Foreign bodies in the upper airways: the experience of two Italian hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of foreign bodies in the upper airways as emerging from the hospital records in the Bologna and Siena hospitals in Italy 1997-2002. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospital records was performed using a standardized protocol. All injuries with ICD9 (International Classification of Diseases, 9'h revision) codes ranging from 931 to 934 which occurred in children age 0-14 were considered for the database. RESULTS: One hundred ninety seven patients were included in the database with a diagnosis of Foreign Bodies (FB) over the study period, 78 with ICD931, 105 with ICD932, 12 with ICD933 and 2 with ICD934 discharge diagnosis. Of the 197 patients, 51.90% of the patients were males and the 48.10% were female. Median age was 4 (2, 6). At the moment of the injury, the child was eating (11%), playing (83%) or studying (4%) or cleaning ears (2%). The child was supervised by an adult in doing his/her activities at the moment of injury in the 84.2% of the cases. The child reached the hospital using always private transport (100%), never by using an emergency transport (0%). Most commonly, FB were extracted in ambulatory (95.4%), more rarely using an endoscopic procedure (4.1%), and never using surgery. Hospitalization was required in the 0.5% of cases (1). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed the substantial epidemiological similarity of the Italian data with the experience of other center in the world. The burden of chocking was very limited in our country, as proven by the limited access to emergency and more invasive procedures. Nevertheless, some consideration can be made from the preventive point of view. Quite surprisingly, the majority of injuries occurred under the supervision of an adult in playing or recreational activities.

Comparative evaluation of ABR abnormalities in patients with and without neurinoma of VIII cranial nerve.

Although the diagnostic reliability of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in acoustic neuromas has been revised due to its poor sensitivity (demonstrated above all in smaller tumours), and its limited specificity, this method is still used as the initial otoneurological approach. To contribute to the clinical use of this method, in particular with the aim of reducing the number of false positives, a retrospective study was carried out in two groups of patients affected by unilateral sensorineural hearing loss with auditory brainstem response abnormalities: in the first group (50 cases: true positives) hearing loss was the expression of an acoustic neuroma shown by magnetic resonance imaging, in the second group (130: false positives) magnetic resonance imaging was negative. In both groups, auditory brainstem response recordings showed abnormalities suggesting retro-cochlear disorders such as: (1) complete absence of response not justified by the extent of the hearing loss, (2) presence of only wave I, (3) increase in wave V absolute latency with normal I-V interpeak latency, (4) increase in wave V absolute latency, the sole component, 5) increase in wave V absolute latency and I-V interpeak latency. A comparison between the two groups made it possible to show that the finding of "major" auditory brainstem response alterations (complete absence of response not justified by the extent of the hearing loss or presence of only wave I) is correlated with a high probability of the presence of a neuroma, while other abnormalities (wave V latency and I-V interpeak latency increase) have no particular predictive value since percentages are almost identical in the two groups. Wave V latency increase with normal I-V interpeak latency was observed in only one case of acoustic neuroma and this clinical finding is not easy to interpret. It would not appear possible, based on current knowledge, to further improve the reliability of this test, and, therefore, its use in oto-neurological diagnostics remains limited.

[The contralateral ear in acquired cholesteatoma in children and adults]. / L'orecchio controlaterale nel colesteatoma acquisito del bambino e dell'adulto.

Contralateral ear pathologies are frequently found in patients suffering from acquired cholesteatoma. A retrospective study was performed on 85 pediatric patients and 105 adults surgically treated for acquired middle ear cholesteatoma. All the patients were checked and the otomicroscopic picture photographed and compared in an attempt to gain insight into the pathogenesis and clinical indications by comparing two samplings from different age groups. In both groups the frequency of pathological contralateral ear manifestations was higher than found in the normal population. Similar results were obtained in the two groups and indicate that the same mechanisms come into play in both ears, starting at infancy. The finding of a particularly common association between cholesteatoma and contralateral retraction pockets with sinus cholesteatoma or pars tensa in the pediatric group appears to confirm that tubal dysfunction plays a pathogenic role in the genesis of cholesteatoma. From the practical point of view, systematic preventative measurement of the contralateral ear can lead to a reduction in major surgery and can affect the choice between open or closed tympanoplasty. Moreover, it may also condition the precision and length of the follow-up.

