Young head and neck cancer patients are at increased risk of developing oral mucositis and trismus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cancer treatment-related toxicities in young head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 44 patients were included in the present retrospective cohort study, which was designed to access oral toxicities of cancer treatment in young (< 45 years of age, Group I, n = 22) and old (> 58 years of age, Group II, n = 22) HNC patients with similar tumor stage and treatment protocols. Oral mucositis (OM), xerostomia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, trismus, and radiodermatitis were assessed during days 7th, 21st, and 35th of head and neck radiotherapy (HNRT) according to previously validated scales (World Health Organization criteria and the National Cancer Institute and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0). RESULTS: Patients from both groups showed high incidence and severity of oral toxicities by the end of the HNRT with OM (81.9% (Group I); 63.6% (Group II)) and xerostomia (72.6% (Group I); 77.2% (Group II)) being the most prevalent toxicities. No differences regarding xerostomia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and radiodermatitis incidences or severity could be observed between groups. However, higher incidences and severity of OM at 21st and 35th fractions (odds ratio = 2.22 and 5.71, respectively) and trismus at 21st and 35th fractions (odds ratio = 6.17 and 14.5, respectively) were observed throughout the treatment in young patients when compared to older patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Young HNC patients are more affected by cancer treatment-related OM and trismus despite the similarities in clinical staging and treatment protocols with elderly patients.

Impact of Clustering Oral Symptoms in the Pathogenesis of Radiation Caries: A Systematic Review.

Radiation-related caries (RRC) is a disease with a high potential for destruction of the dentition, which impairs quality of life in head-and-neck (HN) cancer (HNC) patients who undergo radiotherapy. In light of the recently described "clustering of oral symptoms theory," the present systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42019132709) aims to assess HN and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom clusters among HNC patients and discusses how these indirect effects of cancer therapy play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of RRC. The search was performed at PubMed, Scopus, and Embase and resulted in 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed with respect to the presence of HN/GI symptom clusters among HNC patients. The methodological data of the studies included were assessed using the MAStARI and GRADE instruments. The most prevalent reported HN symptoms were dysphagia, xerostomia, and pain. Taste alterations and fatigue were also commonly reported by the patients. Loss of appetite and weight loss were regularly reported in the studies, as well as nausea and vomiting. The results of the present study suggest that HNC treatment generates clusters of oral symptoms, leading to dietary changes, impaired oral hygiene, enamel fragility, and a highly cariogenic oral environment, which may impact the risk for RRC. A better understanding of oral symptom clustering could be of considerable clinical significance for the oral health and quality of life of HNC patients. Therefore, contemporary protocols of RRC prevention must take this broader treatment scenario of symptom clusters such as oral side effects into account.

Is photobiomodulation therapy effective in reducing pain caused by toxicities related to head and neck cancer treatment? A systematic review.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been considered an effective method for preventing and managing certain cancer-related toxicities in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the potential effects of PBMT on pain control and analgesia resulting from these toxicities is still controversial. The aim of this systematic review was to compile available evidence of the effects of PMBT on pain control and reduced use of analgesics in HNC patients. We searched three indexed databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. The databases were reviewed up to and including December 2018. Only human clinical studies in English language were selected. Information was only available for mucositis and radiodermatitis. Fifteen out of 1112 studies met the inclusion criteria (14 for oral mucositis (OM) and 1 for radiodermatitis). From the 14 studies involving the prevention and treatment of OM, 10 had the study subjects compared to a placebo group. Of these 10 studies, all but 1 showed statistically significant difference related to pain control favoring the PBMT group. The study that compared PBMT with other treatment modality showed better results in pain control with PBMT. It appears that PBMT application frequency and potency impact on pain control. The only study involving the prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis was compared to placebo arm and showed statistically significant difference related to pain control favoring the PBMT group. Seven studies compared the need of analgesic medication between PBMT and placebo groups. Of these, five studies showed that the use of analgesic medication was significantly higher in the placebo group. The current evidence supports that PBMT is effective in pain control resulting from OM and radiodermatitis and may also reduce the need for analgesics. The evidence is not yet available of the effects of PBMT in other HNC treatment-related toxicities.

