"Delaying Rot Emergence in Persian Lime (Citrus×latifolia) Through Antifungal Hybrid Films Containing Litsea glaucescens Essential Oil".

Herein we describe the in situ inhibitory activity of three hybrid films (FL1, FL2, and FL3) against two wild strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium digitatum as causal agents of rot in Persian limes. The films FL2 and FL3 contained 1.0 and 1.3 % weight/volume Litsea glaucescens essential oil (LgEO) and significantly (p<0.05) delayed rot emergence in Persian limes caused by both pathogens up to 10 days. The physicochemical properties of LgEO and hybrid films were obtained, whereas detailed HPLC profiling revealed that fruit covered with these films significantly (p<0.01) preserved reducing sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid), and flavonoids with nutraceutical activity (hesperidin, eriocitrin, naruritin, neohesperidin, diosmin, vitexin, rutin, and quercetin). This evidence sustains that the composites generated in this investigation improve the shelf life of Persian limes and conserve their nutraceutical content.

Controlled Production of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Cell Suspensions of Lepechinia meyenii Treated with Different Elicitors and Biosynthetic Precursors.

Lepechinia meyenii is a medicinal plant specialized in the biosynthesis of different types of antioxidants including the diterpenes carnosic (CA) acid and carnosol (CS). Herein we present the results of plant tissue culture approaches performed in this medicinal plant with particular emphasis on the generation and evaluation of a cell suspension system for CA and CS production. The effect of sucrose concentration, temperature, pH, and UV-light exposure was explored. In addition, diverse concentrations of microbial elicitors (salicylic acid, pyocyanin, Glucanex, and chitin), simulators of abiotic elicitors (polyethylene glycol and NaCl), and biosynthetic precursors (mevalonolactone, geranylgeraniol, and miltiradiene/abietatriene) were evaluated on batch cultures for 20 days. Miltiradiene/abietatriene obtainment was achieved through a metabolic engineering approach using a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results suggested that the maximum accumulation (Accmax ) of CA and CS was mainly conferred to stimuli associated with oxidative stress such as UV-light exposure (Accmax , 6.2 mg L-1 ) polyethylene glycol (Accmax , 6.5 mg L-1 ) NaCl (Accmax , 5.9 mg L-1 ) which simulated drought and saline stress, respectively. Nevertheless the bacterial elicitor pyocyanin was also effective to increase the production of both diterpenes (Accmax , 6.4 mg L-1 ). Outstandingly, the incorporation of upstream biosynthetic precursors such as geranylgeraniol and miltiradiene/abietatriene, generated the best results with Accmax of 8.6 and 16.7 mg L-1 , respectively. Optimized batch cultures containing 100 mg L-1 geranylgeraniol, 50 mg L-1 miltiradiene/abietatriene (95 : 5 %) and 5 g L-1 polyethylene glycol treated with 6 min UV light pulse during 30 days resulted in Accmax of 26.7 mg L-1 for CA and 17.3 mg L-1 for CS on days 18-24. This strategy allowed to increase seven folds the amounts of CA and CS in comparison with batch cultures without elicitation (Accmax , 4.3 mg L-1 ).

Epidemiology of environmental factors related to beta-catenin pathway and its impact on the development and progression of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex disease, determined by genetic, environmental and lifestyle-associated risk factors. Genetic (inherited) factors have great influence on its development; however, most cases of CRC are sporadic and gradually develop over several years. The main environmental risk factors are associated with b-catenin signaling pathway, including obesity, lack of physical activity, consumption of red and processed meats, alcoholism, and smoking. The pathway is related to cell homeostasis regulation and cell self-renewal during embryogenesis and adulthood. The main recommendation for preventing the development of CRC is to reduce the risk factors, increase the consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains, exercise regularly and limit the consumption of both alcohol and tobacco. However, family history and the presence of a hereditary syndrome increase the risk, which is why carrying out periodic examinations to detect CRC is suggested, using development predictors such as biochemical and molecular markers, which are discussed in this work.

