Cytochrome 2B6 polymorphism and efavirenz-induced central nervous system symptoms : a substudy of the ANRS ALIZE trial.

OBJECTIVES: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 gene have been associated with high interindividual variation in efavirenz pharmacokinetics. However, clinical data on the relationship of CYP2B6 polymorphisms with the occurrence of efavirenz-induced central nervous system (CNS) symptoms are limited. METHODS: We analysed four polymorphisms in the CYP2B6 (516 G>T), CYP3A5 (6986 A>G) and ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B, member 1 (ABCB1) (2677 G>T/A and 3435 C>T) genes in HIV-infected adults virologically suppressed on a protease inhibitor-based regimen who switched to a regimen containing emtricitabine, didanosine and efavirenz in the setting of the ANRS ALIZE trial. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression analysis were used to investigate their association with efavirenz plasma levels and CNS events up to 48 months after switching. RESULTS: In total, 191 patients with a median age of 41 years, who were 87% male and 85% Caucasian, were enrolled in the study. Variant allelic frequencies were 0.49, 0.93, 0.59 and 0.63 for CYP2B6 516, CYP3A5 392, ABCB1 2677 and ABCB1 3435, respectively. The median efavirenz plasma concentration (MEPC) was 2.2 mg/L [interquartile range (IQR) 1.7-2.8 mg/L] and was significantly higher in patients with the deficient CYP2B6 516T. Overall, 242 CNS events were reported in 104 individuals (54%). No correlation was found between MEPC and CNS events. The occurrence of a first CNS event was lower in patients with the CYP2B6 516 G/G genotype vs. CYP2B6 516 T genotypes [50% (IQR: 40-60%) vs. 66% (IQR: 56-75%), respectively; P = 0.02]. In an adjusted Cox regression model, there was a tendency towards a higher risk of a first CNS event among carriers of the variant CYP2B6 516 T allele (relative risk 1.4 [95% CI, 0.99-2.1]; P?=?.06), compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: The deficient CYP2B6 516 T allele is associated with higher efavirenz plasma drug levels and more frequent CNS-related symptoms.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in a Large HIV-Infected Adult Population.

This cross-sectional study evaluates the prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbances in French adult HIV-infected outpatients. Patients fullfilled a self-administered questionnaire on their health behavior, sleep attitudes (Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI), quality of life and depression; 1354 patients were enrolled. Median sleeping time was 7 h. Poor sleep quality was observed in 47 % of the patients, and moderate to serious depressive symptoms in 19.7 %. Factors significantly associated with sleep disturbances were depression, male gender, active employment, living single, tobacco-smoking, duration of HIV infection, nevirapine or efavirenz-including regimen. Prevalence of poor sleepers is high in this HIV adult outpatient population. Associated factors seem poorly specific to HIV infection and more related to social and psychological status. Taking care of these disturbances may prove to be an effective health management strategy.

Switching from tenofovir/emtricitabine and nevirapine to a tenofovir/emtricitabine/rilpivirine single-tablet regimen in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects.

OBJECTIVES: Nevirapine is an inducer of hepatic metabolism. After discontinuation, nevirapine has an inductive effect on cytochrome P450 3A4, which persists for a few weeks and which, after switching to rilpivirine, may reduce rilpivirine exposures and have a negative clinical impact. This study evaluates the virological outcome, pharmacokinetics and safety of switching virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected patients from nevirapine to rilpivirine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This 24 week open-label single-centre study included HIV-1-infected adults with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL for >6 months on tenofovir/emtricitabine and nevirapine, who were willing to simplify their regimen to tenofovir/emtricitabine/rilpivirine. Virological suppression, safety and nevirapine and rilpivirine pharmacokinetics were assessed. RESULTS: At weeks 12 and 24, all 32 subjects remained virologically suppressed. One subject discontinued at week 1 for rilpivirine-associated insomnia and two patients chose to resume tenofovir/emtricitabine and nevirapine after week 12 because of rilpivirine-associated food constraint. There was no grade 3/4 laboratory abnormality. Rilpivirine trough concentrations were above the mean trough concentrations observed in Phase 3 studies by 1 week post-switch. Twenty-seven out of 32 patients had no measurable levels of nevirapine by 2 weeks post-switch. The meal accompanying tenofovir/emtricitabine/rilpivirine intake satisfied food requirements in 81% of cases. Overall general satisfaction was improved in 90% of the subjects despite food constraints. CONCLUSION: Nevirapine has a short and limited inductive effect on rilpivirine metabolism, which is not clinically significant. Tenofovir/emtricitabine/rilpivirine is an efficacious and safe option for virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients on nevirapine wishing to simplify their regimen.

