RESUMEN
The use of exergames may be one viable way to increase child physical activity, but investigation of its effects on motivation over time and prediction of adherence have seen little research attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two cycling exergame interventions (single-player, multi-player) among children aged 9-12 years on motivational variables (theory of planned behavior) and to explore whether these variables could predict objective assessment of playtime across 6 weeks. Sixty-nine insufficiently active children were recruited through advertisements within the community/schools and randomized to either the single play condition (n = 30) or multi-player condition (n = 39). Exergaming use was recorded objectively via game logs and motivational variables were assessed after a familiarization session, at 2 weeks, and at 4 weeks. Participants played the exergames M = 133.45 (SD = 81.27) minutes in week 1 to M = 77.23 (SD = 84.09) minutes in week 6. The two exergame conditions did not result in differences among theory of planned behavior variables (P > .05). Mean levels of these constructs declined across the first 4 weeks (P < .05), with the exception of injunctive norm. Positive bivariate associations (P < .05) between game play and perceived control (0-6 weeks), and intention (weeks 3-4 and weeks 5-6) were identified, but only affective attitude (assessed at week 2) predicted (P < .05) game play (3-4 weeks) in a multivariate examination of the theory of planned behavior model. The results demonstrate that social cognitive motives wane across time when exposed to repeated exergame play.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Motivación , Conducta Social , Juegos de Video , Actitud , Niño , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Intención , Masculino , Teoría PsicológicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mass reach physical activity campaigns are designed to deliver physical-activity related messages to a large population across different media including print, television, radio, and websites. Few evaluations have examined the short-term effects of a mass reach campaign on participants who were engaged with the campaign. The current research examined the short-term effects of the ParticipACTION 150 Play List, a mass reach physical activity campaign, on participants who registered with the campaign website. METHODS: Participants (N = 7801) completed a registration questionnaire measuring demographic information, awareness and recall of physical activity and sport advertising, and self-reported number of activities tried or planned to try from the 150 Play List. A follow-up survey was completed by 1298 participants from the original sample. Additional questions assessed experience with the 150 Play List and attitudes towards campaign advertisements. RESULTS: Approximately 14.5% of participants cited the ParticipACTION 150 Play List and 23.6% mentioned a 'getting active' message when recalling advertisements. Those who named the 150 Play List or getting active reported more activities tried and more activities planned than those who did not. They were also more likely to say they had tried a new activity and planned ongoing participation. It was also found that participants with a disability were more likely to have tried a new activity compared to those not in a minority group. Other correlates of trying new activities at follow-up were younger age, more positive reported experience with the 150 Play List, and more favourable attitudes towards campaign advertisements. Those who did not intend continued participation, or who were unsure at baseline and then decided against continued participation at follow-up, reported they were less sedentary or encouraging others to be active. CONCLUSIONS: This research addresses the gap in evidence regarding the efficacy of mass reach physical activity campaigns by informing whether a year-long campaign like the 150 Play List can be effective in influencing the behavior of those engaged with the campaign. The results reinforce the idea that 'top of mind' awareness should be measured. Investigating intention profiles can help inform campaign impacts and continuation intentions.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Ejercicio Físico , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Adulto , Concienciación , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Intención , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Recuerdo Mental , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Physical activity (PA) improves quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors (CRC) and may reduce the risk of disease recurrence and early death. Few studies, however, have examined the correlates of PA in CRC survivors. Using the Alberta Cancer Registry, 2000 randomly selected CRC survivors were mailed a self-reported questionnaire assessing medical, demographic, behavioural and social cognitive variables from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Of the 600 survivors who responded, 33% were meeting public health PA guidelines and almost half were completely sedentary. Higher PA was reported by survivors who were younger, unmarried, better educated, wealthier, employed, non-smokers, social drinkers, not treated with radiation therapy, disease-free, in better health and less comorbidity. In multivariate path analysis, these variables were not directly associated with PA after controlling for the TPB variables. The TPB explained 34% (P < 0.001) of the variance in PA behaviour with direct associations for intention (ß= 0.22; P= 0.015) and planning (ß= 0.18; P= 0.001). Intention, in turn, had 62% (P < 0.001) of its variance explained by perceived behavioural control (ß= 0.43; P < 0.001), affective attitude (ß= 0.25; P < 0.001) and instrumental attitude (ß= 0.15; P < 0.001). The TPB may be a useful framework for developing population-based interventions to increase PA in CRC survivors.