Clinical predictors of malignancy in palatal salivary gland tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To establish a predictive clinical index of malignancy risk in palatal salivary gland tumors (PSGT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred cases of PSGT were evaluated. Clinical data were retrieved from the patient's files. Representative clinical photographs of each tumor were evaluated to identify clinical features suggestive of a malignant tumor. Features significantly associated with malignancy were included in a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Malignant tumors were more common in the hard palate, in women and in older patients. Features associated with a malignant diagnosis included pain (p = .017), irregular surface (p = .004), bluish/purple coloration (p < .001), ulceration (p = .005), and telangiectasia (p = .015). After multivariate logistic regression, pain (OR: 4.017; 95% CI: 1.198-13.471; p = .024) and color alteration (OR: 7.243; 95% CI: 2.068-25.363; p = .002) were independently associated with malignancy. Including these factors in a predictive index, the proportion of malignant tumors in patients presenting none, one and two factors were 25% (95% CI: 0.13-0.40), 67% (95% CI: 0.48-0.83), and 85% (95% CI: 0.42-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSION: Pain and color alteration might be independent predictors of malignancy in PSGT, which could support the decision to perform an incisional or excisional biopsy.

Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: retrospective outcomes and safety analyses.

PURPOSE: The well-established clinical efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in management of oral mucositis (OM) is leading to increasing use in oncology care. This protection and enhanced repair of damage to mucosal tissue have led to the question of the potential effects of PBM therapy on pre-malignant and malignant cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of cancer therapy and incidence of tumor recurrence in locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients treated with PBM therapy for OM. METHODS: A retrospective clinical analysis of 152 advanced OSCC patients treated with prophylactic PBM therapy for radiotherapy-induced OM from January 2009 to December 2014 was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 152 OSCC patients treated with PBM therapy in this study, 19 (12.5%) had stage III and 133 (87.5%) had stage IV tumors. Of these, 52 (34.2%) received initial treatment with surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, 94 (61.8%) with exclusive chemoradiation, and 6 (4%) with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy. After a mean follow-up of 40.84 (± 11.71) months, the overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 46.7 and 51.8%, respectively. Forty-five (29.6%) patients developed local-regional recurrence, 10 (6.57%) patients developed distant relapse, and 19 (12.5%) developed new (second) primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes in the PBM-treated patients were similar to previously published data for conventional treatments in patients with advanced OSCC. In this study, prophylactic use of PBM therapy did not impact treatment outcomes of the primary cancer, recurrence or new primary tumors, or survival in advanced OSCC patients.

Oral shedding of human herpesviruses in patients undergoing radiotherapy/chemotherapy treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Opportunistic infections may affect the oral mucosa of patients undergoing radio/chemotherapy through exacerbation of oral mucositis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral shedding of all eight human herpesviruses and its possible association with oral mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we analyzed oral rinse samples, collected weekly, from 20 patients during radiotherapy treatment. Serologic status to HSV1 and HSV2, EBV, CMV, and VZV in three different periods was performed by ELISA assay. PCR and enzymatic digestion was performed to detect HSV1, HSV2, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV6, HHV7, and HHV8. Oral mucositis was evaluated according to the WHO criteria. RESULTS: Oral shedding of EBV, HHV6, and HHV7 was observed in all weeks of radiotherapy. Considering the episodes of shedding, the highest frequency was found in patients with EBV excretion (55.0%). No virus reactivation was observed by serological analysis. EBV oral shedding frequency was significantly higher than that of other viruses and showing a positive correlation with oral mucositis grade ≥2. CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive correlation between EBV oral shedding and oral mucositis grade ≥2, particularly after 3 weeks of radiotherapy, a period in which the severity of mucositis was statistically higher. These findings allow us to infer that the local inflammatory environment in mucositis grade ≥2 is more favorable for EBV replication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mucositis is a frequent and important side effect of radio/chemotherapy treatment. Understanding the possible participation of viruses in the mechanism of this condition is important to develop strategies for treatment and prevention.