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, a marker of tubular dysfunction, is not increased in long-term virologically controlled patients receiving a tenofovir/emtricitabine + nevirapine regimen.

OBJECTIVES: Tenofovir may be associated with nephrotoxicity. Several studies have shown that an early increase in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) may predict the occurrence of acute kidney injury. We investigated urine and plasma NGAL in patients on long-term treatment with nevirapine associated with either tenofovir/emtricitabine or abacavir/lamivudine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 40 virologically controlled Caucasian patients on stable treatment (median >4 years) with tenofovir/emtricitabine + nevirapine (n = 20) or abacavir/lamivudine + nevirapine (n = 20), and no history of kidney disease, high blood pressure or diabetes. Plasma immunovirological parameters (NGAL and C-reactive protein) and urinary NGAL, ß2-microglobulin and α1-microglobulin were measured during a routine clinical visit. RESULTS: Median concentrations of NGAL were in the normal range, but were significantly higher in the abacavir/lamivudine group compared with the tenofovir/emtricitabine group both in the plasma, at 74.9 and 66.0 ng/mL (P = 0.032), respectively, and in the urine, at 36.1 and 12.8 ng/mL (P = 0.017), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma and urinary NGAL concentrations remained in the normal range in this long-term virologically controlld population without any overt renal disease. The usefulness of NGAL in detecting sub-clinical renal dysfunction appears to be very limited.

Switching from abacavir/lamivudine plus nevirapine to abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir in virologically controlled HIV-infected adults (SWAD study).

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic pathways of dolutegravir suggest a potential predator effect of nevirapine on dolutegravir pharmacokinetics and switching from a nevirapine- to a dolutegravir-containing regimen could lead to a lower and suboptimal exposure to dolutegravir several weeks after the switch in case of persistent inducer effect. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, pilot, single-arm, open-label, non-comparative, bicentric study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, virologic outcomes, safety, and patient satisfaction of switching from abacavir/lamivudine and nevirapine to a single tablet of abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. The primary endpoint was the maintenance of virologic suppression (HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/mL) at week 12. Secondary endpoints were virologic suppression at week 48, safety and tolerability, patient satisfaction, and pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and dolutegravir. Fifty-three adults on stable abacavir/lamivudine and nevirapine regimen for a median duration of 6years and virologically suppressed for 9.6years were included. RESULTS: Dolutegravir reached steady state by week 4/week 12 when expected by day 5/day 10. All subjects maintained plasma HIV-RNA˂50 copies/mL at week 12 and week 48. Abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir was well-tolerated, with two cases of serious adverse events deemed unrelated to study drugs (coronary syndrome in both cases), and one discontinuation for renal impairment at week 24 with a slight improvement after dolutegravir discontinuation. Level of treatment satisfaction remained high after the switch. CONCLUSION: The transient predator effect of nevirapine on dolutegravir had no clinical consequences after switching from nevirapine to dolutegravir, neither on safety nor maintenance of virologic suppression. It also had no consequences on patient satisfaction.

A simple high performance liquid chromatography assay for monitoring plasma concentrations of tipranavir in HIV infected patients.

A simple HPLC assay to determine plasma concentration of tipranavir is presented. A liquid/liquid extraction of the drugs in ethyl acetate/hexane from 250 microL of plasma is followed by a reversed phase isocratic HPLC assay with UV detection at 205 nm. The imprecision and inaccuracy are lower than 10%, the low limit of quantitation is 0.4 mg/L. Thus, this method can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of tipranavir in HIV infected patients.