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una enfermedad compleja determinada por factores de riesgo genéticos, ambientales y de estilo de vida. Los factores genéticos (hereditarios) tienen gran influencia en su desarrollo, sin embargo, la mayoría de los casos de CCR son esporádicos y se desarrollan gradualmente a lo largo de varios años. Los principales factores ambientales de riesgo están asociados a la vía de señalización de ß-catenina, entre ellos obesidad, falta de actividad física, consumo de carnes rojas y procesadas, alcoholismo y tabaquismo. La vía está relacionada con la regulación de la homeostasis celular, autorrenovación celular durante la embriogénesis y edad adulta. La principal recomendación para evitar el desarrollo del CCR es reducir los factores de riesgo, aumentar el consumo de frutas, verduras y granos, hacer ejercicio de manera rutinaria y limitar el consumo tanto de alcohol como de tabaco. Dado que los antecedentes familiares y la presencia de un síndrome hereditario aumentan el riesgo, se sugiere hacer exámenes periódicos para detectar CCR y emplear predictores del desarrollo como los marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares, los cuales se presentan en este trabajo.

Peppermint Essential Oil and Its Major Volatiles as Protective Agents against Soft Rot Caused by Fusarium sambucinum in Cera Pepper (Capsicum pubescens).

Cera pepper (Capsicum pubescens) is an exotic fruit considered as a rich source of nutraceuticals with known benefits for human health and also an economic resource for local producers in Mexico. The present investigation reports on the in vitro and in situ antifungal activity of the essential oil from Mentha piperita and its two major volatiles (menthol and menthone) against Fusarium sambucinum, which is a causal agent of soft rot in cera pepper. The application of these components in pepper fruits previously infected with F. sambucinum caused a significant delay (p<0.05) in the emergence of soft rot symptoms. This effect was reflected in the maintenance of pH and fruit firmness during a period of 10 days. The nutrimental content of the fruits (protein, fiber, fat and other proximate parameters) was conserved in the same period of time. The nutraceutical content of these fruits was estimated by the quantification of seven carotenoids (violaxanthin, cis-violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and ß-carotene), ascorbic acid and capsaicinoids (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin). According to our results, the essential oil from M. Piperita and its major volatiles exerted a preservative effect on these metabolites. Our findings demonstrated that the essential oil of M. Piperita and its major volatiles represent an ecological alternative for the control of fusariosis caused by F. sambucinum in cera peppers under postharvest conditions.

Fungistatic Films Containing Cinnamon Essential Oil: New Coatings to Preserve the Nutraceutical Content of Avocado Fruit against Fusariosis.

Avocadoes are a rich source of nutrients and nutraceuticals that preserve human health. Nevertheless, this fruit is susceptible to phytopathogen infection during the postharvest period causing severe economic losses. Herein, we report on the in situ antifungal assessment of biodegradable films impregnated with the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (CvEO) as natural fungistatic coatings to extend postharvest quality of Hass avocadoes (Persea americana cv. Hass). These coatings were evaluated on fruits previously infected with a native strain of Fusarium verticillioides. The cytotoxic assessment of CvEO on F. verticillioides revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3±0.0 g L-1 whereas its chemical profiling showed (E)-cinnamaldehyde (45.9 %) 1,3,8-p-menthatriene (7.9 %) and linalool (6.8 %) as the major bioactive compounds. Four coatings (FC1-FC4) were made using chitosan (1 %) and a diverse quantity of CvEO (0.4-1.3 % w/v). The physicochemical properties demonstrated that the films FC3 and FC4 have the optimal characteristics of a food coating. Avocadoes preserved with the films FC3 and FC4 substantially kept (p<0.01) fruit firmness and the nutraceutical content of infected avocados at least for 21 d. The results of the present investigation suggest that our hybrid materials can conserve basic nutritional parameters such as fiber, protein, reducing sugars, as well as the content of unsaturated fatty acids which are the main nutraceuticals of this fruit.

A FEMALE CASE OF SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA TYPE 10 WITH SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AND ENDOCRINPATHIES ASSOCIATED WITH A MASSIVE EXPANSION (ATTCT) OF THE GENE ATXN10.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is characteri- zed by ataxia, psychiatric disorders convulsions, and locus at 22q13.311. It is caused by expansions between 800-4500 pentanucleotide ATTCT repeats in intron 9 of the ATXN10 gene1-2. The ATXN10 gene encodes ataxin-10 protein (known as E46L) involved in neuritogenesis 1. SCA10 has a founder origin in Mexican, Brazilian, Argentine populattons but is rare in others.

Hernandulcin Production in Cell Suspensions of Phyla Scaberrima: Exploring Hernandulcin Accumulation through Physical and Chemical Stimuli.