Malignant tumors affecting the head and neck region in ancient times: Comprehensive study of the CRAB Database.

In the modern world, cancer is a growing cause of mortality, but archeological studies have shown that it is not exclusive to modern populations. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiologic, social, and clinicopathologic features of head and neck cancers in ancient populations. To do this, we extracted all records that described malignant lesions in the head and neck region available in the Cancer Research in Ancient Bodies Database (CRAB). The estimated age, sex, physical condition of the remains (skeletonized, mummified), anatomic location of tumors, geographic location, chronology, tumor type, and methods of tumor diagnosis were collected. One hundred and sixty-seven cases were found, mostly originating from Europe (51.5%). Most records were of adults between 35 and 49 years of age (37.7%). The most involved site was the skullcap (60.4%), and the most common malignancies were metastases to the bone (65.3%) and multiple myeloma (17.4%). No primary soft tissue malignancies were registered. The results of our study indicate that head and neck cancers were present in ancient civilizations, at least since 500,000 BCE. The available data can help to improve the current understanding of the global distribution of head and neck cancer and its multidimensional impacts on populations in the contemporary world.

Dosimetric parameters and radiotherapy simulation methods used in preclinical studies of radiation damage to the dentition: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review investigated the dosimetric parameters used in preclinical studies. STUDY DESIGN: Searches were performed in 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) and gray literature to identify studies for review. In vitro and ex vivo studies that examined the effect of radiation on human permanent teeth were included. The modified Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials checklist of items for reporting preclinical in vitro studies was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS: In total, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. The average radiation dose of in vitro studies was 53 (±22) Gy and in ex vivo studies was 69 (±1) Gy. Twenty-two studies used 5 different fractionation schemes. Twenty-two of the included studies did not report the radiotherapy modality of those reporting. Twenty studies used linear accelerators, and 7 used Cobalt-60 with the source-surface-distance of radiation ranging from 1.5 to 100 cm. Distilled water was the storage solution for the dental structure used most commonly. Biases were observed, including small sample sizes, lack of randomization, and blinding processes. CONCLUSION: The dosimetric parameters used in the preclinical studies, including radiation dose, radiotherapy modality, fractionation regime, and the storage solutions used did not support the hypothesis of direct effects of radiation on the dental structure.

Patient's perceptions of oral and oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis disclosure: communication aspects based on SPIKES protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Breaking bad medical news is a complex task of clinical practice. The manner in which this is done has a significant impact on patients. This study aimed to assess patient's perceptions regarding oral and oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis disclosure according to the "SPIKES" protocol. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire with 21 SPIKES-based items. The questionnaire was administered to 100 patients with recently diagnosed oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who evaluated each item according to their preference and experience. RESULTS: Nineteen items showed a significant difference between patient's preference and recalled experience. Eighteen of these items showed lower experience scores primarily related to the amount of information desired by patients, presence of a companion, time to express feelings, and summary of information. Most patients preferred receiving as much information as possible about the diagnosis. However, only 35% reported that they had obtained sufficient information. Patients who were aware of cancer diagnostic suspicion had better communication experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Protocols may be useful to guide health professionals to support patient-centered strategies to disclose oral cancer diagnoses.

Clinical outcomes of dental implants in head and neck cancer patients: An overview.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of dental implants (DIs) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with radiotherapy (RT), isolated chemotherapy, or bone modifying agents (BMAs). STUDY DESIGN: This study was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018102772); conducted via the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist; and based on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and gray literature searches. The selection of studies was performed in 2 phases by 2 independent reviewers. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by the Measurement Tool to Assess the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2. RESULTS: Twenty systematic reviews were included in the qualitative analysis. The majority scored as having high RoB (n = 11). Primary DIs placement in the mandible of patients with HNC subjected to RT doses <50 Gy was associated with better survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: The placements of DIs could be considered safe in patients with HNC in sites of alveolar bone that received RT (≤5000 Gy); however, no conclusions could be made in patients with cancer managed by chemotherapy or BMAs. Due to the heterogeneity of studies included, the recommendation for DIs placement in patients with cancer should be carefully considered. Future better controlled randomized clinical trials are required to provide enhanced clinical guidelines for best patient care.