A prospective study of criteria for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in 186 AIDS patients. The BIOTOXO Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To define the factors associated with diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in AIDS patients; and to establish a rational procedure for the clinician faced with a decision concerning empiric antitoxoplasma therapy. DESIGN: A 15-month prospective multicentre cohort study in France. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-six consecutive HIV-positive inpatients undergoing empiric antitoxoplasma therapy for a first episode of presumed TE were monitored. The clinician's initial estimation of the probability of response to antitoxoplasma therapy was recorded. In addition, a validation committee classified cases as TE or non-TE. RESULTS: Among the 186 patients, the following variables were significantly more frequent in TE (n = 113) than non-TE (n = 73) patients: fever (59% versus 40%). headache (55% versus 33%), seizures (22% versus 11%), suggestive lesions on the brain scan (98% versus 76%), positive Toxoplasma serology (97% versus 71%). Median CD4+ lymphocyte count was significantly higher in TE than in non-TE (27 x 10(6)/l versus 11 x 10(6)/l). The rate of TE in patients on systemic antiprotozoal prophylaxis at entry was 43% as compared with 75% in patients without previous prophylaxis. Pre-therapy estimation of response to empiric therapy was highly correlated with final diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the following variables contributed independently to the diagnosis of TE: clinician's estimation of response to treatment at entry > 75%; absence of systemic antiprotozoal prophylaxis; seizures; headache; suggestive lesions on CT or MRI brain scan; and positive Toxoplasma serology. CONCLUSIONS: A linear logistic model is proposed which uses significant variables, which are readily available. This model gives good accuracy to classify suspected cases of TE.

Efficacy and safety of stavudine and didanosine combination therapy in antiretroviral-experienced patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy, tolerance, and safety of combination antiretroviral therapy with didanosine and stavudine in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts > 100 x 10(6)/l and HIV plasma RNA > 10(4) copies/ml previously treated with other antiretroviral agents for at least 3 months. DESIGN: In this open, multicentre, non-randomized, Phase II pilot study, adult patients were administered didanosine (200 mg twice daily) plus stavudine (40 mg twice daily) for 6 months. Patients for whom the first regimen had led to undetectable HIV RNA levels were offered a second 6-month course of treatment; those who had achieved insufficient immunological and virological gains in the first 6 months were given a new combination. METHODS: Primary evaluation of efficacy was based on viral load measured by branched DNA second-generation testing (lower limit of detection, 500 copies/ml) and CD4+ cell counts; secondary evaluations included AIDS-defining events and clinical side-effects. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients with median prior antiretroviral therapy of 24 months (65 with zidovudine, 29 with zalcitabine) were included in the study. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 198 x 10(6)/l and median plasma HIV RNA was 80000 copies/ml (4.9 log10 copies/ml). In this heavily pretreated population, an increase in the mean CD4+ cell count was observed (+70 x 10(6)/l at 24 weeks). In addition, rapid and prolonged antiviral activity was seen, with a mean maximal decrease of 1.1 log10 copies/ml at week 4, a mean decrease of 0.89 log10 copies/ml at week 24, and a plasma RNA viraemia < 500 copies/ml achieved in 14% of patients at week 24. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with stavudine and didanosine is safe and leads to a sustained antiviral effect, even in patients with prolonged prior antiretroviral exposure and low CD4+ cell counts.

Stavudine plus didanosine and nevirapine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults: preliminary safety and efficacy results. VIRGO Study Team.

The objective of this open-label trial is to evaluate the virological and immunological effects of triple therapy with stavudine (40 mg twice daily if > or = 60 kg, 30 mg twice daily if < 60 kg)/didanosine (400 mg once daily if > or = 60 kg, 300 mg once daily if < 60 kg)/nevirapine (200 mg daily from day 1 to 14, then 200 mg twice daily) in 60 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts > or = 200 cells/mm3 and plasma HIV RNA > or = 5000 copies/ml. At present, 59 patients have begun receiving the trial regimen. Characteristics of patients at baseline were as follows: 46 men/13 women, CDC stage A, 75%; mean CD4 cell count, 429 cells/mm3; mean HIV RNA, 4.6 log10 copies/ml). Mean decrease of viral load was -1.9 log10 at week 4 (n = 39), -1.9 log10 at week 16 (n = 20), with HIV RNA below the detectable level (< 500 copies/ml) in 62% of patients at week 4 and 85% at week 16. Mean CD4 cell count increase was +118 cells/mm3 at week 4. Cutaneous intolerance occurred within the first 4 weeks in 11/59 (19%) patients after a mean of 14 days (range, 3-24 days) and led to nevirapine discontinuation in 3/11 patients. Preliminary results of this ongoing trial show that combination therapy with stavudine/didanosine/nevirapine is a convenient (seven pills in two daily intakes) triple-therapy regimen with rapid immunological and antiviral effects. Rash, frequent in the first weeks of therapy, usually can be managed without stopping nevirapine. Long-term suppression of plasma HIV RNA with this combination needs to be confirmed but may support use of nevirapine as a component of first-line anti-HIV therapy along with two nucleosides.