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/fisiopatología , Ejercicio Físico , Sobrevivientes , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alberta , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Motivación , Análisis Multivariante , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to explore the relevance of integrating exercise habit strength within the framework of the theory of planned behavior. Data were obtained from 538 undergraduate students [mean age=21.19 (SD=2.57); 28.4% males] using validated questionnaires and analyzed using regression analysis and discriminant function analysis. Findings indicated that exercise has both a cognitive and an automatic component and that stronger exercise habits make exercise less intentional, with the intention-exercise relationship nearly three times stronger at lower levels of exercise habit strength than at higher levels. Further, outcome expectancies regarding health and weight management resulting from sufficient exercise did not significantly differ between most profiles that were created from exercise behavior, motivation and habit strength. The results from this study demonstrate the usefulness of incorporating measures of exercise habit strength in order to further our understanding of relevant determinants of exercise behavior. Results also indicate that health outcomes of sufficient exercise are generally well known, implying that persuasive strategies should rather shift in emphasis toward instilling a sense of exercise confidence in various situations. This potentially valuable information may allow for a more thorough understanding of exercise determinants and the development of more effective interventions that target increased exercise levels.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Hábitos , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Intención , Análisis Discriminante , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Bajos , Análisis de Regresión , Estudiantes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Adolescent Iranian girls are at high risk for physical inactivity due to cultural barriers such as restrictions regarding exercising in public and research is needed to explore ethnic and gender-related factors associated with physical activity (PA) participation. Using social cognitive theory as the guiding model, the purpose of this study was to test the fit and strength of barriers self-efficacy, outcome expectations, self-regulation and social support in explaining PA in female Iranian adolescents (n = 558). Using path analysis, social support was modeled as an antecedent of self-efficacy and outcome expectations, while self-efficacy was modeled as an antecedent of outcome expectations, self-regulatory planning and PA. Outcome expectations and self-regulatory planning were subsequently modeled as additional antecedents of PA. The model explained 52% of the variance in PA. The two significant (P < 0.05) direct effects were from self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Social support from mothers, fathers and friends had significant indirect effects on PA through self-efficacy. These results will allow for future research and interventions not only for female Iranian adolescents but also for similar cultural and immigrant groups that have been neglected to date in the PA literature.
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Ejercicio Físico , Modelos Teóricos , Apoyo Social , Adolescente , Niño , Cultura , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , AutoeficaciaRESUMEN
For nearly 60 years, researchers have examined the relationship between personality traits and exercise participation. Rhodes and Smith (2006), using meta-analytic procedures reported that extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were significantly related to exercise participation (Personality correlates of physical activity: A review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 958-965). Gender as a moderator of the personality and exercise relationship remained inconclusive. In addition, researchers have suggested that the stage approach may lend greater insight as to the importance of personality. The investigator's primary purpose was to determine whether gender moderated the personality and exercise relationship. The secondary purpose was to determine the importance of personality within a stage approach. Participants were 827 females and 657 males college-aged students who completed measures of the "big five" personality traits and two exercise measures. The results indicated that gender was not a moderator and that the stage approach offers insight as hypothesized differences resulted in personality between intentional exercisers and non-exercising individuals as well as within exercising individuals.
