[Investigation and exploration of online medical education carried out by Oral and Maxillofacial Deformity Group of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic].

As the national key discipline and the initiator of oral and maxillofacial deformity group, the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery persisted in teaching, designed a novel teaching form combining theoretical knowledge and online software practice according to the characteristics of our discipline and carried out "cloud training" via the National Oral Telemedicine Education Platform. Ten lecturers, 325 theoretical students and 50 practical students were investigated by questionnaire in the present study with questions focusing on the geographical distribution and composition of personnel, etc. The results showed that the online course covered a wide range of students and achieved high acceptance and satisfaction rate. The first online software operation course was conducted in an orderly manner, with timely interaction between teachers and students. The students were able to master the design process skillfully. This "cloud training" has achieved good results, but there are still a series of problems that have yet to be resolved, such as network stalls and protection of intellectual property rights. Under the new form, the exploration and analysis of the new mode of online telemedicine specialist education will provide some practical reference for the National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases to carry out online telemedicine teaching in the future.

Muscarinic receptors in vagal routes to the biliary system in dogs.

Although muscarinic receptor subtypes in the biliary system have been characterized, those in the vagal routes have not. This study was performed to characterize the muscarinic receptors in the vagal routes to the biliary system. The effects of four types of muscarinic antagonists, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116, p-F-HHSiD, and atropine, on excitatory responses in the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) were studied in cervical cord-transected anesthetized dogs. Atropine 10 micrograms/kg and over and p-F-HHSiD 50 micrograms/kg and over significantly decreased the excitatory responses in both effectors, but it required a high dose of AF-DX 116 (1-2 mg/kg) to reduce those responses. Pirenzepine (50-300 micrograms/kg) significantly decreased the excitatory response in the gallbladder, but not that in the sphincter of Oddi. A high dose of atropine (0.5 mg/kg) abolished the gallbladder response, whereas a slight excitatory response remained in the sphincter. With the exception of pirenzepine, there was no significant difference in the effects of the three muscarinic blockers on the gallbladder response and sphincter response after reduction of the mean value of the atropine resistant responses from those of the sphincter responses after the muscarinic blockers. These results indicate that the excitatory vagal routes to the gallbladder include at least M1 receptors and those to the sphincter of Oddi may include M3 receptors.

[Gastroelectric activity and gastric motility in experimental spleen deficiency rats].

Using electrode and highly sensitive strain sensor to record alterations of gastroelectric activity and gastric motility, during experimental Spleen Deficiency (SD) rats was conducted. As compared with control, frequency of slow wave (time/3 min) did not obviously change (11.71 +/- 0.71 and 12.50 +/- 0.55, P < 0.05), but amplitude (mV) of which reduced significantly (0.14 +/- 0.05 and 0.37 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01), while that of fast wave also decreased. In self-recovered group, the amplitude of slow wave recovered slightly (0.22 +/- 0.08 and 0.37 +/- 0.04, P > 0.005). After treatment with modified Sijunzi Tang ([symbol: see text]), the gastric activities of SD rats elevated to levels of control (P > 0.05), but gastric motility remained weak in SD group. Although the motility of self-recovered group improved to a certain degree, however, the main indices had no significant difference from SD group (P > 0.05). It suggested that there were significant changes of gastric activity in SD and Chinese herbs could improve the syndrome apparently.