Head and neck amyloidosis: clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical analysis of 14 cases.

BACKGROUND: Amyloidosis is associated with or caused by amyloid deposition. These fibrillar proteins may be deposited extracellularly causing tissue damage or impairment. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to retrospectively review pathology archives in two oral diagnostic centers for cases fulfilling criteria of amyloidosis and to differentiate AA and AL types of amyloidosis. METHODS: The clinicopathological features, alkaline Congo red staining, with and without pretreatment with potassium permanganate, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with anti-AA, anti-kappa (κ), and anti-lambda (λ) light chain antibodies were carried out and analyzed. RESULTS: The search identified 14 cases. Ten patients were women and four were men, with a mean age of 58 years. Eleven patients had systemic involvement by amyloidosis (associated either with multiple myeloma or plasma cell dyscrasia/monoclonal gammopathies), while three presented the localized type, one of them associated with plasmacytoma. All cases showed positivity for κ or λ light chains (AL-amyloid) and presented resistance to the potassium permanganate pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the head and neck region is preferentially affected by systemic AL-amyloidosis, usually associated with plasma cell dyscrasia. Interestingly, two cases affected by inflammatory rheumatic diseases presented AL-amyloid deposition. Moreover, even after pretreatment with potassium permanganate, which was helpful in highlighting the presence of AL-amyloid, in agreement with the IHC findings, clinical classifications should be carefully made in systemic amyloidosis.

Over 300 Radiation Caries Papers: Reflections From the Rearview Mirror.

Radiation caries (RC) is an aggressive oral toxicity in head and neck cancer survivors, which develops 6 to 12 months after head and neck radiotherapy. It initially affects the tooth cervical/incisal surfaces, and if not promptly diagnosed/managed, progresses to dental crown amputation and risk of osteoradionecrosis. It results from a multidimensional cluster of treatment-induced oral symptoms, including hyposalivation, dietary changes, and oral hygiene impairment. Although recognized as a frequent complication of radiotherapy and extensively assessed by a myriad of retrospective, in vitro, and in situ studies, RC patients are still orphans of clinically validated methods for risk prediction, prevention, and treatment of early lesions. This review provides a historical overview of science-based concepts regarding RC pathogenesis and treatment, emphasizing the growing demand for interventional clinical studies (randomized trials).

Preservation of immunoexpression of type I collagen, BSP and BMP4 in the dentin-pulp complex of head and neck cancer patients after radiotherapy.

This study tested the hypothesis that head and neck radiotherapy (HNRT) impacts the immunoexpression of type I collagen, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thereby leading to micromorphological changes in the dentin-pulp complex (DPC), and promoting the onset and progression of radiation caries (RC). Twenty-two demineralized sections of carious teeth (a group of 11 irradiated teeth and a control group of 11 non-irradiated teeth) extracted from 19 head and neck cancer patients were analyzed by conventional optical microscopy and immunohistochemistry to investigate the micromorphology (cellular layer hierarchy, blood vessels, odontoblasts, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, calcification, necrosis, reactionary dentin formation, and chronic inflammation), and the patterns of staining/immunolocalization of type I collagen, BSP and BMP4 in the dental pulp of irradiated and control samples. No significant differences attributable to the direct impact of radiotherapy were detected in DPC micromorphology between the groups. In addition, the patterns of immunohistochemical staining and immunolocalization of the proteins studied did not differ between the irradiated and the control samples for type I collagen, BSP or BMP4. This study rejected the hypothesis that HNRT directly damages dentition by changing the organic components and the microstructure of the DPC, ultimately leading to RC.