[Metastasis in the inner auditory canal]. / Metastasi nel condotto uditivo interno.

Metastasis in the inner auditory canal (IAC), or more precisely in the pontocerebellar angle (PCA) is extremely rare. Indeed acoustic neurinoma (AN), meningioma and other types of benign neoformations, in decreasing order, account for nearly all expansive pathologies in this anatomical region. The present paper reports a clinical case of a patient with the sudden onset of an hearing loss in the right ear. This hearing loss was promptly followed by paralysis of the homolateral facial nerve. The function of both cranial nerves worsened progressively and rapidly. Cerebral radiology, performed with MRI and the administration of gadolinium, showed a AN-compatible neoformation fundamentally affecting the IAC. However, histological tests performed after surgery indicated an adenocarcinoma. Post-operative instrumental tests identified the primary neoplasm in the lower lobe of the right lung. The purpose of this work was to highlight, in view of the literature on the topic, the main clinical aspects to consider when a malignant expansion is suspected in the PCA. Naturally there is greater basis for such suspicion when a primary malignant neoplasm has previously been diagnosed. Generally AN progresses quite gradually, in line with an extremely slow growth rate. Therefore it is normally seen in a progressive worsening of hearing, tinnitus and equilibrium disorders. Appearance of a facial nerve palsy is strictly limited to relatively large neoplasms and is encountered at a later stage. This is why a rapid progression of hearing damage accompanied, or promptly followed, by complete facial nerve paralysis must alert one to the possibility of a PCA malignancy. Imaging does not permit easy pre-operative diagnosis since the radiological signs and morphologies are often quite similar to those produced by AN. Therefore, post-operative histological examination can hold some surprises.

Tongue base suspension technique in obstructive sleep apnea: personal experience.

Tongue suspension with Kit Repose is a surgical mini-invasive end-oral technique used in treatment of rear tongue obstruction. The base of the tongue is anchored with a non-reabsorbable suture, held in place with a titanium screw, to the mandible in correspondence to the geni apophysis of the mandible: this loop should prevent the tongue, during sleep, from dropping backwards, favoured also by gravity and hypotonicity of the genioglossus muscle. Aim of this report is to focus on the results of our experience in 15 patients presenting obstructive sleep apnea submitted to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty associated with tongue suspension, using the Kit Response bone screw system (Influent Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA). Mean age of patients was 50.5 years (range 36-66), with mean RDI (apnoea/hypopnea index) of 44.47 (range 23-63) and mean body mass index of 28.27 (range 22.6-34.4). Scrupulous clinical evaluation, including endoscopy and cephalometry, revealed a pharyngeal obstruction both retro palatal and retro lingual. Clinical and polysonnographic examinations were carried out 4-6 months after surgery. Patients were considered responders if the RDI had decreased by 50% and below 20, with disappearance of subjective symptoms (snoring, daytime sleepiness). Polysonnographic examination showed, overall, good results with mean reduction of RDI from 44.5 to 24.2 (45% reduction); albeit, only 6 cases could be considered surgically successful; 4 cases (26.6%) showed improvement whereas the remaining 5 (33.4%) failed to present any significant change in RDI. Even if the technique was, indeed, mini-invasive, rapidly performed and lacked significant complications, the results were not, in our opinion, encouraging, bearing in mind the high cost of the kit and limited stability of the results over time. Better results can be obtained by advancement of the genioglossus associated with hyoid suspension, whereas, of the mini-invasive techniques, promising outcomes would appear feasible with reduction of volume at the base of the tongue, using radiofrequency.

[Extramedullary plasmocytoma (EMP) of the head and neck: a series of 22 cases]. / Plasmocitoma extramidollare (P.E.M.) della testa e del collo: considerazioni su 22 casi.