Hernandulcin (HE) is a non-caloric sweetener synthesized by the Mexican medicinal plant Phyla scaberrima. Herein we present the results of HE production through cell suspensions of P. scaberrima as well as the influence of pH, temperature, biosynthetic precursors and potential elicitors to enhance HE accumulation. The incorporation of mevalonolactone (30-400 mg L-1 ) farnesol (30-400 mg L-1 ), AgNO3 (0.025-0.175 M), cellulase (5-60 mg L-1 ; 0.3 units/mg), chitin (20-140 mg L-1 ) and (+)-epi-α-bisabolol (300-210 mg L-1 ) to the cell suspensions, resulted in a differential accumulation of HE and biomass. Among elicitors assayed, chitin, cellulase and farnesol increased HE production from 93.2 to ∼160 mg L-1 but, (+)-epi-α-bisabolol (obtained by a synthetic biology approach) increased HE accumulation up to 182.7 mg L-1 . HE produced by the cell suspensions was evaluated against nine strains from six species of gastrointestinal bacteria revealing moderate antibacterial activity (MIC, 214-465 µg mL-1 ) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori. Similarly, HE showed weak toxicity against Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium bifidum (>1 mg mL-1 ), suggesting a selective antimicrobial activity on some species of gut microbiota. According to our results, chitin and (+)-epi-α-bisabolol were the most effective molecules to enhance HE accumulation in cell suspensions of P. scaberrima.

A clinical report of the massive CAG repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: Severe onset in a Mexican child and review previous cases.

The spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 is a neurodegenerative disease with autosomal dominant inheritance; clinically characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, slow ocular saccades, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, cognitive deterioration, mild dementia, peripheral neuropathy. Infantile onset is a rare presentation that only has been reported in four instances in the literature. In the present work a boy aged 5 years 7 months was studied due to horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus, without saccades, ataxic gait, dysarthria, dysphagia, dysmetria, generalized spasticity mainly pelvic, bilateral Babinsky. The mother aged 27 years-old presented progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis, limb ataxia and olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The molecular analysis was made by identifying the expansion repeats in tandem by long PCR to analyze the repeats in the ATXN2 gene. We found an extreme CAG expansion repeats of ~884 repeats in the child. We describe a Mexican child affected by SCA2 with an infantile onset, associated with a high number of CAG repeats previously no reported and anticipation phenomenon.

Aproximación genética en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica.

The superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene is the first responsible gene mapped in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1), and it codes for the enzyme SOD1, the function of which is to protect against damage mediated by free radicals deriving from oxygen. Its pathophysiological mechanism in ALS1 is related to ischemia. Several molecular studies of the SOD1 gene show that point mutations are the most frequent. The most common mutations in familial cases are p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A and p.E100G, which account for more than 80% of cases, although intronic mutations have also been described as responsible for ALS1. Sporadic cases are explained by mutations in other genes such as SETX and C9orf72. ALS1 is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. On the other hand, familial and sporadic cases have a different etiology, which is explained by molecular heterogeneity and multiple pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ALS1; oxidative stress and ischemia are not the only cause. In Mexico, ALS molecular genetics studies are scarce. Clinical studies show an increase in cytokines such as adipsin in cerebrospinal fluid.

El gen SOD1 es el primer gen responsable mapeado en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica tipo 1 (ELA1) y codifica para la enzima superóxido dismutasa tipo 1 (SOD1), cuya función es proteger del daño mediado de los radicales libres derivados del oxígeno; su mecanismo fisiopatológico en ELA1 se relaciona con isquemia. Diversos estudios moleculares del gen SOD1 muestran que las mutaciones puntuales son las más frecuentes. Las mutaciones más comunes en los casos familiares son p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A y p.E100G, que explican más de 80 % de los casos, aunque también se han descrito mutaciones intrónicas como responsables de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica tipo 1. Los casos esporádicos se explican por mutaciones en otros genes como SETX y C9orf72. ELA1 es una enfermedad compleja con heterogeneidad genética. Por otra parte, los casos familiares y esporádicos tienen etiología distinta, lo cual se explica por la heterogeneidad molecular y múltiples mecanismos patogénicos que conducen a ELA1; el estrés oxidativo y la isquemia no son la única causa. En México son escasos los estudios de genética molecular de esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Los estudios clínicos muestran incremento de citocinas como la adipsina en el líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Genetic approach in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) gene is the first responsible gene mapped in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1), and it codes for the enzyme SOD1, the function of which is to protect against damage mediated by free radicals deriving from oxygen. Its pathophysiological mechanism in ALS1 is related to ischemia. Several molecular studies of the SOD1 gene show that point mutations are the most frequent. The most common mutations in familial cases are p.A4V, p.I113Y, p.G37R, p.D90A and p.E100G, which account for more than 80% of cases, although intronic mutations have also been described as responsible for ALS1. Sporadic cases are explained by mutations in other genes such as SETX and C9orf72. ALS1 is a complex disease with genetic heterogeneity. On the other hand, familial and sporadic cases have a different etiology, which is explained by molecular heterogeneity and multiple pathogenic mechanisms that lead to ALS1; oxidative stress and ischemia are not the only cause. In Mexico, ALS molecular genetics studies are scarce. Clinical studies show an increase in cytokines such as adipsin in cerebrospinal fluid.

