Enhanced Performance of Zirconium-Doped Ceria Catalysts for the Methoxycarbonylation of Anilines.

The methoxycarbonylation of anilines stands as an attractive method for the phosgene-free production of carbamates. Despite the high yields obtained for ceria catalysts, the reduction of the amount of side products and the prevention of catalyst deactivation still represent major hurdles in this chemistry. One advantage of ceria is the possibility of tuning its reactivity by doping its lattice with other metals. In the present work, a series of doped ceria-based materials, prepared by substitution with metals, are evaluated in the methoxycarbonylation of 2,4-diaminotoluene with dimethyl carbonate. Among all catalysts, containing Eu, Hf, La, Pr, Sm, Tb, Y or Zr, ceria promoted with 2 mol % Zr exhibited 96 % selectivity towards the desired carbamates, improving the pure CeO2 catalyst. Density functional theory demonstrates that two descriptors are needed: 1) a geometric factor that governs the reduction of energy barriers for carbamate formation through ureas; 2) catalyst basicity as N-H bonds need to be activated. Assessment in subsequent reaction cycles revealed that the CeO2 -ZrO2 catalyst is more stable than bulk CeO2 , along with the reduction of fouling processes.

Homochiral Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enantioselective Separations in Liquid Chromatography.

Selective separation of enantiomers is a substantial challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Chromatography on chiral stationary phases is the standard method, but at a very high cost for industrial-scale purification due to the high cost of the chiral stationary phases. Typically, these materials are poorly robust, expensive to manufacture, and often too specific for a single desired substrate, lacking desirable versatility across different chiral analytes. Here, we disclose a porous, robust homochiral metal-organic framework (MOF), TAMOF-1, built from copper(II) and an affordable linker prepared from natural l-histidine. TAMOF-1 has shown to be able to separate a variety of model racemic mixtures, including drugs, in a wide range of solvents of different polarity, outperforming several commercial chiral columns for HPLC separations. Although not exploited in the present article, it is worthy to mention that the preparation of this new material is scalable to the multikilogram scale, opening unprecedented possibilities for low-energy chiral separation at the industrial scale.

[Considerations on family dynamics and the malnutrition syndrome in Mexican children]. / Consideraciones sobre la dinámica familiar y el síndrome de la mala nutrición en niños mexicanos.

Since the early 1990s we noted that family dysfunction was more common in children with severe primary malnutrition than in children admitted to the hospital without malnutrition. Defects on feeding habits during the first year of life, especially early weaning and inadequate complementary feeding were more common in dysfunctional families. We also observed that chronic malnutrition in preschool children, and overweight and obesity in schoolchildren were more common in children from dysfunctional families. Once the association between dysfunctional family dynamics and obesity in schoolchildren was demonstrated, it was observed that low education of fathers and mothers increased twofold the possibility of family dysfunction: OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.37-3.10 and OR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.57-3.89, respectively. In addition, the low-income and the lower purchasing power of foods were associated to family dysfunction (p<0.05). A remaining task is to explore how to assess family dysfunction in composite, extended, single-parent families where there exist other persons vulnerable to the different entities of malnutrition syndrome and indeed depend on adults for their care, food and nutrition.

TAMOF-1 as a Versatile and Predictable Chiral Stationary Phase for the Resolution of Racemic Mixtures.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become promising materials for multiple applications due to their controlled dimensionality and tunable properties. The incorporation of chirality into their frameworks opens new strategies for chiral separation, a key technology in the pharmaceutical industry as each enantiomer of a racemic drug must be isolated. Here, we describe the use of a combination of computational modeling and experiments to demonstrate that high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns packed with TAMOF-1 as the chiral stationary phase are efficient, versatile, robust, and reusable with a wide array of mobile phases (polar and non-polar). As proof of concept, in this article, we report the resolution with TAMOF-1 HPLC columns of nine racemic mixtures with different molecular sizes, geometries, and functional groups. Initial in silico studies allowed us to predict plausible separations in chiral compounds from different families, including terpenes, calcium channel blockers, or P-stereogenic compounds. The experimental data confirmed the validity of the models and the robust performance of TAMOF-1 columns. The added value of in silico screening is an unprecedented achievement in chiral chromatography.

