Willingness of health care providers to offer HIV self-testing from specialized HIV care services in the northeast of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The insufficient knowledge regarding the serological status of people affected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a concern in Brazil. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been proved to have great potential for increasing testing, especially among vulnerable populations. The large-scale distribution of HIVST by the Brazilian public health system has increased in recent years. We aimed to investigate the awareness of HIVST among health care providers (HCP) from specialized HIV/AIDS care services in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. Further we investigated HCP acceptability and willingness to offer its use. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on HCP from 29 specialized care services (SCS) located in 21 cities in the state of Bahia. HCP working in the service for at least 6 months were included. Sociodemographic, occupational, and behavioral data were collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out. Bivariate, and multivariate analyses estimating adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression were conducted. RESULTS: The awareness and acceptability of HIVST and the willingness to provide it were 79.8, 55.2, and 47.1%, respectively. Few HCP reported that the SCS where they worked dispensed HIVST (3.6%), and 13.5% received some information or training on HIVST. Factors associated with willingness to offer HIVST were: HIVST acceptability (aOR = 9.45; 95% CI: 4.53-19.71), willingness to use HIVST on themselves (aOR = 4.45; 95% CI: 1.62-12.24), confidence in offering HIVST to clients (aOR = 5.73; 95% CI: 2.26-12.72), and considering everyone eligible for HIVST (aOR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.25-6.59). CONCLUSIONS: Although most HCP were aware of HIVST, acceptability and willingness to provide it to the clients was moderate. The scale up of HIVST as a mean for the HIV prevention and control policy in Brazil, requires further training of HCP and better implementation of this program.

[Telehealth as state response strategy: systematic reviewLa telesalud como estrategia de respuesta del Estado: revisión sistemática]. / A telessaúde como estratégia de resposta do Estado: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To identify telehealth initiatives described in the literature as a strategy for national health policies. METHOD: A systematic review was performed to identify articles focusing on the use of telehealth as a state response strategy to health problems or needs. The Virtual Health Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using the following keywords: "telessaude politicas", "implantacao telessaude", "telehealth policy", "telehealth America", "telehealth Asia", "telehealth Antartida", "telehealth Europe", "telehealth Africa", "telehealth Oceania". Data collection was performed from March 2016 to February 2017. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles describing telehealth initiatives in various countries, published in Portuguese, Spanish, and English, were analyzed. Concentration of studies on specific areas or regions was not detected. Most articles were published from 2014 to 2017. Telehealth initiatives have been used mainly to decrease health costs, for continued education of health care professionals, consultations between health care professionals, to strengthen primary health care, and to improve the access to health care in remote areas. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth is used as state policy across the five continents, with variations in the degree of implementation. The main differences in telehealth among countries refer to infrastructure, financing, engagement of patients and caretakers, and position of the state regarding the role of telehealth.

OBJETIVO: Determinar las acciones de telesalud descritas en las publicaciones pertinentes como estrategia en materia de políticas nacionales de salud. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de revisión sistemática de la producción científica sobre la utilización de la telesalud como estrategia de respuesta del Estado a los problemas o a las necesidades de salud de la población, en el cual se emplearon las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), PubMed y Google Académico. Los términos utilizados en la búsqueda fueron "telesalud política", "implantación telesalud", "telehealth policy", "telehealth America", "telehealth Asia", "telehealth Antarctica", "telehealth Europe", "telehealth Africa" y "telehealth Oceania". Los datos se recopilaron entre marzo del 2016 y febrero del 2017. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 21 artículos en español, inglés y portugués sobre telesalud en distintos países. No hubo ninguna concentración importante de artículos por lugar ni región. El mayor número de publicaciones se registró entre el 2014 y el 2017. La estrategia de telesalud se ha puesto en práctica para reducir los costos de la atención de salud, fomentar la educación permanente de los profesionales de salud y facilitar las consultas entre ellos, fortalecer la atención primaria de salud y ampliar el acceso a los servicios de salud en las zonas remotas. CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia de telesalud se utiliza como política pública en África, América, Asia y Europa, pero existen variaciones con respecto a la fase de implantación. Las principales diferencias en materia de telesalud observadas en los distintos países correspondieron a infraestructura, financiamiento, compromiso de los enfermos y prestadores de cuidado, y postura del Estado frente al papel de la telesalud.

The social construction of the PrEP1519 study: conditions of possibility for advances in HIV/AIDS prevention.