The VIRGO study: nevirapine, didanosine and stavudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected adults.

The virological and immunological efficacy of the triple regimen containing nevirapine (once or twice daily), didanosine (once daily) and stavudine, in antiretroviral-naive patients infected with HIV-1, was evaluated in an open-label, prospective, non-randomized, multi-centre, 52-week study. The first 60 patients (VIRGO I) received nevirapine as the standard dose, 200 mg twice daily; the subsequent 40 patients (VIRGO II) received nevirapine at a dose of 400 mg once daily. All patients received 400 mg of didanosine once daily and 40 mg of stavudine twice daily, adjusted for body weight. At baseline, the median CD4 cell count and plasma viral load (pVL) were 414 cells/mm3 and 4.59 log10 copies/ml in VIRGO I, and 412 cells/mm3 and 4.87 log10 copies/ml in VIRGO II. Using an intent-to-treat, 'non-completer equals failure', analysis, 78% (95% CI, 68-88%) of patients in VIRGO I and 68% (95% CI, 53-83%) of those in VIRGO II had a pVL <500 copies/ml at 24 weeks; the proportions achieving a pVL of <50 copies/ml were 62% (95% CI, 50-74%) and 50% (95% CI, 35-65%), respectively. The week 24 median CD4 cell count increase was 168 cells/mm3 (VIRGO I) and 139 cells/mm3 (VIRGO II). At week 52, 39/45 (87%) of VIRGO I patients had pVL <500 copies/ml and 30/45 (67%) <50 copies/ml. Of the 100 patients, 44 experienced grade 2 to 4 adverse events; 20 permanently discontinued study medication because of an adverse event. Combination therapy with the three reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors stavudine, once-daily didanosine and either once- or twice-daily nevirapine could be considered as an alternative option for first-line antiretroviral therapy.

Stavudine, didanosine and nevirapine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients.

In an ongoing, open-label, non-comparative study, the safety and efficacy of nevirapine/stavudine/didanosine were evaluated in 100 antiretroviral-naive adults with CD4 cell counts > or = 200 cells/mm3 and plasma HIV-1 RNA (pVL) > or = 5000 copies/ml. Sixty patients received nevirapine twice daily (VIRGO I) and 40 received nevirapine once daily (VIRGO II); all patients received didanosine once a day. After median follow-ups of 44 weeks in VIRGO I and 30 weeks in VIRGO II, the following virological results were observed (ongoing study): an intent-to-treat, non-completer equals failure analysis at week 24 showed the proportions of patients with pVL <500 copies/ml were 78% in VIRGO I (60% <50 copies/ml) and 75% in VIRGO II. An on-treatment analysis at week 52 showed 80% of patients with a pVL <500 copies/ml and 59% with <50 copies/ml in VIRGO I. The mean CD4 cell count increase was +171 cells/mm3 at week 24 and +218 cells/mm3 at week 52 in VIRGO I and +158 cells/mm3 at week 24 in VIRGO II. Cutaneous rash (grades 1 to 3) occurred in 24% of patients leading to nevirapine discontinuation in eight of 24 patients. Five other patients discontinued therapy during the first 24 weeks because of hepatic cytolysis, peripheral neuropathy or biological pancreatitis. The nevirapine/stavudine/didanosine combination is a convenient and safe regimen, with rapid and potent immunological and antiviral effects sustained over 12 months.

Specific anti-toxoplasmic IgG antibody immunoblot profiles in patients with AIDS-associated Toxoplasma encephalitis.