Plasmacytoma is a rare neoplastic disorder arising from B-cell series lymphocytes. It can develop in three clinical variants: a) Multiple Myeloma (M.M.); b) Solitary Plasmacytoma of the bone; c) Extramedullary Plasmacytoma (EMP). EMP generally occurs in the submucosal tissue of the upper airways (80% of cases). This paper reports 22 cases of EMP of the head and neck observed in the last 20 years and reviews pertinent Literature. Four of our cases were located in the nasopharynx, four in the oropharynx and five in naso-sinusal sites. More rarely, the lesion occurred in the larynx (2 cases) or in the oral cavity (3 cases). In 4 patients multiple localizations in the upper airways were observed. Full evaluation was carried out in order to exclude disseminated disease. With the exception of 2 cases which were surgically treated, radiotherapy (RT) represented the treatment of choice in all patients, with doses ranging from 36 to 58 Gy. In 9 cases RT was administered after complete surgical resection. Follow-up time ranged from 13 to 167 months (mean 69.6). A partial response after treatment was observed in 4 cases. In only two of these cases neoplastic residue was observed (further RT allowed complete remission of the disease). In the other two cases, residual masses consisted in amyloid deposits. Three patients developed disseminated disease (MM) after a disease-free period ranging from 3 to 6 years. Five-year actuarial disease was 92%. Although surgery is generally considered a diagnostic tool, in our opinion local disease should always be removed surgically when surgery produces low morbidity. Surgical debulking of the lesion can increase the probability or local radiotherapeutic control.

[Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the salivary gland: analysis of prognostic factors in 28 cases]. / I linfomi non Hodgkin delle ghiandole salivari: analisi dei fattori prognostici su 28 casi.

Primary malignant lymphomas of the major salivary glands are rare and usually arise in the parotid gland (2% of all neoplastic disorders). In this report clinical records of 28 cases of NHL of salivary glands (27 in the parotid gland and one in the submandibular gland) are reviewed and problems related to diagnosis and management strategies are discussed. The 5-year overall survival rate was 72% and did non differ from the survival of other NHL of the head and neck. Statistical evaluation of prognostic factors (age, histology, clinical stage, grading, bulky and surgical approach--biopsy versus parotidectomy), are presented. Analysis of these factors showed that prognosis was not influenced by age, histology, clinical stage and grading of disease. Poor survival was significantly correlated to bulky lesions (tumor size greater than 6 cm). In our experience surgical treatment did not significantly affect survival rate. It is concluded that diagnostic surgical procedures in case of suspected NHL of the parotid gland are fine needle aspiration biopsy. (FNAB) or incisional biopsy. The treatment of choice is radiotherapy associated with chemiotherapy in cases of localized-bulky or disseminated disease.

[External radiotherapy in early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Report of 28 cases]. / Il trattamento radiante nel carcinoma iniziale (T1-T2N0) sopraglottico. Revisione di una casistica di 28 casi.

The Authors reviewed a group of 28 pts with early-stage supraglottic carcinoma (T1-T2N0), classified according to UICC (1987), and treated exclusively with radiotherapy (RT) between 1980 and 1991. Until 1990 RT was employed for such tumors when surgery was refused or controindicated, while since 1991 primary irradiation (with surgery in reserve) has been considered the treatment of choice. The total dose ranged from 66 to 70 Gy on the larynx and up to 50 Gy on neck nodes. RT was applied in a daily fraction of 2 Gy five times a week. No significant early complications were observed. Only 1 pt showed residual cronical oedema in the arytenoid region. In none of the pts was tracheostomy necessary. The local control rate obtained after 30 months was 85.7% (24/28). Salvage surgery (horizontal supraglottic laringectomy, HSL) was performed in 3 out of 4 pts with local failure and achieved complete control of the disease. In the last pt the surgery was controindicated because of poor general health conditions. The actuarial survival rate after 5 years is 86.2%. The present series was compared to a group of 152 pts with T1-T2N0 supraglottic cancer treated surgically (HSL) at the same Istitution. In these pts local control and the actuarial survival rates are 85.6% and 89% respectively. According to recent Literature data, the present findings confirm that RT may be administered for the treatment of selected early stage (T1-T2N0) supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx with oncologic results equivalent to those obtained with radical surgery. The importance of imaging techniques (TC, MRI) in the correct staging of the tumor is emphasised.

Detection of deglutition disorders after reconstructive laryngectomy. Clinical and radiological evaluations.

