Shanzhu (SZ), Pudong white (PD), Dongchuan (DC), Erhualian (EH), Shawutou (SW) and Lanxi Hua (LX) pig. Furthermore, we identified the breeds with the most significant genes, GO terms, pathways, and networks using KOBAS and IPA and then ranked them separately. The results showed that the breeds with the highest number of interaction networks were Hongdenglong (12) and Huaibei (12) pigs. In contrast, the breeds with the lowest interaction networks were Shawutou (4) and Lanxi Hua pigs (3), indicating that Hongdenglong and Huaibei pigs might have the most significant genetic modules in their genome, whereas Shawutou and Lanxi Hua pigs may have the least unique characteristics. To some degree, the identified specific pathways and networks are related to the number of genes and SNPs linked to the specific breeds, but they do not appear to be the same. Most importantly, more significant modules were found to be related to the development and function of the digestive system, regulation of diseases, and metabolism of amino acids in the local Chinese pig breeds, whereas more significant modules were found to be related to the growth rate in the Western pig breeds. CONCLUSION: Our results show that each breed has some relatively unique structural modules and functional characteristics. These modules allow us to better understand the genetic differences among local Chinese and Western pig breeds and therefore implement precise conservation methods. This study could provide a basis for formulating more effective strategies for managing and protecting these genetic resources in the future.