Among 186 suspected cases of Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in HIV-infected patients, 113 were classified as TE and 73 as non-TE. Serum Toxoplasma gondii (T.g.) antibodies were detected by ELISA in 97% of TE vs 71% of non-TE cases (p < 0.001). In the 164 patients positive for T. g. antibodies, the IgG 27 and 32 bands were more frequently present in TE than in non-TE (p = 0.003, p = 0.002, respectively). Among patients with positive T.g. serology, multivariate analysis showed that the presence of an IgG 32 (OR 3.1) or IgG 27 band (OR 2.7) on Western blot was highly indicative of TE independently of each other. Positive T.g. serology, but not anti-T.g. IgG antibody titres, was predictive. Thus, the positivity of IgG 27 and 32 bands on Western blot analysis provides useful data for improving the diagnosis of presumptive TE in HIV-infected patients with suspected TE and positive Toxoplasma serology.

Efficacy of nevirapine-based HAART in HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive persons with high and low baseline viral loads.

PURPOSE: The objective of this analysis was to assess the efficacy of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing, protease inhibitor (PI)-sparing, three-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV- 1-infected, treatment-naive patients with high and low baseline viral loads. METHOD: A composite analysis was performed of clinical studies including the NNRTI nevirapine that were presented at international conferences between 1998 and October 2000. In all of the studies, nevirapine was administered in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). For a study to be included in the analysis, more than 25% of participants must have had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL, and more than 25% of participants must have had viral loads <100,000 copies/mL. RESULTS: After 6 months, 139 of 156 (89%) and 82 of 99 (83% ) patients in the low and high baseline viral load groups, respectively, had on-treatment viral loads <200 to 500 copies/mL (depending on assay used). After 12 months, 95 of 124 patients (77%) with lower baseline viral loads and 63 of 76 patients (83%) with high baseline viral loads had on-treatment viral loads below the limit of quantification. CONCLUSION: Baseline viral load does not affect virologic outcome in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naive participants treated with nevirapine-containing, PI-sparing HAART.

[Immunologic response to antiretroviral treatment with combined stavudine, didanosine and nevirapine]. / Réponse immunologique sous traitement antirétroviral associant stavudine, didanosine et névirapine.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the restoration of immune function in patients given two nucleoside-analogs and one non-nucleoside-analog (nevirapine). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in 27 HIV-1-infected patients, starting a treatment with d4T, ddl and nevirapine, included in the VIRGO trial and followed up to 52 weeks. RESULTS: Total CD4 T cells increased as early as the fourth week of treatment (+154/microliter, p < 0.001) with a gain maintained until week 52 (+201/microliter at week 52). A similar pattern was seen for memory CD4 T cells (+80/microliter at week 4, +110/microliter at week 52). The rise in naive CD4 T cells was slower, strongly significant for week 16 (p < 0.001) and maximum at week 24 (+105/microliter). DISCUSSION: In our study, rise in T cells was not correlated with virological response, however increase in total and naive CD4 T cells was correlated with the CD4 count at onset of therapy (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that patients on d4T-ddl-nevirapine therapy have the same immune restoration as patients given protease inhibitor-based regimens.

Effectiveness and safety of saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected pregnant women: INEMA cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The authors had for aim to describe the effectiveness and the safety of a saquinavir/ritonavir (SQV/r) regimen, 1000/100mg twice daily, in HIV-infected pregnant patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We made a prospective and observational study of HIV positive female patients beginning or going on SQV/r antiretroviral treatment (ART) during pregnancy. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were enrolled from July 2007 to June 2009 in 10 infectious diseases units in France. Thirty-six women (group 1) were ART naive on inclusion, 20 (group 2) had been previously treated and then switched to SQV/r, six (group 3) were treated with SQV/r before pregnancy. 58 patients delivered while on SQV/r regimen after a median pregnancy duration of 39 WA. Eighty percent had a viral load below 50 copies/mL and 93% below 400 copies/mL: respectively 77% and 93.5% in group 1, 83% and 89% in group 2, 83% and 100% in group 3. The median SQV minimum concentrations (C(min)) measured at the third trimester and at delivery were adequate, respectively 0.91 mg/L and 0.86 mg/L. Most women (52%) had a vaginal delivery; 12 (21%) had an elective caesarean section, for obstetrics factors in eight cases. None of the newborns were HIV-infected at 6 months of age (n = 59, one death at day 3). Only one severe adverse event occurred due to saquinavir (maternal grade 3 hepatotoxicity). CONCLUSION: SQV/r 1000/100mg twice daily seems to be effective and safe in HIV-infected pregnant women with adequate saquinavir C(min).