This paper analyzed the genesis of the PrEP1519 study and feasibility conditions for its construction. A qualitative-approach study was conducted using the Bourdieusian sociology framework to reconstruct the dynamics of the social environment where PrEP1519 emerged during 2015-2018. A document analysis and ten in-depth interviews were carried out to analyze the trajectory of the project. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was introduced in Brazil as a public policy in 2017. The lack of scientific evidence available among the adolescent population led to the development of a demonstrative cohort study, associated with an intervention, aimed at combining the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections at three sites in Brazil. PrEP1519 sought to generate evidence for global use and to help the Brazilian Ministry of Health apply PrEP among adolescents. The articulation of bureaucratic, scientific, and activist stakeholders enabled this study. The feasibility conditions for developing PrEP1519 included a favorable relationship of national organizations with international organizations, the favorable approach that public administrators had at the time towards new technologies and prevention strategies, the researchers' previous experience in studies with the target population or with PrEP, articulation efforts with social movements, civil society organizations, and other public agencies, and the integration between scientific institutions, which allowed using international resources and developing a response to the problem. Completing this study at a moment when conservatism advances in Brazil demands that the scientific community and activists closely monitor and take stances on PrEP to ensure its availability for adolescents as a public policy.

Expansion of testing, isolation, quarantine, e-health and telemonitoring strategies in socioeconomically vulnerable neighbourhoods at primary healthcare in the fight against COVID-19 in Brazil: a study protocol of a multisite testing intervention using a mixed method approach.

INTRODUCTION: The key tools for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and reducing its transmission include testing, quarantine and isolation, as well as telemonitoring. Primary healthcare (PHC) can be essential in increasing access to these tools. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to implement and expand an intervention consisting of COVID-19 testing, isolation, quarantine and telemonitoring (TQT) strategies and other prevention measures at PHC services in highly socioeconomically vulnerable neighbourhoods of Brazil. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will implement and expand COVID-19 testing in PHC services in two large Brazilian capital cities: Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. Qualitative formative research was conducted to understand the testing context in the communities and at PCH services. The TQT strategy was structured in three subcomponents: (1) training and technical support for tailoring the work processes of health professional teams, (2) recruitment and demand creation strategies and (3) TQT. To evaluate this intervention, we will conduct an epidemiological study with two stages: (1) a cross-sectional sociobehavioural survey among individuals from these two communities covered by PHC services, presenting symptoms associated with COVID-19 or being a close contact of a patient with COVID-19, and (2) a cohort of those who tested positive, collecting clinical data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The WHO Ethics Research Committee (ERC) (#CERC.0128A and #CERC.0128B) and each city's local ERC approved the study protocol (Salvador, ISC/UFBA: #53844121.4.1001.5030; and Rio de Janeiro, INI/Fiocruz: #53844121.4.3001.5240, ENSP/Fiocruz: #53844121.4.3001.5240 and SMS/RJ #53844121.4.3002.5279). Findings will be published in scientific journals and presented at meetings. In addition, informative flyers and online campaigns will be developed to communicate study findings to participants, members of communities and key stakeholders.

Mental health of nursing professionals: Internet-based interventions.

This study aimed to analyze published evidence about how the Internet is used in mental health interventions for nurses. This integrative literature review searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Base de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF), and the Web of Science. Data was collected in July 2020. Six articles addressed the research question - "What Internet-based mental health interventions exist for nurses?" -, of which five were randomized clinical trials (2 protocols and 3 completed trials) and 1 was a cohort study. Identified intervention programs consisted of 4 interactive webpages and 2 smartphone apps, based on cognitive behavioral and holistic approaches. The intervention programs were effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression among nurses; however, there was a lack of scientific evidence on the subject and a research gap regarding other approaches.

Este estudo objetivou analisar as evidências científicas encontradas na literatura sobre como se configuram as intervenções na saúde mental dos enfermeiros baseadas na utilização da internet. Tratou-se de revisão integrativa da literatura, conduzida nas bases de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Base de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF) e Web of Science. A coleta de dados foi realizada em julho de 2020. Foram identificados seis artigos, por meio dos quais foi possível responder à pergunta de investigação: "Quais são as intervenções na saúde mental de enfermeiros baseadas na utilização da internet?". Identificaram-se cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados (dois protocolos e três ensaios realizados) e um estudo de coorte. Os programas identificados consistiram em quatro páginas interativas virtuais e dois aplicativos para smartphones, com abordagens cognitivo-comportamentais e holísticas. Os programas de intervenção foram eficazes na redução do estresse, ansiedade e depressão em enfermeiros; contudo, notou-se escassez de evidências científicas sobre a temática, além de uma lacuna atinente a outras vertentes de abordagem.

Oral Health Policy in Brazil: changes and ruptures during the period 2018-2021. / Política de Saúde Bucal no Brasil: transformações e rupturas entre 2018-2021.

This study analyzed the implementation of Brazil's National Oral Health Policy during the period 2018-2021, covering institutional actions, implementation of public dental services, results achieved, and federal funding. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using documentary analysis and secondary data obtained from institutional websites, government information systems, and reports published by dental organizations. The findings show a significant reduction in funding between 2020 and 2021 and declining performance against indicators since 2018, such as coverage of first dental appointments and group supervised tooth brushing, which stood at 1.8% and 0.02%, respectively, in 2021. Federal funding dropped in 2018 and 2019 (8.45%), followed by an increase in 2020 (59.53%) and decrease in 2021 (-5.18%). The study period was marked by economic and political crises aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This context influenced the functioning of health services in Brazil. There was a sharp reduction in performance against oral health indicators, while performance in primary health care and specialized care services remained stable.

