Deep Learning for Interictal Epileptiform Spike Detection from scalp EEG frequency sub bands.

Epilepsy diagnosis through visual examination of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is a challenging problem. Deep learning methods can be an automated way to perform this task. In this work, we present a new approach based on convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect IEDs from EEGs automatically. The input to CNN is a combination of raw EEG and frequency sub-bands, namely delta, theta, alpha and, beta arranged as a vector for one-dimensional (1D) CNN or matrix for two-dimensional (2D) CNN. The proposed method is evaluated on 554 scalp EEGs. The database consists of 18,164 IEDs marked by two neurologists. Five-fold cross-validation was performed to assess the IED detectors. The resulting 1D CNN based IED detector with multiple sub-bands achieved a false positive rate per minute of 0.23 and a precision of 0.79 at 90% sensitivity. Further, the proposed system is evaluated on datasets from three other clinics, and the features extracted from CNN outputs could significantly discriminate (p-values <; 0.05) the EEGs with and without IEDs. We have proposed an optimized method with better performance than the literature that could aid clinicians to diagnose epilepsy expeditiously, and thereby devise proper treatment.

New insights in anterior cruciate ligament morphology: implications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries / 대한해부학회지

The frequency of injury of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the importance of anatomy in surgical repair and potential of the injured ACL to predispose to osteoarthritis necessitates the need for understanding its precise anatomy.Available studies have focussed on tunnel positioning and hence attachment site of the ligament. Few studies which have focussed on morphology reflect ambiguities in size, fibre bundle, number and disposition. Since a near anatomical repair of the ACL is the treatment of choice, the present study was planned to describe the morphology of ACL. Twenty-two ACL (11 right and 11 left) isolated from knee joints of collection of adult embalmed lower limbs were utilised for the study. The ACL morphology and morphometry were studied for footprints and fibre bundles. Three distinct bundles of differing lengths constitute a spiral ACL complex. These bundles are positioned as- intermediate with posteromedial and anterolateral flanking in respective positions. The tibial and femoral footprints are paw-shaped and oval respectively. Tibial footprints are approximately 2.5 times larger in area than the femoral footprints. The unique morphology of ACL vis a vis its spiralization, and its mechanical advantage of in terminal extension and conjunct rotation of knee (which are peculiarly human trait) are discussed. It is recommended to utilize the concept of spiralization and differing bundle length in ACL surgeries to achieve the favourable clinical outcome.

New insights in anterior cruciate ligament morphology: implications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgeries / 대한해부학회지

The frequency of injury of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the importance of anatomy in surgical repair and potential of the injured ACL to predispose to osteoarthritis necessitates the need for understanding its precise anatomy.Available studies have focussed on tunnel positioning and hence attachment site of the ligament. Few studies which have focussed on morphology reflect ambiguities in size, fibre bundle, number and disposition. Since a near anatomical repair of the ACL is the treatment of choice, the present study was planned to describe the morphology of ACL. Twenty-two ACL (11 right and 11 left) isolated from knee joints of collection of adult embalmed lower limbs were utilised for the study. The ACL morphology and morphometry were studied for footprints and fibre bundles. Three distinct bundles of differing lengths constitute a spiral ACL complex. These bundles are positioned as- intermediate with posteromedial and anterolateral flanking in respective positions. The tibial and femoral footprints are paw-shaped and oval respectively. Tibial footprints are approximately 2.5 times larger in area than the femoral footprints. The unique morphology of ACL vis a vis its spiralization, and its mechanical advantage of in terminal extension and conjunct rotation of knee (which are peculiarly human trait) are discussed. It is recommended to utilize the concept of spiralization and differing bundle length in ACL surgeries to achieve the favourable clinical outcome.