Oral medicine (stomatology) in Brazil: the first 50 years and counting.

This review outlines the historical perspective, status, and future challenges of oral medicine (stomatology) in Brazil based on the records of the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Oral Pathology (SOBEP) and the Brazilian Federal Dental Council as well as expert evidence input from academic leaders from 3 different generations of Brazilian oral medicine specialists. The beginning of oral medicine in Brazil dates to 1969, followed by the organization of SOBEP in 1974; however, official recognition as an independent specialty was achieved more recently within the Brazilian Federal Dental Council in 1992. After a 50-year maturation period of oral medicine in Brazil in terms of specialty crystallization across dentistry, medicine, and research, it is now time to follow the historical trends of the specialty internationally and establish a standard curriculum at a post-graduate level that will lead to uniformity of training for oral medicine in Brazil.

Clinical predictors of malignant transformation and recurrence in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review dedicated to pooling evidence for the associations of clinical features with malignant transformation (MT) and recurrence of 3 oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) (actinic cheilitis [AC], oral leukoplakia [OL], and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia [PVL]). STUDY DESIGN: We selected studies that included clinical features and risk factors (age, sex, site, size, appearance, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and sun exposure) of OL, PVL, and AC associated with recurrence and/or MT. RESULTS: Based on the meta-analysis results, non-homogeneous OL appears to have a 4.53 times higher chance of recurrence after treatment. We also found 6.52 higher chances of MT of non-homogeneous OL. Another clinical feature related to higher MT chances is the location (floor of the mouth and tongue has 4.48 higher chances) and the size (OL with >200 mm2 in size has 4.10 higher chances of MT). Regarding habits, nonsmoking patients with OL have a 3.20 higher chance of MT. The only clinical feature related to higher chances of MT in patients with PVL was sex (females have a 2.50 higher chance of MT). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that some clinical features may indicate greater chances of recurrence after treatment and MT of OPMD.

The need for communication between clinicians and pathologists in the context of oral and maxillofacial diseases.

Good communication between clinicians and pathologists is a vital element in the diagnostic process, and poor communication can adversely affect patient care. There is a lack of research about communication in diagnostic oral and maxillofacial pathology. This narrative review explores different aspects of the quality of communication between clinicians and oral pathologists, with a focus on the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases. An electronic search was carried out in MEDLINE through the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases up to April 2021. No studies reporting communication, its adequacy or the required skills between clinicians and pathologists in oral diagnosis were found. According to studies published in medicine, strategies for improving communication skills include clinician-pathologist collaboration; a well-formatted, clear and thorough report; training in communication skills; and patient-centered care. Further studies evaluating the current practices and quality in oral and maxillofacial pathology are required to identify barriers and encourage optimal communication to facilitate diagnosis, as well as patient safety.

Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma (Primary and Metastatic) of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of 27 Cases.

Smooth muscle neoplasms represent an important group of lesions which is rare in the oral cavity. Leiomyoma (LM) is benign smooth muscle/pericytic tumor usually presenting as non-aggressive neoplasm, while leiomyosarcoma (LMS) represents its malignant counterpart. The rarity of these lesions, together with its unspecific clinical presentation and a variable histopathological appearance, lead to a broad list of differential diagnoses, hampering their diagnoses. Therefore, in this study we describe the clinical and microscopic features of a series of oral and maxillofacial LMs and LMSs. A retrospective search from 2000 to 2019 was performed and all cases diagnosed as LM and LMS affecting the oral cavity and gnathic bones were retrieved. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the patients' pathology records, while microscopic features and immunohistochemistry were reviewed and completed when necessary to confirm the diagnoses. Twenty-two LMs and five LMSs were obtained. In the LM group, males predominated, with a mean age of 45.7 years. The upper lip was the most affected site, and 18 cases were classified as angioleiomyomas and four as solid LM. In the LMS group, females predominated, with a mean age of 47.6 years. The mandible was the most affected site. Diffuse proliferation of spindle cells, with necrosis and mitotic figures, were frequent microscopic findings. LMs and LMSs were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, HHF-35 and h-caldesmon. In conclusion, oral LM/LMS are uncommon neoplasms with the latter usually presenting as metastatic disease. H&E evaluation may be very suggestive of oral LMs, but h-caldesmon staining is strongly recommended to confirm LMS diagnosis.

