Degradation of 1-hydroxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene from aqueous solutions by electrochemical oxidation: role of anodic material.

Electrochemical oxidation (ECOx) of 1-hydroxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene (or 2,4-dinitrophenol: 2,4-DNP) in aqueous solutions by electrolysis under galvanostatic control was studied at Pb/PbO2, Ti/SnO2, Ti/IrxRuySnO2 and Si/BDD anodes as a function of current density applied. Oxidative degradation of 2,4-DNP has clearly shown that electrode material and the current density applied were important parameters to optimize the oxidation process. It was observed that 2,4-DNP was oxidized at few substrates to CO2 with different results, obtaining good removal efficiencies at Pb/PbO2, Ti/SnO2 and Si/BDD anodes. Trends in degradation way depend on the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH) on these anodic materials, as confirmed in this study. Furthermore, HPLC results suggested that two kinds of intermediates were generated, polyhydroxylated intermediates and carboxylic acids. The formation of these polyhydroxylated intermediates seems to be associated with the denitration step and substitution by OH radicals on aromatic rings, this being the first proposed step in the reaction mechanism. These compounds were successively oxidized, followed by the opening of aromatic rings and the formation of a series of carboxylic acids which were at the end oxidized into CO2 and H2O. On the basis of these information, a reaction scheme was proposed for each type of anode used for 2,4-D oxidation.

Prevalencia y factores asociados a la sintomatología depresiva en mujeres con cáncer de mama en un hospital público de Lima, Perú / Prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer in a public hospital in Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia y evaluar los factores asociados a la sintomatología depresiva en mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, realizado en un hospital de Lima-Perú. Se utilizó la escala Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) para evaluar la presencia de sintomatología depresiva. Resultados: Se reclutaron 385 pacientes, encontrándose una prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva del 21,29%. La edad promedio fue de 59,56, sin diferencia significativa entre pacientes con o sin sintomatología depresiva. En el análisis bivariado se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los síntomas depresivos y grado de instrucción, disnea, insomnio, dolor, síntomas gastrointestinales y síntomas generales. Sin embargo, en el análisis multivariado solo se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre síntomas gastrointestinales y los síntomas depresivos (odds ratio: 2,94; intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,48-5,83; p<0,01). Conclusiones: Las mujeres con cáncer de mama presentan una alta frecuencia de sintomatología depresiva, asociándose ésta a la presencia de síntomas gastrointestinales. En este grupo de pacientes es importante la búsqueda sistemática y manejo integral de síntomas depresivos

Objective: To assess the prevalence and the associated factors with depressive symptoms in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed in a hospital in Lima, Peru. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire scale (PHQ-9) for assessing the presence of depressive symptoms. Results: We recruited 385 patients, and we found a 21.29% prevalence of depressive symptoms. The mean age of patients was 59.56 years, with no statistically significant differences between age groups with or without depressive symptoms. Bivariate analyses showed statistically significant associations between depressive symptoms and educational level, dyspnea, insomnia, pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, general symptoms, radiotherapy use and monthly income. However, multivariate analyses showed there was a statistically significant association only between depressive and gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio: 2.94; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-5.83, p<0.01). Conclusions: Women with breast cancer have a high frequency of depressive symptoms, and these are associated to the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. We recommend to systematically screen for depressive symptoms in these patients and to offer them multidisciplinary management for their condition

Removal of the pesticide methamidophos from aqueous solutions by electrooxidation using Pb/PbO2, Ti/SnO2, and Si/BDD electrodes.

The anodic oxidation of methamidophos (MMD), a highly toxic pesticide used worldwide, was studied in a sodium sulfate aqueous solution on Pb/PbO2, Ti/SnO2, and Si/BDD (boron doped diamond) electrodes at 30 degrees C. Under galvanostatic conditions, it was observed thatthe performance of the electrode material is influenced by pH and current density as shown by HPLC and ATR-FTIR analysis of MMD and its oxidation products along the electrolysis. It was found that MMD degradation using Pb/PbO2 in acid media (pH 2.0 and 5.6) generates formaldehyde asthe main product of the reaction giving evidence of an indirect mineralization mechanism. Under the same conditions, Ti/SnO2 showed poor formaldehyde production compared to the Pb/PbO2 electrode. On Si/BDD electrodes formaldehyde production was not observed, instead the ATR-FTIR results showed the formation of phosphate as the reaction progressed suggesting a complete MMD mineralization on this electrode. In addition, HPLC results showed that the electrode efficiency is also dependent on the applied current density. This current density influence is remarkably clear on the Si/BDD electrodes where it was evident that the most efficient current density toward a complete MMD mineralization was reached with the application of 50 mA/cm2.

Comportamiento de la lactancia en el primer mes de vida en la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina / Breast feeding during the first month of life Cordoba City, Argentina

Se estudio el comportamiento de la lactancia en los primeros 30 días de vida, en una muestra representativa de 620 niños nacidos y radicados en la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó la clasificación de Lactancia materna propuesta por la OMS/UNICEF. Los resultados revelan que al mes de vida el 26 por ciento de los niños presentaron Lactancia Natural Completa, el 60 por ciento Parcial y el 14 por ciento restante la practicaban. De los niños con Lactancia Natural Completa el 21 por ciento fue exclusiva, y el 5 por ciento predominante. Fueron prendidos al pecho antes de la 1/2 horas de nacidos el 18 por ciento, el promedio de mamadas al día fue de 7,3 (DE 1,9) con una duración de menos de 15 minutos para el 57 por ciento, con un horario de libre demanda en el 44 por ciento. Los niños con Lactancia Parcial se clasificaron en baja, media y alta encontrándose el 20 por ciento, 54 por ciento, 22 por ciento respectivamente. La edad en promedio en que se le introdujo otra leche fue de 3,7 días y los motivos principales fueron "poca leche materna" y "hambre del niños". De los niños con lactancia artificial, el 87 por ciento, alguna vez fueron prendidos al pecho, el destete se produjo a los 4 días promedio (ñ 5,6), y de manera brusca en el 55 por ciento. El personal de salud influyó la introducción de fórmula lácteas en el 68 por ciento de los niños con lactancia parcial y en el 42 por ciento de los casos de abandonos total de la lactancia natural