[Ataxina-2, nuevo blanco en enfermedades genéticas complejas].

El gen de la ataxina-2 es un blanco en la patogénesis de enfermedades complejas, entre ellas los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y enfermedades neurodegenerativas. El gen ATXN2 tiene un VNTR en el exón 1, cuya expansión por encima de las 30 repeticiones provoca al desarrollo de ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2; las repeticiones en rango menor se asocian con diabetes tipo 2 o esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. También este locus está ligado con fenotipos metabólicos e inflamatorios. En conclusión, el gen puede ser utilizado como marcador clínico de fenotipos metabólicos y neurológicos, lo cual está relacionado con su efecto pleiotrópico.

The ataxin 2 gene is a target in the pathogenesis of complex diseases, including cardiovascular risk factors and neurodegenerative diseases. ATXN2 gen has VNTR in exon 1, whose expansion exceeding 30 repetitions leads to the development of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2; lower-range repetitions are associated with type 2 diabetes or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This locus is also linked with metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes. In conclusion, this gene can be used as a clinical marker of metabolic and neurological phenotypes, which is related to its pleiotropic effect.

Epidemiología genética sobre las teorías causales y la patogénesis de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a worldwide public health problem. The etiology of the disease is multifactorial and is characterized by great heterogeneity of metabolic disorders. The most common are the insufficient production of insulin, insulin resistance and impaired incretin system. The specialist must understand the multi-causal nature of DM2 in the post-genomic era. This nature is determined by the additive effect of genes and environment, so there is no simple genetic epidemiological model to explain the inheritance pattern. Hence the need to establish the proportion of disease that is determined by genes and the contribution of environmental factors, the combination of which regulates the threshold or tolerance level for diabetes development. Given this complexity in DM2 in this work are discussed the various existing theories of causality of this disease, which will permit us to understand the interaction between the environment and the human genome, and also to know how risk factors or predisposition to this disease influence, laying the grounds that delimit environment interaction with the genome.

[(CAG)n polymorphism of the ATXN2 gene, a new marker of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / El polimorfismo (CAG)n del gen ATXN2, nuevo marcador de susceptibilidad para diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate whether there is an association between the (CAG)n repeat in the ATXN2 gene in the Mexican population and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Epidemiological case-control study, including healthy people and diabetics. (CAG)n expansion was detected by end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR outputs were analyzed by electrophoresis (PAGE 8%) and silver nitrate staining. RESULTS: (CAG)n nucleotide allele distribution in the study population was similar to that reported in central Mexico. The 22-repeat allele is the most frequent; however, there is an association with carriers of long repeats in the normal range with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the (CAG)n repeat of the ATXN2 gene could be a causal factor for type 2 DM.

Association of the ELMO1 gene (snp rs1345365) with development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Mexican mestizo population. / Asociación del gen ELMO1 (snp rs1345365) con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en población mestiza Mexicana.

The g.37190613 locus on 7p14.2-14.1 in the ELMO1 gene has a G>A polymorphism (SNP rs1345365) that has been associated with diabetic nephropathy in different populations. The genetic-association studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) on the Mexican population are limited. The aim of this study was to estimate whether the polymorphism G>A of ELMO1 gene is associated with the development of DM2. We included 148 DM2 individuals, 156 individuals with cardiovascular risk factors without diabetes and 269 healthy proband without DM2. The polymorphism was identified by PCR amplification specific allele (PASA), PAGE and silver staining. The association was established by genetic epidemiological models; the dominant model showed a positive association (p=0.0006) as a protective factor, and the para-dominant model to heterozygous, as risk factor. In conclusion, this study revealed the association of the SNP rs1345365 of the ELMO1 gene in a Mexican population.