[The family dysfunction as a risk factor of obesity in Mexican school children]. / La disfunción familiar como factor de riesgo para obesidad en escolares mexicanos.

BACKGROUND: it has been demonstrated that children obesity is a multifactorial disease and probably, the alteration of the family dynamic is another potential risk factor. The objective was to identify the association between obesity and family dysfunction in school children who attend to a family medicine unit. METHODS: case and control study at Mexican Social Security Institute in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Sociodemographic factors and family dynamic of obese and non-obese subjects (n = 452) of six to nine years old from nuclear families were achieved. RESULTS: the association between family dysfunction and obesity was [OR = 1.63 (1.08-2.46), p = 0.01]. Area II, Identity formation, and area VI, Discipline and methods, showed a lower score in cases of children with obesity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). In a logistic regression model family dysfunction [RM 1.79 (1.19, 2.71), p = 0.005] and low literacy of mothers [RM 1.61 (1.06, 2.45), p = 0.02)] were risk factors for obesity in school children. CONCLUSIONS: the results showed an association between family dysfunction and obesity in school children. We suggest to consider it in the prevention of obesity in Mexican school children.

A Review of the Effects of Gold, Silver, Selenium, and Zinc Nanoparticles on Diabetes Mellitus in Murine Models.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that presents great challenges for healthcare systems worldwide, and the identification of alternative therapies for the treatment of this disease is of vital importance. Metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver, and selenium) and metallic oxide (ZnO) have been studied in different areas such as medicine, biotechnology, the environment, and the food industry with promising results. In medicine, current research has revealed these nanoparticles' anti-diabetic properties thanks to the implementation of animal models. This review will address the existing antecedents and the effects of gold, silver, selenium, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in diabetes administered alone, functionalized with other molecules, or combined with drugs that have shown promising therapeutic effects. The anti-diabetic effects of these nanoparticles are related to the regulation of glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles. In addition, oxidative stress markers, liver and kidney markers, the reduction of inflammation, apoptosis of the pancreas, and the restoration of normal liver and kidney histology are also reported in the literature after using these nanoparticles. However, the therapeutic effects that these nanoparticles provide are limited due to the lack of specific protocols dictated by international organizations to evaluate the risks of using these nanoparticles.

[Socioeconomic, demographic and family dysfunction related to obesity in 6 to 9 year-old children]. / Obesidad en niños de 6 a 9 años. Factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y disfunción familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between family dysfunction and obesity in children six to nine year-old. METHODS: A case-control study that included children with obesity (cases, n = 64) with body mass index (BMI) > 95th percentile and triceps skinfold (TSF) > 90th percentile; and a control group (n = 120) with BMI < 85th percentile and TSF < 90th percentile was performed. Anthropometric measurements were made and a questionnaire assessing eight areas of family dynamics was applied. We compared the frequency of family dysfunction among cases and controls with the χ² test and its association with obesity through the odds ratio. RESULTS: The average score of the questionnaire was 80.8 ± 11.3 with no differences between groups. The categories "probably dysfunctional" and "dysfunctional" were more common in the obese group but the differences were not significant. The score of the areas "dynamics of parents as a couple" (p = 0.053) and "structure of authority in the family" (p = 0.061) was higher in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Although no association was seen between family dysfunction and obesity, we found a tendency toward obesity in dysfunctional families.

[Clinical guide for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of overweight and obesity in children]. / Guía clínica para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad en pediatría.

The prevalence of overweight has significantly increased thorough the world and Mexico is not an exception considering that the National Survey of Nutrition (1999) showed that 19.5% of scholar children in Mexico have overweight and other survey from Mexico City (ENURBAL, 2002) have shown that 17% in the same range of age are obese. Therefore, this clinical guide pretends to be an instrument for supporting the professionals of health for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of obesity in children using the levels of medical attention. It is known that the treatment is difficult and it requires a full multidisciplinary team of professionals and that the key of prevention is the modification of the sedentary lifestyle and the decrease of energy intake. This guide was elaborated by pediatricians working in nutrition in public and university institutions, family and general physicians and pediatricians with private practice.

Evaluation of different types of anaerobic seed sludge for the high rate anaerobic digestion of pig slurry in UASB reactors.