High incidences of DNA ploidy abnormalities in tongue squamous cell carcinoma of young patients: an international collaborative study.

AIMS: This multi-centre analysis assessed the DNA content of TSCC in 37 young patients (<40 years) and 28 old patients (>50 years) and determined the correlation of DNA ploidy findings with clinicopathological data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Image cytometry was carried out using an automated cellular imaging system on Feulgen-stained histological sections to obtain high-fidelity DNA histograms. Among young patients, 37.8% were females compared to 18.7% in the older group (P=0.002). In total, 48.6% patients were non-smokers and 40.5% were non-drinkers compared to 10.7% non-smokers and non-drinkers in the older group (P<0.0001). TNM, clinical stage of disease and histological grade of differentiation did not differ between groups. Tumour aneuploidy was detected in 86.5% and tetraploidy in 24.3% young patients; this was significantly greater than in the older group where 64.3% were aneuploid (P<0.0001) and 7.2% tetraploid (P<0.0001). The mean values of DNA index (DI) and DNA heterogeneity index as well as the percentage of cells with DI exceeding 5N were higher in young patients (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Young patients with TSCC represent a distinct clinical entity. The high incidence of DNA ploidy abnormalities suggest that they may have increased genomic instability and indicates underlying genetic differences between TSCC in young and older patients.

Maxillary osteosarcoma in a young patient undergoing postorthodontic treatment follow-up: the importance of ongoing oral examinations.

Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant tumor in long bones; it generally occurs in young adults. It is considered infrequent in the head and neck regions, where it is usually associated with poor outcomes and rates of survival. From a histopathologic point of view, osteosarcomas are commonly classified as osteoblastic, chondroblastic, or fibroblastic, although several unusual microscopic subtypes have also been reported. The purpose of this article was to present a case report of a maxillary chondroblastic osteosarcoma involving the maxillary sinus and the maxilla of a young woman who was diagnosed during early postorthodontic treatment follow-up. Treatment, prosthetic rehabilitation, and follow-up details are provided. Most importantly, this patient shows the importance of complete and systematic oral examinations during any routine dental treatment.

Metastatic Neuroblastoma to the Mandible of Children: Report of Two Cases and Critical Review of the Literature.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer of infancy, occurring mainly in the adrenal gland, with high metastatic potential. However, involvement of the head and neck region is rare. Here, we present two cases of metastatic neuroblastoma of childhood, in which a mandibular swelling was the first sign of disseminated disease. Case 1 describes a 4-year-old boy with a 2-week history of painful swelling in the left mandibular region, body soreness and weakness. Panoramic radiography and computed tomography showed a destructive lesion in the left mandibular ramus. Case 2 describes a 3-year-old boy with a 1-month history of swelling in the right mandibular area. Panoramic radiograph and cone-beam computed tomography showed a destructive lesion in the right body and ramus of the mandible, displacing tooth germs, with the destruction of vestibular and lingual bone cortices. In both cases, microscopic analyses revealed a diffuse proliferation of small, round, and blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. While Case 1 was more undifferentiated, Case 2 presented eosinophilic areas suggestive of neuropil. A large immunohistochemical panel was performed, showing expression of neural markers such as CD56, neuron-specific enolase (in Case 2), chromogranin, and synaptophysin. Both lesions presented a high proliferation index (Ki67 > 70% and 80%, respectively). Positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed ipsilateral adrenal primary lesions in both cases, with multiple bone metastatic lesions. Besides the mandible, multiple sites of the axial and appendicular skeleton were affected. Treatment consisted of induction chemotherapy, adrenalectomy, consolidation chemoradiotherapy, and post-consolidation therapy.