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for quantification of nevirapine, indinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, efavirenz, tipranavir, darunavir and maraviroc in the plasma of patients infected with HIV.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous determination of the plasma concentration of 11 antiretroviral agents (nevirapine, indinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, efavirenz, tipranavir, darunavir and maraviroc) has been developed. Sample pre-treatment is limited to protein precipitation with a mixture of methanol and zinc sulfate. After centrifugation the supernatant is injected in the chromatographic system, which consists of on-line solid phase extraction followed by separation on a phenyl-hexyl column. This method, with its simple sample preparation provides sensitive, accurate and precise quantification of the plasma concentration of antiretroviral drugs and can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring in patients infected with HIV.

Long-term assessment of nevirapine-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients: 3-year follow-up of the VIRGO study.

OBJECTIVES: Data on the durability of antiretroviral regimens over a 3-year period have only rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of one or two daily doses of nevirapine (NVP), in combination with stavudine (d4T) and didanosine (ddI), in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This study was a follow-up of the VIR (amune) Grand Ouest (VIRGO) study, a 12-month open-label trial to assess the safety and immunovirological activity of NVP-d4T-ddI combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected adults with baseline CD4 counts > or =200 cells/microL and plasma viral loads > or =5000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. Of the 100 patients included in the study, the 67 patients remaining on the initial triple therapy at the end of the study (1 year) were offered an extra 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients who extended follow-up, 46 were still being treated with d4T-ddI-NVP at month 36; 91% (39/43) had a plasma viral load <500 copies/mL (data were missing for three patients). CD4 cell counts increased over 36 months. Safety and tolerance were good with no unexpected long-term toxicity. CONCLUSION: After 3 years of treatment with NVP-d4T-ddI, nearly half of the patients were still receiving the initial antiretroviral therapy with a sustained and durable immunovirological benefit. Long-term toxicity was mainly related to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor components of the regimen.

[Experience with nevirapine taken once daily in 93 HIV-infected patients]. / Expérience de la névirapine en 1 prise par jour chez 93 patients infectés par le VIH.

Due to its long half-life (25-30 hours) the once daily administration of nevirapine would appear logical but we do not have data regarding the tolerability and efficacy of this schedule. We have therefore tried to evaluate this schedule in 93 HIV-infected patients beginning a treatment containing nevirapine. The tolerability of once daily nevirapine was similar to the usual schedule with 15% of mucocutaneous allergy. The immunologic and virologic efficacy of once daily nevirapine was confirmed with a mean RNA HIV decrease of 1.4 log, 1.3 log, 1.1 log and 1.3 log at M1, M3, M6 and M9 respectively. The best results were observed in naïve patients. Residual plasma concentration of nevirapine was performed in 35 patients with a mean value of 3.8 mg/l.

Peripheral neuropathy during stavudine-didanosine antiretroviral therapy.

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is among the most frequent side effects described with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). We investigated the incidence, evolution and predictive factors of PN during stavudine (d4T)-didanosine (ddI) combination therapy in 65 HIV infected patients, previously treated with zidovudine and/or zalcitabine (ddC) for at least 3 months. A subset of 16 patients was referred for systematic electromyographic examination at weeks 0 and 24: six among the 16 exhibited nerve conduction abnormalities at day 0, probably related to previous ddC treatment in four of those and to HIV infection in the other two, with worsening of abnormalities in one patient at week 24. In total, seven of the 59 assessable patients (11.8%) exhibited grade 2-3 neuropathy, with a median time of occurrence of 17 weeks. Distal, symmetrical paraesthesias of the extremities were the first symptoms in all the patients; none had motor symptoms. In all the patients, PN resolved rapidly after stopping d4T. There were no statistically different parameters between the seven cases and the other 52 patients according to CD4 T cells, HIV RNA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage C or d4T daily dose. In our study, the d4T-ddI combination did not seem to increase the incidence of PN; risk factors for PN could not be identified, probably in part because of the low number of patients with PN.