Improving the Shelf Life of Avocado Fruit against Clonostachys rosea with Chitosan Hybrid Films Containing Thyme Essential Oil.

Hass avocadoes are one of the most popular fruits consumed worldwide because of their nutritional and nutraceutical content. Nevertheless, these fruits are susceptible to phytopathogen attacks that decrease fruit quality during the postharvest period. Herein we present the results of the in situ fungistatic activity of four hybrid films (FT1−FT4) manufactured with chitosan and different concentrations of the essential oil of thyme (TvEO). The films were evaluated as biodegradable materials to prevent fruit decay triggered by Clonostachys rosea which is considered an emergent phytopathogen of this crop. The in situ fungistatic strength, spectroscopic properties (FT-IR), optical features (transmittance/opacity), and consistency obtained by microscopic analysis (SEM), indicated that the films FT3 and FT4 possessed the best physicochemical properties to protect Hass avocadoes against the soft rot produced by C. rosea. Avocadoes treated with the films FT3 and FT4 significantly (p < 0.01) conserved fruit firmness and nutritional composition (protein, fat, fiber, and reducing sugars) as well as the nutraceutical content (oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) of infected avocados for 21 days. Our results validate the potential use of the films FT3 and FT4 to prevent the soft rot caused by C. rosea and to improve the shelf life of Hass avocadoes.

New Genetic Polymorphisms as an Epidemiological Factor of Arterial Hypertension in Patients with Hyposodical Diet.

Hypertension is a major public health problem, affecting more than a quarter of the world's population causing serious cardiovascular problems. In recent years, different polymorphisms have been studied and helped to identify some candidate genes and hereditary syndromes associated with the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension. Therefore, it is important to identify these molecular mechanisms. This review exposes all the genes and polymorphisms that increase or decrease the risk of hypertension in different populations that are related to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, G protein, salt excretion, aldosterone synthesis, lipid metabolism, mechanism of insulin resistance, vitamin metabolism, purines and sodium reabsorption. This document can be a useful tool in clinical practice, in addition to serving as a support for future research on this topic.

VNTR (CAG)n polymorphism of the ATXN2 gene and metabolic parameters of cardiovascular risk associated with the degree of obesity in the Amerindian population of Oaxaca.

INTRODUCTION: The ATXN2 gene has a VNTR (CAG)n with locus in exon1. Long alleles within the normal range (22-29 repeats) are associated with severe obesity in people from the United Kingdom, Indonesia and the Caribbean. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of VNTR (CAG)n on metabolic profile in adults with obesity and pre-obesity, as well as to estimate its effect on the risk of developing diabetes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: 255 adults of Chinantec Amerindian ethnic origin were included, who underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation. The VNTR was amplified by end-point PCR and by 8% PAGE electrophoresis. RESULTS: Differences were found in the waist/hip circumference index and body mass index in the carriers of genotypes different to the one homozygous for 22 repeats with a Student's t-test value of 0.0041 and 0.0334, respectively. We also found an association with a family history of chronic disease. CONCLUSION: The VNTR of ATXN2 is associated with obesity in Mexican adults of Chinantec ancestry.

Palatopharyngeal vesicular enanthem, early finding of COVID-19.

Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very important to establish timely treatment. In the present report, through the examination carried out in otorhinolaryngology, we found a pearlescent vesicular enanthema in the upper palate in 954/958 patients with the classic strain and it was not found in patients with the English strain. This finding had not been reported. The patients were successfully treated on time, only two patients died, which was associated with decompensated diabetes mellitus. The present report suggests that the vesicular enanthem found is pathognomonic for Covid-19 classic strains.

El diagnóstico temprano de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es muy importante para establecer un tratamiento oportuno. En el presente reporte, en la exploración realizada en otorrinolaringología encontramos un enantema vesicular aperlado en el paladar superior en 954 de 958 pacientes con la cepa clásica, y no se encontró en pacientes con la cepa inglesa. Este hallazgo no se había reportado. Los pacientes fueron tratados a tiempo exitosamente y solo dos pacientes murieron, lo cual se asoció a diabetes mellitus descompensada. Este reporte sugiere que el enantema vesicular encontrado es patognomónico de ­COVID-19 por cepas clásicas.