Three different types of anaerobic sludge (granular, thickened digestate and anaerobic sewage) were evaluated as seed inoculum sources for the high rate anaerobic digestion of pig slurry in UASB reactors. Granular sludge performance was optimal, allowing a high efficiency process yielding a volumetric methane production rate of 4.1LCH4L-1d-1 at 1.5days HRT (0.248LCH4g-1COD) at an organic loading rate of 16.4gCODL-1d-1. The thickened digestate sludge experimented flotation problems, thus resulting inappropriate for the UASB process. The anaerobic sewage sludge reactor experimented biomass wash-out, but allowed high process efficiency operation at 3days HRT, yielding a volumetric methane production rate of 1.7LCH4L-1d-1 (0.236LCH4g-1COD) at an organic loading rate of 7.2gCODL-1d-1. To guarantee the success of the UASB process, the settleable solids of the slurry must be previously removed.

Influence of headspace pressure on methane production in Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests.

The biochemical methane potential test is the most commonly applied method to determine methane production from organic wastes. One of the parameters measured is the volume of biogas produced which can be determined manometrically by keeping the volume constant and measuring increases in pressure. In the present study, the effect of pressure accumulation in the headspace of the reactors has been studied. Triplicate batch trials employing cocoa shell, waste coffee grounds and dairy manure as substrates have been performed under two headspace pressure conditions. The results obtained in the study showed that headspace overpressures higher than 600mbar affected methane production for waste coffee grounds. On the contrary, headspace overpressures within a range of 600-1000mbar did not affect methane production for cocoa shell and dairy manure. With the analyses performed in the present work it has not been possible to determine the reasons for the lower methane yield value obtained for the waste coffee grounds under high headspace pressures.

Prótesis mamarias en plano submuscular con bloqueo anestésico intraoperatorio de ramas del plexo braquial a cielo abierto y con cánula / Mammary implants in submuscular plane through intraoperatory anesthesic blocking of brachial plexus using open access and cannula

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La mamoplastia de aumento con prótesis es una de las cirugías más realizadas en Cirugía Plástica. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar nuestra técnica anestésica para colocación de prótesis mamarias en plano submuscular, bloqueando de forma intraoperatoria ramos del plexo braquial y recoger nuestra experiencia con ella en una serie de casos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Bajo sedación y anestesia local, realizamos una incisión en el borde periareolar inferior llegando por divulsión y corte transglandular hasta el plano de la aponeurosis del músculo pectoral mayor; apertura de 5 cm de la aponeurosis y divulsión de las fibras musculares siguiendo su dirección; identificamos el plano entre el músculo pectoral mayor y el pectoral menor; introducimos una cánula de Klein en ese plano hasta el punto anatómico donde están las ramas lateral y medial del plexo braquial (2 cm por debajo de la clavícula y en su tercio lateral); inyección en ese punto del preparado de solución anestésica. Analizamos 172 pacientes operadas entre enero de 2014 y abril del 2018 en las que empleamos el procedimiento anestésico descrito. RESULTADOS: En todas las pacientes el acto anestésico fue exitoso, llegando el procedimiento quirúrgico a término sin necesidad de recurrir a la anestesia general. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra experiencia, la seguridad, facilidad de ejecución y el efecto anestésico conseguido, nos permitieron utilizarla de forma rutinaria en mamoplastias con indicación de inserción de implantes en plano submuscular

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Breast augmentation is one of the most performed surgeries in Plastic Surgery. Our aim is to show an anesthetic technique for placement of breast implants in a submuscular plane, using intraoperative blocking of the brachial plexus branches, and to present our experience in a clinical series. METHODS: Technique consists on a lower peri-areolar skin incision under sedation and local anesthesia, reaching by transglandular dissection and cut to the plane of the pectoral muscle aponeurosis; we open a 5 cm incision on the aponeurosis and divide the muscle fibers following their direction; we identify the plane between the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor and insert a Klein cannula in that plane to the anatomical point where the lateral and medial branches of the brachial plexus are located (2 cm below the clavicle and in its lateral third), where the anesthetic solution preparation is injected. A series of 172 patients undergoing surgery from January 2014 to April 2018 with this anesthetic procedure was analyzed. RESULTS: Anesthetic procedure was successful in all patients, ending surgery without needing general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the safety and ease execution of the proposed technique, allowed it to be used routinely in all our submuscular augmentation mamoplasties

Respuesta al comentario del Dr. J. Vera: "Prótesis mamarias en plano submuscular con bloqueo anestésico intraoperatorio de ramas del plexo braquial a cielo abierto y con cánula" / No disponible

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Anaerobic co-digestion of cheese whey and the screened liquid fraction of dairy manure in a single continuously stirred tank reactor process: Limits in co-substrate ratios and organic loading rate.

Mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of cheese whey and the screened liquid fraction of dairy manure was investigated with the aim of determining the treatment limits in terms of the cheese whey fraction in feed and the organic loading rate. The results of a continuous stirred tank reactor that was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 15.6 days showed that the co-digestion process was possible with a cheese whey fraction as high as 85% in the feed. The efficiency of the process was similar within the range of the 15-85% cheese whey fraction. To study the effect of the increasing loading rate, the HRT was progressively shortened with the 65% cheese whey fraction in the feed. The reactor efficiency dropped as the HRT decreased but enabled a stable operation over 8.7 days of HRT. At these operating conditions, a volumetric methane production rate of 1.37 m(3) CH4 m(-3) d(-1) was achieved.

[Ir(P-OP)]-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of diversely substituted C═N-containing heterocycles.

Iridium(I) complexes of enantiomerically pure phosphine-phosphite ligands ([Ir(Cl)(cod)(P-OP)]) efficiently catalyze the enantioselective hydrogenation of diverse C═N-containing heterocyclic compounds (benzoxazines, benzoxazinones, benzothiazinones, and quinoxalinones; 25 examples, up to 99% ee). A substrate-to-catalyst ratio as high as 2000:1 was reached.

[Implications in primary health care of medical genetics and genomic in type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Implicaciones en la atención primaria en salud de la genética y genómica en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex disease and a global health problem. Therefore, the first level of health care should handle the approaches of medical genetics and genomics to reduce its incidence. The aim is to present perspectives analyzed by our group in two areas of genetics and its clinical application. Emphasis is placed on the coexistence of several genetic forms clinically detectable in patients with diabetes, missing heritability associated with low penetrance, and epigenomics mechanism. It is discussed the effect of genetic variation associated with resistance to insulin, beta-cell dysfunction, shaft incretin, and other points of interest, such as thrifty genotype hypothesis, conformational disease, genetically unknown foods, phenocopies as clinically silent hypercortisolism, molecular phytopharmacology in the clinical management. Finally, the result was displayed in the Mexican population from genetic studies and new findings of clinical importance, such as involvement of melatonin and effect of variations in the number of copies in a genomic region.

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una enfermedad multifactorial y un problema de salud mundial. De ahí que en el primer nivel de atención en salud se deben manejar los abordajes de la genética médica y genómica para disminuir su incidencia. El propósito de este artículo es presentar perspectivas analizadas por nuestro grupo en dos áreas de la genética, así como su aplicación clínica. Se hace hincapié en la coexistencia de varias formas genéticas clínicamente detectables en el paciente diabético, la heredabilidad perdida relacionada con baja penetrancia y fenómenos epigenómicos. Se discute el efecto de la variación genética relacionada con la resistencia a la insulina, la disfunción de las células beta, el eje incretínico, otros puntos de interés como las hipótesis del genotipo ahorrador, la patología conformacional, comidas genéticamente desconocidas, fenocopias como el hipercortisolismo clínicamente silente y la fitofarmacología molecular en el manejo clínico. Finalmente, se muestran resultados de estudios genéticos en población mexicana y nuevos hallazgos de importancia en la clínica, como la participación de la melatonina y el efecto de las variaciones en el número de copias en una región genómica.

Anaerobic digestion of the liquid fraction of dairy manure in pilot plant for biogas production: residual methane yield of digestate.

The performance of the only dairy manure biogas plant in Cantabria (Northern coast of Spain) was evaluated in terms of liquid-solid separation and anaerobic digestion of the liquid fraction. Screened liquid fraction was satisfactorily treated in a CSTR digester at HRTs from 20 to 10 days with organic loading rates ranging from 2.0 to 4.5 kg VS/(m(3)d). Stable biogas productions from 0.66 to 1.47 m(3)/(m(3)d) were achieved. Four anaerobic effluents collected from the digester at different HRTs were analyzed to measure their residual methane potentials, which ranged from 12.7 to 102.4 L/gVS. These methane potentials were highly influenced by the feed quality and HRT of the previous CSTR anaerobic digestion process. Biomethanization of the screened liquid fraction of dairy manure from intensive farming has the potential to provide up to 2% of total electrical power in the region of Cantabria.