Subtotal reconstructive laryngectomy is an appropriate surgical procedure for intralaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. After this surgery the functions of the larynx are greatly modified. These functions may be retained if at least one cricoaryténoid is preserved with good function. The aim of our study was to determine the recovery of swallowing in the late postoperative period and to establish the possible causes of dysphagia. 34 patients previously submitted to reconstructive laryngectomy were studied by clinical and endoscopical evaluation as well as videofluoroscopic examination. The results of our study confirm what has been reported by other authors, that is that the sphincter function greatly altered in the early postoperative period, is progressively restored, especially when both arytenoids are preserved. Videofluoroscopic examination frequently showed the asymptomatic false passage of liquid boluses.

Patients' survival after free flap reconstructive surgery of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective multicentre study.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the (HNSCC) represents approximately 5% of malignant tumours in Italy. HNSCC are commonly treated with surgery or radiotherapy, or a combination of such therapies. The objectives of treatment are maximum cure rate balanced with organ preservation, restoration of form and function, reduction of morbidities and improvement or maintenance of the patient's quality of life. Immediate reconstructive surgery: local, regional or free flaps are now widely advised in the treatment of these patients. Microsurgical transfer requires expertise, is time and resource consuming, and as a whole requires substantial costs. These considerations introduce some concerns about the wide or indiscriminate use of free flap reconstructive surgery. When considering cost-benefit outcomes of such treatment, the main objective is undoubtedly, survival. This data is underreported in the current literature, whereas functional outcomes of free flaps have been largely diffused and accepted. This study collects data from 1178 patients treated with free flap reconstructive surgery following ablation of HNSCC in a group of Italian tertiary hospitals, all members of the Head & Neck Group affiliated with the Italian Society of Microsurgery. According to many authors, free flap surgery for HNSCC seems to be a beneficial option for treatment even in terms of survival.

[Non-endoscopic minimally invasive thyroidectomy in papillary carcinoma. Our experience]. / La tiroidectomia mini-invasiva non endoscopica nel carcinoma papillifero. Nostra esperienza.

INTRODUCTION: Minimal access thyroid surgery, using various techniques, is increasingly being reported. The present study reviews our experience with thyroid surgery using a minimally invasive approach in a group of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: A total of 15 female patients with a thyroid nodule, not exceeding 2 cm, proven to be a papillary thyroid carcinoma at preoperative evaluation, underwent a total thyroidectomy with non endoscopic minimally invasive approach. RESULTS: None of the patients presented intraoperative central lymphnode involvement. The cytologic preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by histology in all cases. One case of transient recurrent nerve palsy was observed immediately after surgery. No permanent nerve lesions were documented at 4 months. The hospital stay ranged from 48 to 72 hours. The iodine 131 uptake ranged from 0 to 2.13%, similar to that obtained with open thyroidectomy. All patients were satisfied for cosmetic result. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of this study showed that non endoscopic minimally invasive thyroidectomy could be proposed in patients with T1 papillary carcinoma. In our experience the results obtained with this technique are similar to that obtained with open thyroidectomy, with the great advantage of a minimal neck wound and shorter hospital stay. However a higher number of cases and a longer follow-up are needed to confirm the safety of this procedure on the management of papillary cancer of the thyroid.

[Atypical partial tracheolaryngectomy associated with circular pharyngectomy followed by flap reconstruction for dedifferentiated papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland]. / Tracheolaringectomia parziale atipica associata a faringectomia circolare seguita da ricostruzione con lembo alt per carcinoma papillifero dedifferenziato della tiroide.

The management of the extensive malignancy of the hypopharynx generally combines with total laryngectomy. The authors report a case of scanty differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma, extended to the hypopharynx, with partial involvement of thyroid, cricoid and first tracheal ring cartilage and unilateral vocal fold palsy treated with an "atypical" partial tracheo-laringectomy combined with total circular pharyngectomy. The defect has been replaced with an antero lateral tight free flap suitably modeled to restore the pharyngeal and laryngeal lumen. A modified Montgomery T- tube has been inserted to avoid larynges-tracheal stenosis. This unusual technique allowed to restore a stable airway and satisfying deglutition and an adequate voice. With this case presentation the authors want to subline that when the tumor type is less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma, it is possible to perform a partial larynx preservation also in the case of circular pharyngectomy. Obviously the residual laryngeal skeleton have to be sufficient to restore laryngeal lumen.