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Ejercicio Físico , Personalidad , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventario de Personalidad , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The cellular distribution of enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, in the developing rat cerebellum was determined by immunocytochemistry. Methionine and leucine enkephalin were concentrated in the external germinal layer, a matrix of proliferative cells; staining was confined to the cortical cytoplasm. Enkephalin was not detected by immunocytochemistry in differentiated neural cells. These results indicate that endogenous opioids are involved specifically in early phases of nervous system development, particularly cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Cerebelo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encefalinas/fisiología , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , División Celular , Cerebelo/citología , Cerebelo/fisiología , Encefalina Leucina/inmunología , Encefalina Leucina/fisiología , Encefalina Metionina/inmunología , Encefalina Metionina/fisiología , Encefalinas/inmunología , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
This review aimed to combine the literature on major personality traits and physical activity alongside providing some meta-analytic summaries of the findings. Overall, 33 studies containing 35 independent samples, ranging from 1969 to 2006, met the inclusion criteria. Extraversion (r = 0.23), neuroticism (r = -0.11) and conscientiousness (r = 0.20) were identified as correlates of physical activity using random effects meta-analytic procedures correcting for sampling bias and attenuation of measurement error. The five-factor model traits of openness to experience/intellect and agreeableness, as well as Eysenck's psychoticism trait, were not associated with physical activity. Potential moderators of personality and physical activity relationships such as sex, age, culture/country, design and instrumentation were inconclusive given the small number of studies. Still, the existing evidence was suggestive that personality and physical activity relationships are relatively invariant to these factors. Studies examining personality and different physical activity modes suggested differences by traits such as extraversion, but more research is needed to make any conclusions. Future research using multivariate analyses, personality-channelled physical activity interventions, longitudinal designs and objective physical activity measurement is recommended.
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Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Personalidad , Factores de Edad , Cultura , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Receptor binding studies demonstrated specific high-affinity, saturable binding of a number of opioid ligands to a wide variety of neural and nonneural human and animal tumors. Radioimmunoassays revealed the presence of beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin in these tumors. Both methionine- and leucine-enkephalin were detected in tumor tissue by immunocytochemistry, with immunoreactivity related to the cortical cytoplasm of tumor cells, but not to cell nuclei. Endogenous opioids and receptors were found in benign and malignant tumors representative of ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal origin. Receptors and endogenous opioid peptides were present in tumors from many different species, including those transplanted into nude mice. These results suggest that opioid receptors and endogenous opioids are fundamental features of human and animal cancers.
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Endorfinas/análisis , Neoplasias Experimentales/análisis , Neoplasias/análisis , Receptores Opioides/análisis , Animales , Endorfinas/inmunología , Encefalinas/análisis , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , RatasRESUMEN
The Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lissencephaly, cerebellar and retinal malformations, and congenital muscular dystrophy. We report a new case of WWS identified with the aid of cranial MR and briefly review the radiologic findings of this lethal syndrome.
Asunto(s)
Cerebelo/anomalías , Corteza Cerebral/anomalías , Distrofias Musculares/congénito , Retina/anomalías , Cerebelo/patología , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Distrofias Musculares/diagnóstico , Retina/patología , SíndromeRESUMEN
This paper reviews the literature concerning factors at the individual level associated with regular exercise among older adults. Twenty-seven cross-sectional and 14 prospective/longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria of a mean participant age of 65 years or older. The findings are summarised by demographics, exercise experience, exercise knowledge, physiological factors, psychological factors, activity preferences and perceived social influences. In general, education and exercise history correlate positively with regular exercise, while perceived physical frailty and poor health may provide the greatest barrier to exercise adoption and adherence in the elderly. Social-cognitive theories identify several constructs that correlate with the regular exercise behaviour of older adults, such as exercise attitude, perceived behavioural control/self-efficacy, perceived social support and perceived benefits/barriers to continued activity. As well, stage modelling may provide additional information about the readiness for regular exercise behaviour among older adults. However, relatively few studies among older adults exist compared with middle-aged and younger adults. Further, the majority of current research consists of cross-sectional designs or short prospective exercise trials among motivated volunteers that may lack external validity. Future research utilising longitudinal and prospective designs with representative samples of older adults will provide a better understanding of significant causal associations between individual factors and regular exercise behaviour.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Anciano , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Aptitud Física , Apoyo Social , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
The present study investigated how self-efficacy and social support predicted adherence to a strength training program for elderly women over two time periods in the initial 6 mo. of the program. Participants were 30 elderly women volunteers aged 75 to 80 who completed measures of barrier self-efficacy and general social support at baseline and 3 mo. later. Social support from the program was also measured at 3 mo. Adherence to the program was measured by attendance. Hierarchical regression equations were utilized to identify the contributions of self-efficacy and social support for adherence at 0 to 3 mo. and 4 to 6 mo. For prediction of the first 3 mo. of adherence, both self-efficacy and social support contributed significant unique variance towards the total explained variance of 36%. For the 4- to 6-mo. period, self-efficacy explained significant (12%) variance in adherence even when controlling for the previous 3-mo. adherence. Inclusion of general social support and social support from the program, however, did not account for significant variance. Researchers must continue to examine self-efficacy and social support in exercise adherence within various time periods among older adults to develop effective intervention strategies.