Analisou-se a implementação da Política de Saúde Bucal no Brasil no período 2018-2021, através das ações institucionais, implantação dos serviços, resultados alcançados e financiamento federal. Estudo de monitoramento, a partir da análise documental e de dados secundários, obtidos em sites institucionais, sistemas de informações governamentais e notícias publicadas por entidades odontológicas. Todos os indicadores de resultados monitorados apresentaram expressiva redução dos valores entre 2020-2021, com agravamento desde 2018, como a cobertura da primeira consulta odontológica e ação coletiva de escovação dental supervisionada, que chegou a 1,8% e 0,02% em 2021, respectivamente. Observa-se uma queda do financiamento federal nos anos 2018-2019 (8,45%), com crescimento em 2020 (59,53%) e nova diminuição em 2021 (5,18%). O período analisado foi marcado por crise econômica e política, agravadas pela crise sanitária, decorrente da pandemia do COVID-19. Contexto que influenciou o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. No caso particular da saúde bucal, verificou-se progressiva e acentuada redução dos resultados, ainda que a implantação dos serviços de atenção básica e especializada tenha se mantido estável.

The response by South Korea to the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for policymakers. / A resposta da Coreia do Sul à pandemia de COVID-19: lições aprendidas e recomendações a gestores.

The studies published on the South Korean response to COVID-19 point to different reasons for the country's success. No reviews were identified on South Korea from January 2020 to April 2021 or that analyzed the pandemic's recrudescence. Aimed at better systematization of South Korea's success in controlling the epidemic, we conducted an integrative review to analyze that country´s experience with the COVID-19 pandemic, seeking to identify the relationship between the measures adopted, the health system's characteristics, and evolution of the selected indicators. Various databases were used, beside epidemiological bulletins and press conferences of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). We also analyzed reports by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The study's results allow identifying a set of lessons based on the South Korean experience with control and management of the disease. The response by South Korea was successful, due to action in the control of risks and harms, action on social determinants to mitigate the socioeconomic effects of the health crisis, prior experience with other respiratory disease epidemics, and effective national coordination.

Os estudos publicados sobre a resposta da Coreia do Sul à COVID-19 apontam para distintos motivos para seu êxito. Não foram identificadas revisões sobre a Coreia do Sul entre janeiro de 2020 e abril de 2021 ou que analisassem o recrudescimento da pandemia. Visando melhor sistematização sobre o seu sucesso no controle da epidemia, desenvolveu-se uma revisão integrativa para analisar a experiência daquele país no enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19, buscando identificar a relação entre as medidas adotadas, as características do sistema de saúde e a evolução de indicadores selecionados. Utilizaram-se distintas bases de dados, além dos boletins epidemiológicos e conferências de imprensa do Centro Sul-coreano de Prevenção e Controle de Doenças (KCDC). Adicionalmente, analisaram-se relatórios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), do Observatório Europeu de Políticas e Sistemas de Saúde. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem identificar um conjunto de lições com base na experiência sul-coreana visando o controle e manejo da doença. A resposta da Coreia do Sul foi bem-sucedida devido às ações no controle de riscos e danos, atuação sobre determinantes sociais para mitigar os efeitos socioeconômicos da crise sanitária, a experiência prévia em outras epidemias respiratórias e a coordenação nacional expressiva.

Los estudios publicados sobre la respuesta de Corea del Sur a la COVID-19 apuntan distintos motivos para su éxito. No se identificaron revisiones sobre Corea del Sur entre enero de 2020 y abril de 2021 o que analizaran el recrudecimiento de la pandemia. Con el fin de una mejor sistematización sobre el éxito en el control de la epidemia, se desarrolló una revisión integradora para analizar la experiencia de aquel país en el combate de la pandemia de COVID-19, buscando identificar la relación entre las medidas adoptadas, las características del sistema de salud y la evolución de indicadores seleccionados. Se utilizaron distintas bases de datos, además de los boletines epidemiológicos y conferencias de prensa del Centro Surcoreano para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (KCDC). Asimismo, se analizaron informes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y del Observatorio Europeo de Políticas y Sistemas Sanitarios. Los resultados del presente estudio permiten identificar un conjunto de lecciones, basadas en la experiencia surcoreana, con el fin del control y manejo de la enfermedad. La respuesta de Corea del Sur fue exitosa, debido a las acciones en el control de riesgos y daños, actuación sobre determinantes sociales para mitigar los efectos socioeconómicos de la crisis sanitaria, así como su experiencia previa en otras epidemias respiratorias y su significativa coordinación nacional.

Anxiety and dyslipidemia among primary health care professionals: A Cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies point out important evidence between anxiety and dyslipdemic disorders in health workers. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to estimate the association between anxiety and dyslipidemia in Primary Health Care (PHC) nursing professionals in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A confirmatory cross-sectional study involving 376 PHC nursing professionals. