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Our objective was to evaluate the association of antioxidant intake and the inflammatory potential of the diet with functional decline in older men. A diet history questionnaire was used to collect dietary intake data from men aged ≥ 75 years (n 794) participating in the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project cohort study. Intake of vitamins A, C, E and Zn were compared with the Australian Nutrient Reference Values to determine adequacy. The Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) was used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. Physical performance data were collected via handgrip strength and walking speed tests, and activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) questionnaires, at baseline and 3-year follow-up (n 616). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between diet and incident poor physical function and disability. Both poor antioxidant intake and high E-DII scores at baseline were significantly associated with poor grip strength and ADL disability at 3-year follow-up. No significant associations with walking speed or IADL disability were observed. Individual micronutrient analysis revealed a significant association between the lowest two quartiles of vitamin C intake and poor grip strength. The lowest quartiles of intake for vitamins A, C, E and Zn were significantly associated with incident ADL disability. The study observed that poor antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food intake were associated with odds of developing disability and declining muscle strength in older men. Further interventional research is necessary to clarify the causality of these associations.
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Actividades Cotidianas , Antioxidantes , Dieta , Fuerza de la Mano , Inflamación , Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/análisis , Australia , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Zinc/administración & dosificación , Personas con Discapacidad , Estudios de Cohortes , Velocidad al Caminar , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Rendimiento Físico Funcional , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Diets with a low proportion of energy from protein have shown to cause overconsumption of non-protein energy, known as Protein Leverage. Older adults are susceptible to nutritional inadequacy. The aim was to investigate associations between protein to non-protein ratio (P:NP) and intakes of dietary components and assess the nutritional adequacy of individuals aged 65-75 years from the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NHL) Study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. Nutritional intakes from seven-day weighed food records were compared with the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, Australian Dietary Guidelines and World Health Organisation Free Sugar Guidelines. Associations between P:NP and intakes of dietary components were assessed through linear regression analyses. SETTING: NHL Study. PARTICIPANTS: 113 participants. RESULTS: Eighty-eight (59 female and 29 male) with plausible dietary data had a median (interquartile range) age of 69 years (67-71), high education level (86 %) and sources of income apart from the age pension (81 %). Substantial proportions had intakes below recommendations for dairy and alternatives (89 %), wholegrain (89 %) and simultaneously exceeded recommendations for discretionary foods (100 %) and saturated fat (92 %). In adjusted analyses, P:NP (per 1 % increment) was associated with lower intakes of energy, saturated fat, free sugar and discretionary foods and higher intakes of vitamin B12, Zn, meat and alternatives, red meat, poultry and wholegrain % (all P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher P:NP was associated with lower intakes of energy, saturated fat, free sugar and discretionary. Our study revealed substantial nutritional inadequacy in this group of higher socio-economic individuals aged 65-75 years.
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Ingestión de Energía , Micronutrientes , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Australia , Dieta , Dieta Saludable , AzúcaresRESUMEN
AIM: The aim was to assess two macronutrient interventions in a 2 × 2 factorial dietary design to determine their effects on oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants (65-75 years old) with a body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2 of a larger randomized control trial who consented to an oral health assessment were recruited. They had ad libitum access to one of four experimental diets (omnivorous higher fat or higher carbohydrate, semi-vegetarian higher fat or higher carbohydrate) for 4 weeks. The periodontal examination included periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing. Oral plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Between baseline and follow up, the number of sites with a CAL <5 mm (mean difference [MD] -5.11 ± 9.68, p = .039) increased and the GCF amount (MD -23.42 ± 39.42 Periotron Units [PU], p = .050) decreased for the semi-vegetarian high-fat diet. For the mean proportion of sites with PPD reduction of >1 mm and CAL gain of >1 mm, significant differences were calculated between the diets investigated. The clinical parameters were not associated with changes in the oral microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provided evidence that a semi-vegetarian high-fat diet provides benefits to clinical parameters of periodontal health. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (ACTRN12616001606471).
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Líquido del Surco Gingival , Anciano , Carbohidratos , Proteínas en la Dieta , Humanos , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal , Índice PeriodontalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The association between dietary protein intake and the risk of mortality is still controversial. The present study aimed to examine the associations between dietary total, animal and plant protein intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS: Community-dwelling men aged ≥ 70 years were recruited from local government areas surrounding Concord Hospital in Sydney, New South Wales for the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP). The research dietitian administered a standardised validated diet history questionnaire to capture baseline dietary intake. In total, 794 men participated in a detailed diet history interview at the third wave. Adequacy of protein intake was assessed by comparing participant intake with the Nutrient Reference Values. Total protein intake was categorised into quintiles. Sources of protein were also captured. Mortality was ascertained through the New South Wales death registry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between dietary total, animal and plant protein intake and risk of mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of the CHAMP men was 81 years. In total, 162 men died during a median follow-up of 3.7 years. Of these, 54 (33.3%) and 49 (30.2%) men died due to cancer and cardiovascular disease, respectively. There were U-shaped associations between protein intake and all-cause and cancer mortality. In multiple adjusted analysis, the second (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18-0.82) and third (HR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.16-0.82) quintiles of protein intakes were significantly associated with reduced risk of all-cause and only second quintile (HR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.10-0.93) of protein intake was significantly associated with cancer mortality. Each serve increase in animal protein was significantly associated with 12% (HR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.00-1.26) and 23% (HR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.02-1.49) increased risk of all-cause mortality and cancer mortality respectively. Conversely, each serve increase in plant protein intake was significantly associated with 25% (HR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.61-0.92) and 28% (HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.53-0.97) reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality, respectively. No such associations were observed for cardiovascular disease mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Both second and third quintiles of total protein intake were associated with reduced all-cause and cancer mortality. Plant protein was inversely associated with all-cause and cancer mortality, whereas animal protein intake was positively associated with mortality.
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Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta , Mortalidad , Envejecimiento , Proteínas Dietéticas Animales , Australia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Humanos , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the associations between antioxidant intake, dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among older men. METHOD: 794 men participated in a detailed diet history interview at the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project 3rd wave (considered baseline nutrition) and 781 men participated at the 4th wave (considered 3-year follow-up). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS ≥ 5). Dietary adequacy of antioxidant intake was assessed by comparing participants' median intake of vitamin A, E, C and zinc to the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia. Attainment of NRVs of antioxidant was categorised into a dichotomised variable 'poor' (meeting ≤ 2) or 'good' (meeting ≥ 3). Individual antioxidant nutrient was categorised into quartiles. The Australian and Mediterranean diet scores were assessed as predictor variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of GDS ≥ 5 was 12.8% at baseline nutrition and 13.2% of men developed GDS ≥ 5 at a 3-year follow-up. There was a significant cross-sectional association between poor antioxidant intake and GDS ≥ 5 in adjusted analyses [OR: 1.95 (95% CI 1.03, 3.70)]. Poor antioxidant intake at baseline nutrition remained prospectively associated with incident GDS ≥ 5 [OR: 2.46 (95% CI 1.24, 4.88)] in adjusted analyses. This association was also found for the lowest quartile of zinc [OR 2.72 (95% CI 1.37, 5.42)] and vitamin E intake [OR 2.18 (95% CI 1.05, 4.51)]. None of the other antioxidants and dietary patterns had a significant association with incident depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Inadequacy of antioxidant intake, particularly zinc and vitamin E, is associated with increased risk of clinically significant depressive symptoms in older men.
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Antioxidantes , Depresión , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Australia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Depresión/epidemiología , Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of antioxidant intake in cardiovascular disease remains inconclusive. This study evaluates the association between antioxidant intake and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among older Australian men. METHODS AND RESULTS: 794 men aged ≥75 years participated in the 3rd wave of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Dietary adequacy of antioxidant intake was assessed by comparing participants' intake of vitamins A, E, C and zinc to the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for Australia. Attainment of NRVs of antioxidants was categorised into a dichotomised variable 'inadequate' (meeting≤2 of 4 antioxidants) or 'adequate' (meeting≥3 of 4 antioxidants). The usage of antioxidant supplements was assessed. The outcome measure was MACE. The composite MACE endpoint was defined as having one of the following: death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, congestive cardiac failure (CCF), and revascularization during the period of observation. There was no significant association between dietary (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.48) or supplemental antioxidant intake (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.63) and overall MACE. However, a significant association was observed between inadequate antioxidant intake and CCF (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.50). The lowest quartile of zinc intake (<11.00 mg/d) was significantly associated with CCF (HR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.04, 5.34). None of the other antioxidants were significantly associated with CCF or other MACE components. CONCLUSION: Inadequate dietary antioxidant intake, particularly zinc, is associated with increased risk of CCF in older Australian men but not associated with overall MACE.
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Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Dieta Saludable , Suplementos Dietéticos , Envejecimiento Saludable , Salud del Hombre , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Gales del Sur/epidemiología , Estado Nutricional , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores Protectores , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Medición de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Factores de Tiempo , Zinc/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in micronutrient intake over 3 years and identify any associations between socio-economic, health, lifestyle and meal-related factors and these changes in micronutrient intakes among older men. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Dietary adequacy of individual micronutrient was compared to the estimated average requirement of the nutrient reference values (NRV). Attainment of the NRV for twelve micronutrients was incorporated into a dichotomised variable 'not meeting' (meeting ≤ 6) or 'meeting' (meeting ≥ 7) and categorised into four categories to assess change in micronutrient intake over 3 years. The multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to model predictors of changes in micronutrient intake. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred and ninety-four men participated in a detailed diet history interview at the third wave (baseline nutrition) and 718 men participated at the fourth wave (3-year follow-up). RESULTS: The mean age was 81 years (range 75-99 years). Median intakes of the majority of micronutrients decreased significantly over a 3-year follow-up. Inadequacy of the NRV for thiamine, dietary folate, Zn, Mg, Ca and I were significantly increased at a 3-year follow-up than baseline nutrition. The incidence of inadequate micronutrient intake was 21 % and remained inadequate micronutrient intake was 16·4 % at 3-year follow-up. Changes in micronutrient intakes were significantly associated with participants born in the UK and Italy, low levels of physical activity, having ≥2 medical conditions and used meal services. CONCLUSIONS: Micronutrient intake decreases with age in older men. Our results suggest that strategies to improve some of the suboptimal micronutrient intakes might need to be developed and implemented for older men.
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Ingestión de Alimentos , Estado Nutricional , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento , Australia , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Humanos , Masculino , Micronutrientes , Necesidades Nutricionales , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between nutrient intake and dietary patterns with different sarcopenia definitions in older men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sarcopenia was defined using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Dietary adequacy of fourteen nutrients was assessed by comparing participants' intakes with the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV). Attainment of NRV for nutrients was incorporated into a variable 'poor' (meeting ≤ 9) v. 'good' (meeting ≥ 10) using the cut-point method. Also, two different dietary patterns, monounsaturated:saturated fat and n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio and individual nutrients were used as predictor variables. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 794 men aged ≥75 years participated in this study. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia by the FNIH, EWGSOP and EWGSOP2 definitions was 12·9 %, 12·9 % and 19·6 %, respectively. With the adjustment, poor nutrient intake was significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 2·07 (95 % CI 1·16, 3·67)), but not with EWGSOP and EWGSPOP2 definitions. The lowest and second-lowest quartiles of protein, Mg and Ca and the lowest quartiles of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA intakes were significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia. Each unit decrease in n-6:n-3 ratio was significantly associated with a 9 % increased risk of FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 1·09 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·16)). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate intakes of nutrients are associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia in older men, but not with the other two sarcopenia definitions. Further studies are required to understand these relationships.
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Sarcopenia , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Australia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Sarcopenia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relations between diet, chronic inflammation, and musculoskeletal health are unclear, especially among older men. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) with inflammatory biomarkers, musculoskeletal health, and falls risk in community-dwelling older men. METHODS: The cross-sectional analysis included 794 community-dwelling men, mean age 81.1 ± 4.5 y, who participated in the 5-y follow-up of the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. Of these, 616 were seen again 3 y later for the longitudinal analysis. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was calculated from a validated diet history questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. Twenty-four inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed. Incident falls over 3 y were determined through telephone interviews every 4 mo. Multiple regression, linear mixed effects models, negative binomial regression, and mediation analysis were utilized in this study. RESULTS: A higher E-DII score (indicating a more proinflammatory diet) was associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 (ß: 0.028 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.053), IL-7 (ß: 0.020 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.037), and TNF-α (ß: 0.027 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.051). A higher E-DII score was also associated with lower appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (ALMBMI) (ß: -0.006 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.010, -0.001). For every unit increase in E-DII (range: -4.91 to +3.66 units), incident falls rates increased by 13% (incidence rate ratio: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.21) over 3 y. Mediation analysis showed that the association between E-DII and 3-y incident falls was influenced by the concentrations of IL-7 by 24%. There was no association between E-DII and BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of a proinflammatory diet was associated with increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-α; increased falls risk; and lower ALMBMI in community-dwelling older men. The association between incident falls and E-DII was partly mediated by concentrations of IL-7.
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Dieta , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Sistema Musculoesquelético/fisiopatología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistema Musculoesquelético/metabolismo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Aging is the greatest risk factor for most diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. There is emerging evidence that interventions that improve metabolic health with aging may also be effective for brain health. The most robust interventions are non-pharmacological and include limiting calorie or protein intake, increasing aerobic exercise, or environmental enrichment. In humans, dietary patterns including the Mediterranean, Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) and Okinawan diets are associated with improved age-related health and may reduce neurodegenerative disease including dementia. Rapamycin, metformin and resveratrol act on nutrient sensing pathways that improve cardiometabolic health and decrease the risk for age-associated disease. There is some evidence that they may reduce the risk for dementia in rodents. There is a growing recognition that improving metabolic function may be an effective way to optimize brain health during aging.
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Envejecimiento , Demencia , Estilo de Vida , Animales , Humanos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The revised Dietary Guideline Index (DGI-2013) scores individuals' diets according to their compliance with the Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG). This cross-sectional study assesses the diet quality of 794 community-dwelling men aged 74 years and older, living in Sydney, Australia participating in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project; it also examines sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with DGI-2013 scores; it studies associations between DGI-2103 scores and the following measures: homoeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TAG, blood pressure, waist:hip ratio, BMI, number of co-morbidities and medications and frailty status while also accounting for the effect of ethnicity in these relationships. Median DGI-2013 score was 93·7 (54·4, 121·2); most individuals failed to meet recommendations for vegetables, dairy products and alternatives, added sugar, unsaturated fat and SFA, fluid and discretionary foods. Lower education, income, physical activity levels and smoking were associated with low scores. After adjustments for confounders, high DGI-2013 scores were associated with lower HDL-cholesterol, lower waist:hip ratios and lower probability of being frail. Proxies of good health (fewer co-morbidities and medications) were not associated with better compliance to the ADG. However, in participants with a Mediterranean background, low DGI-2013 scores were not generally associated with poorer health. Older men demonstrated poor diet quality as assessed by the DGI-2013, and the association between dietary guidelines and health measures and indices may be influenced by ethnic background.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Dieta , Estado de Salud , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Australia , Presión Sanguínea , Índice de Masa Corporal , Colesterol/sangre , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Etnicidad , Anciano Frágil , Grecia/etnología , Humanos , Vida Independiente , Resistencia a la Insulina , Italia/etnología , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Política Nutricional , Triglicéridos/sangre , Relación Cintura-CaderaRESUMEN
Plant-based diets reduces the risk of chronic conditions. The interaction between protein source and other macronutrients-fat (F) and carbohydrate (C)-has yet to be investigated. The aim was to assess the main and interactive effects of protein-source (plant vs. animal) and F:C (high or low) and the transition from an Australian diet to a whole food diet on various health markers in older individuals. This single-blinded, parallel, randomised experimental trial used a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare pro-vegetarian (70:30 plant to animal) versus omnivorous (50:50 plant to animal) diets at 14% protein and varying fat-to-carbohydrate ratios (high fat ~40% vs. low fat ~30%) over 4 weeks. Study foods were provided, alcohol consumption was discouraged, and dietary intake was determined through food records. Analysis included both RCT and observational data. Changes in appetite, palatability of diets, and dietary intake were assessed. Body composition, muscle strength, function, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health parameters were measured. Data from 113 (of the 128 randomised) individuals aged 65-75 years were analysed. Pro-vegetarian diets reduced diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Moreover, the overall sample exhibited increased short-chain fatty acids and FGF21 levels, as well as improvements in body composition, function, and cardio-metabolic parameters irrespective of dietary treatment. Transitioning to a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fibre, and moderate protein was associated with improved health markers in older age, with added benefits from pro-vegetarian diets. Further research on long-term effects is needed.
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IMPORTANCE: Plant-based diets are known to improve cardiometabolic risk in the general population, but their effects on people at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of vegetarian diets with major cardiometabolic risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and body weight in people with or at high risk of CVDs. DATA SOURCES: This meta-analysis was registered before the study was conducted. Systematic searches performed included Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL from inception until July 31, 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that delivered vegetarian diets in adults with or at high risk of CVDs and measured LDL-C, HbA1c or SBP were included. Of the 7871 records screened, 29 (0.4%; 20 studies) met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data including demographics, study design, sample size, and diet description, and performed risk of bias assessment. A random-effects model was used to assess mean changes in LDL-C, HbA1c, SBP, and body weight. The overall certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mean differences between groups in changes (preintervention vs postintervention) of LDL-C, HbA1c, and SBP; secondary outcomes were changes in body weight and energy intake. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs involving 1878 participants (range of mean age, 28-64 years) were included, and mean duration of intervention was 25.4 weeks (range, 2 to 24 months). Four studies targeted people with CVDs, 7 focused on diabetes, and 9 included people with at least 2 CVD risk factors. Overall, relative to all comparison diets, meta-analyses showed that consuming vegetarian diets for an average of 6 months was associated with decreased LDL-C, HbA1c, and body weight by 6.6 mg/dL (95% CI, -10.1 to -3.1), 0.24% (95% CI, -0.40 to -0.07), and 3.4 kg (95% CI, -4.9 to -2.0), respectively, but the association with SBP was not significant (-0.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, -2.8 to 2.6). The GRADE assessment showed a moderate level of evidence for LDL-C and HbA1c reduction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, consuming a vegetarian diet was associated with significant improvements in LDL-C, HbA1c and body weight beyond standard therapy in individuals at high risk of CVDs. Additional high-quality trials are warranted to further elucidate the effects of healthy plant-based diets in people with CVDs.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Adulto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , LDL-Colesterol , Hemoglobina Glucada , Vegetarianos , Proyectos de Investigación , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining gut and overall health. The objective of this study was to investigate whether different types of dietary fiber elicited specific changes in gut microbiota composition and the production of short-chain fatty acids. To test this, a longitudinal crossover study design was employed, in which healthy adult women consumed three distinct dietary fiber supplements: Inulin (fructo-oligosaccharide), Vitafiber (isomalto-oligosaccharide), and Fibremax (mixture of different fiber) during a one-week intervention period, followed by a 2-week washout period. A total of 15 g of soluble fiber was consumed daily for each supplement. Samples were collected before and after each intervention to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids measured using nuclear magnetic resonance. Phenotypic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied in subsets of participants with higher SCFA levels post-intervention using spectral flow cytometry. The results revealed substantial stability and resilience of the overall gut bacterial community toward fiber-induced changes. However, each supplement had specific effects on gut bacterial alpha and beta diversity, SCFA production, and immune changes. Inulin consistently exerted the most pronounced effect across individuals and certain taxa were identified as potential indicators of SCFA production in response to inulin supplementation. This distinguishing feature was not observed for the other fiber supplements. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings. Overall, our study implies that personalized dietary fiber intervention could be tailored to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria to maximize SCFA production and associated health benefits.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inulina , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Bacterias/genética , Estudios Cruzados , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/farmacología , Heces/microbiología , Inmunidad , Inulina/farmacología , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Estudios LongitudinalesRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Cardiometabolic diseases are leading causes of death and morbidity. Aging increases the risk of disease development. Diet has protective and causal effects on cardiometabolic health. OBJECTIVE: To consolidate the current evidence on the short- and long-term effects of dietary patterns on cardiometabolic health in adults aged ≥ 65 years. DATA SOURCES: The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, Global Health, and Pre-Medline databases, along with ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched. DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 40 042 records were identified. Quality assessment involved using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were included (n = 5 cohort studies and n = 3 randomized controlled trials). The low-fat dietary pattern reduced adiposity; however, no effects were evident for hypertension incidence, composite coronary heart disease incidence (including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, and coronary revascularization), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and increased blood pressure in the long term. The Mediterranean dietary pattern resulted in reduced triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure, and had no effects on diastolic blood pressure and glucose in the short term. Other dietary patterns had inconclusive effects. CONCLUSIONS: The Mediterranean dietary pattern showed the most benefits without harm on cardiometabolic health in older adults. The current body of evidence is small, indicating the need for more research to confirm these findings at a high certainty of evidence, and to include dietary patterns combined with other dietary components, subgroups with cardiometabolic disease or risk factors, longer follow-up, and outcomes that have not yet been investigated. Studies including these factors may help identify the most effective dietary pattern for cardiometabolic health benefits in older adults, to inform future guidelines. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020141400.
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Hipertensión , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas , Humanos , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nutritional intake could influence the development of frailty. The aim was to evaluate the associations between dietary iron intakes and changes in dietary iron intakes with frailty. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses involved 785 men with Fried frailty phenotype (FP) and 758 men with Rockwood frailty index (FI) data aged 75 years and older at nutrition assessment from the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project prospective cohort study. Of these, 563 men who were FP robust or prefrail, and 432 men who were FI nonfrail were included in the longitudinal analyses for more than 3 years. Dietary intake was assessed at both timepoints using a validated diet history questionnaire. The dietary calculation was used to derive heme iron and nonheme iron intakes from total iron intakes. The associations were evaluated through binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Incidence of FP frailty was 15.3% (n = 86). In longitudinal analyses, maintaining total iron intakes (medium tertile -2.61-0.81 mg/d), increases in total iron and nonheme iron intakes (high tertiles ≥0.82 mg/d and ≥0.80 mg/d), and changes in nonheme iron intake (1 mg increment) were associated with reduced risks of incident FP frailty (OR: 0.47 [95% confindence interval (CI): 0.24, 0.93, p = .031], OR 0.48 [95% CI: 0.23, 0.99, p = .048], OR 0.41 [95% CI: 0.20, 0.88, p = .022], and OR 0.89 [95% CI: 0.82, 0.98, p = .017]). CONCLUSION: Maintaining or increases in total dietary iron and increases or changes in dietary nonheme iron intakes more than 3 years were associated with reduced incidence of FP frailty in older men.
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Fragilidad , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Anciano Frágil , Fragilidad/epidemiología , Humanos , Hierro , Hierro de la Dieta , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Cell survival, proliferation and function are energy-demanding processes, fuelled by different metabolic pathways. Immune cells like any other cells will adapt their energy production to their function with specific metabolic pathways characteristic of resting, inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cells. This concept of immunometabolism is revolutionising the field of immunology, opening the gates for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at altering immune responses through immune metabolic manipulations. The first part of this review will give an extensive overview on the metabolic pathways used by immune cells. Diet is a major source of energy, providing substrates to fuel these different metabolic pathways. Protein, lipid and carbohydrate composition as well as food additives can thus shape the immune response particularly in the gut, the first immune point of contact with food antigens and gastrointestinal tract pathogens. How diet composition might affect gut immunometabolism and its impact on diseases will also be discussed. Finally, the food ingested by the host is also a source of energy for the micro-organisms inhabiting the gut lumen particularly in the colon. The by-products released through the processing of specific nutrients by gut bacteria also influence immune cell activity and differentiation. How bacterial metabolites influence gut immunometabolism will be covered in the third part of this review. This notion of immunometabolism and immune function is recent and a deeper understanding of how lifestyle might influence gut immunometabolism is key to prevent or treat diseases.
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Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Inmunidad , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Nutrientes , Bacterias/metabolismo , Carbohidratos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Alimentos , Aditivos Alimentarios , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mediterranean dietary patterns may exert favourable effects on various health conditions. This study aimed to determine associations of adherence to Mediterranean diet as well as its components, with circulating cytokine levels, musculoskeletal health and incident falls in community-dwelling older men. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-four (794) community-dwelling men with mean age 81.1 ± 4.5 years, who participated in the five-year follow-up of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP) were included in the cross-sectional analysis, and 616 attended follow-up three years later. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed using MEDI-LITE (literature-derived Mediterranean diet) score which was obtained using a validated diet history questionnaire. Twenty-four evaluable circulating cytokines were analyzed using Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay kit. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Three-year changes in gait speed and hand grip strength were assessed by walking a 6-m course and using a dynamometer respectively and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Incident falls over three years were determined through telephone interviews every four months. Multivariable linear regression was utilized to determine the cross-sectional associations between MEDI-LITE scores and circulating cytokines, bone mineral density, ALM, and ALMBMI. Linear mixed-effects models were performed to estimate associations between MEDI-LITE scores and three-year change in hand grip strength and gait speed while negative binomial regression was applied to estimate associations between MEDI-LITE scores and three-year incident falls as well as associations between each MEDI-LITE component and three-year incident falls. Adjustments for multiple comparisons were performed using Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for multiple testing. RESULTS: A higher MEDI-LITE score, indicating greater adherence to Mediterranean diet, was associated with higher appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index (ALMBMI) (ß: 0.004 kg; 95% CI: 0.000, 0.008), and lower incident falls rates (IRR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99). Higher consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids (IRR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.98) and monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio (IRR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.90) were associated with 24%, and 28% lower falls risk in older men respectively. MEDI-LITE scores were not associated with BMD or physical function parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with higher ALMBMI, and fewer falls in community-dwelling older men. Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids were the most important contributors to the association between Mediterranean diet and falls risk.
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Accidentes por Caídas/estadística & datos numéricos , Densidad Ósea , Citocinas/sangre , Dieta Mediterránea , Fuerza de la Mano , Cooperación del Paciente , Velocidad al Caminar , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento , Australia/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Vida Independiente , Masculino , Análisis de MediaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To compare the Australian Dietary Guideline Index (DGI-2013) and the Pyramid-based Mediterranean Diet Score (pyrMDS) as measures of diet quality in an ethnically diverse group of older men. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Seven hundred and ninety-four older men aged ≥75 participated in wave 3 (2012-2013) of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated diet history questionnaire. Ethnicity was based on self-reported country of birth and categorised as Australian-born (418 men), Italian or Greek migrants (188), and other migrants (188). Incident cardiovascular outcomes until March 2018 were measured using the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which comprises all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, coronary revascularisation and/or ischaemic stroke. Ability to predict incident cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality were compared between standardised DGI-2013 pyrMDS scores by comparison of hazard ratios, discrimination (Harrell's C-statistic) and calibration (calibration plots). RESULTS: Italian and Greek migrant men had significantly lower DGI-2013 scores (91.7 vs. 93.9; p = 0.01) but significantly higher pyrMDS scores (8.8 vs. 8.2; p < 0.0001) than Australian-born men. In the whole sample (794 men), the pyrMDS was a better predictor of both MACE (age-adjusted HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.75-0.94 vs. HR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.82-1.03 for DGI-2013) and all-cause mortality (age-adjusted HR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.60-0.80 vs. HR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.74-0.99). The pyrMDS also demonstrated superior discrimination for predicting all-cause mortality and superior calibration for MACE and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The DGI-2013 appears to underestimate diet quality in older Italian and Greek migrant men. The pyrMDS appears superior to the DGI-2013 for prediction of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality regardless of ethnic background.