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Envejecimiento/psicología , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Motivación , Autoeficacia , Apoyo Social , Levantamiento de Peso/psicología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Dextroanfetamina/metabolismo , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Oximas/análisis , Animales , Cromatografía de Gases , Desaminación , Técnicas In Vitro , Cetonas/análisis , Cetonas/metabolismo , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Oximas/biosíntesis , Oximas/metabolismo , Oximas/orina , Conejos , TritioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Research is limited concerning the moderating influence of weight status (ie normal, over, and obese) on the social ecological correlates of physical activity (PA) in adults. Therefore, the present study attempted to shed light on this issue. DESIGN: In 2001, a national cross-sectional mail out panel survey was conducted over a 3-month period in the United States. SUBJECTS: There were 1867 normal weight (ie body mass index (BMI)=20-24.99 kg/m2), 2145 overweight (ie BMI=25-29.99 kg/m2), and 1902 obese (ie BMI>30 kg/m2) adults. MEASURES: Various demographic measurements were taken in addition to social support (SS), self-efficacy (SE), access to facilities, and PA. RESULTS: Normal weight individuals engaged in significantly more PA than overweight individuals, who in turn engaged in significantly more PA than obese individuals F(2,5991)=55.51, P<0.01. Further regression analyses showed that higher SE, SS, the access to facilities in a neighborhood, and various interactions among these constructs were significantly and positively associated with PA. Interestingly, the strength of these relationships varied depending on weight status. CONCLUSION: Weight status needs to be taken into consideration when examining social ecological correlates of PA.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Obesidad/etiología , Medio Social , Adulto , Anciano , Peso Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Obesidad/psicología , Análisis de Regresión , Factores Sexuales , Aislamiento Social , Apoyo SocialRESUMEN
Spontaneous pneumothorax has been described in association with conglomerate masses and bullous disease in end-stage talc granulomatosis. Our case demonstrates that pneumothorax can occur earlier in the course of the disease before these end-stage radiographic changes are present.
Asunto(s)
Granuloma/complicaciones , Neumotórax/etiología , Talco/efectos adversos , Adulto , Biopsia , Granuloma/etiología , Granuloma/patología , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Neumotórax/patología , Talco/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The distribution of enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, in tissues and cells of the developing and adult rat was determined by immunocytochemistry with antibodies to met- and leu-enkephalin. Met- and leu-enkephalin were found in all developing cells investigated, with staining generally located throughout the cytoplasm; cell nuclei were not immunoreactive. In comparison to developing cells, immunoreactive analogues to met-enkephalin were usually difficult to detect in the adult. Some notable exceptions were reaction products in leukocytes in blood, lung, and cortex of thymus, fibroblasts in the skin, and seminiferous tubules. These results, in concert with earlier reports that opioid receptors are found largely in developing, but not adult, tissues, indicate that endogenous opioids are specifically involved in biological development, particularly cell proliferation and differentiation. Immunoreactivity in adult non-neural cells may be related to their development in some cases, but also could indicate other functions.