Grado de correlación en la percepción de la dinámica familiar entre ambos padres de preescolares que acuden a Guarderías del DIF Jalisco / Correlation of the family dinamic score between fathers and mothers of preschool children attending the integral development of the family system (DIF) of Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico)

Introducción. Objetivo: identificar la correlación entre la calificación de dinámica familiar de papá y mamá de preescolares que acuden a Guarderías del Sistema Nacional del Desarrollo Integral de la Familia Jalisco. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron 138 encuestas de dinámica familiar aplicadas a ambos padres. Se utilizó un instrumento de medición con 8 áreas: I. Dinámica de pareja; II. Formación de identidad; III. Comunicación, expresión, solidaridad; IV. Estructura de autoridad; V. Manejo del conflicto y agresividad;VI. Disciplina y método; VII. Sistema de Valores; VIII.Aislamiento e integración sociocultural. Resultados. No hubo diferencia en la calificación entre ambos padres ni entre los promedios de las 8 áreas. Hubo una correlación significativa entre ambos padres (r = 0.759, P <0.001). El área I tuvo mayor correlación con las demás áreas (P <0.005). La correlación entre las diferentes áreas de papá y mamá fue significativo. Destacaron por ausencia de correlación: área III de papá vs área II y VIII de mamá; área IV de papá vs área I, II,VII y VIII de mamá. Conclusión. La elevada correlación de cada díada papá-mamá sobre su dinámica familiar, de sus áreas recíprocas y entre las áreas de cada cónyuge da gran consistencia al instrumento de evaluación.

Introduction. Objective: to test the correlation of the family dynamic score between fathers and mothers of preschool children attending the Integral Development of the Family System (DIF) of Guadalajara City. Material and methods. In a cross sectional study design 140 family dynamic surveys were included. Eight areas of the dynamic of the family of both parents were explored: I. Dynamic of the couple; II. Formation of identity; III. Communication, expression and solidarity; IV. Structure of the authority;V. Management of the conflict and aggressiveness;VI. Discipline and method;VII. System of values;VIII. Socio cultural integration and isolation. Results. There were not differences between fathers and mothers in the eight explored areas.The score of fathers and mothers had a significant correlation (r =0.759). Area I had the higher correlation with the rest of the areas (P <0.005).The correlation among different areas of father and mother were also significant. It was no correlation of area III of fathers vs area II and VIII of mothers; area IV of fathers vs area I, II,VII and VIII of mothers. Conclusion. The strong correlation of the family dynamic score of each couple and among the majority of reciprocal areas gives a high consistency to the instrument of evaluation.

Reparación de la pars inter-articular en la espondilolistesis espondilolítica, osteosíntesis con tornillos transpendiculares y banda de tensión / Repair of inter articularis pars in spondylolitic spondylolysthesis. Osteosynthesis by transpendicular screws and tension bands

Se operaron 20 pacientes de 25 a 55 años con espondilolistesis espondilolítica, mediante fijación con tornillo de compresión de esponjosa 6.5 mm con cuerda de 32 mm y arandela. Se obtuvo reducción de la olistesis grado 1 en 100 por ciento en 9 casos (45 por ciento), 50 por ciento en 4 (20 por ciento) y persistió sin cambio en 7 (35 por ciento).

Biopsia percutánea con trefina para el diagnóstico etiológico de procesos destructivos no traumáticos de la columna vertebral / Trephine percutaneous biopsy for ethiologic diagnosis of non-traumatic destructive lesions of the spine

El 80 por ciento de los procesos destructivos de la columna vertebral se localizan el cuerpo vertebral, lo que dificulta la toma de biopsia directa, indispensable para el conocimiento de diagnóstico etiológico de la lesión. Se analiza la utilidad de la toma de biopsia percutánea con la trefina ideada en el Servicio de Columna del Hospital de Ortopedia ®Victorio de la Fuente Narváez¼. Se aplicó en 20 pacientes con una efectividad del 95 por ciento, abreviando el tiempo de estudio y la morbimortalidad propia de una biopsia abierta