Some anatomical remarks on the posterior region of the tympanic cavity.

The Authors have studied the posterior region of the tympanic cavity in 25 fresh human temporal bones, making horizontal and vertical sections. In all cases the Sinus Tympani has been observed and the same for the Sappey's Suprapyramidal Recess, near the Facial Sinus. It has been determined the distance between Sulcus Tympani and the facial canal which is very variable and this assumes great importance from a surgical point of view.

Metastatic malignant melanoma in the parotid gland.

3 cases of metastatic malignant melanoma to the parotid gland are reported. Diagnosis before surgery was not possible because of the particular characteristics of the primary lesions. Neither physical examination nor sialography or ultrasonography provided any differential diagnostic assistance. A thorough case history allowed us to trace a pigmented lesion in 2 cases: in the first case it had been removed about 1 year prior to our examination, whereas in the second case it had regressed spontaneously leaving no trace. In the 3rd case the presence of multiple surgical scars, due to reconstructive plastic surgery for multiple burns of the scalp contracted 30 years earlier, might have concealed a primary malignant melanoma. The path of diffusion (either direct or retrograde) towards the parotid gland as well as treatment procedures are discussed on the basis of recently published data. Moreover, the authors underline the value of thorough case histories aimed at identifying suspect cutaneous lesions of the head and neck, in all cases of parotid swellings, where the possibility of metastases is considered.

Mucoepidermoid tumour of the parotid gland: a very difficult prognostic evaluation.

The correct management of mucoepidermoid tumours is still debatable because of their unpredictable biological course. The issue discussed is that of identifying biological characteristics of these tumours which may have predictive value. Sixteen patients with a mucoepidermoid tumour of the parotid gland, treated at the ENT Clinic of Bologna University over a 15-year period, were reviewed. The follow-up of each patient has been related to the surgical management, in order to evaluate whether superficial parotidectomy provides adequate treatment. No prognostic differences were noted between total and superficial parotidectomy when the latter was clinically appropriate. The histopathological specimens from these patients were reviewed in an attempt to correlate the histological grade of tumour with the course of the disease. Our data suggest that histological evaluation of malignancy alone is insufficient for accurate prognosis. We think that the clinical presentation (facial nerve palsy, pain, etc.) predicts the prognosis with greater accuracy.

Specific Epstein-Barr virus serological response in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected by immunoblotting.

The specific humoral immune response against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was compared to that of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and other EBV-seropositive subjects using immunoblotting technique. Almost all sera from EBV serologically associated NPC reacted reproducibly with a major group of polypeptides (four to six) of early antigen (EA) complex with molecular weights ranging from 50 kD to 58 kD, and with some additional polypeptides. Sera from IM-patients reproducibly recognized only one polypeptide of 50 kD belonging to the major group of polypeptides of EA-complex. Sera from patients with other types of head and neck cancer and relatively high levels of IgG antibody against viral capsid antigen (VCA) and EA did not react reproducibly with any of the EBV-associated proteins.

The use of microfluorometry to study DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: a possible prognostic tool?

A microfluorometric method was used to determine the nuclear DNA content in the nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) of 25 patients treated before 1983. Eleven patients are still alive with no evidence of disease (NED), while the rest died of their disease (DOD). All of the patients received a cycle of radiotherapy, while some also received chemotherapy or neck dissections. The neoplastic cells studied were taken from the original biopsy blocks, deparaffinized, isolated by enzymatic treatment and mechanical fragmentation, and then Feulgen-stained. The cytofluorometric measurement was carried out by a microphotometer equipped for fluorescence excitation and connected to a computer. This method allowed us to construct a histogram of the DNA content in the neoplastic cells. Different neoplastic classes were identified and represent the heteroclonality of the tumor, which can be expressed by the heteroclonality index (HCT). From the collected data it appears that the NED patients all had a low HTC (less than 1) and only 7 of the DOD patients had low HTCs (less than 1). Six of the DOD patients with a low HTC were in advanced stages of their tumor at the time of diagnosis, while the remaining patient did not complete his treatment. Our results show that the DNA analysis of the NPC cell population may offer a useful tool in predicting the biological behavior of this tumor and also improving its treatment.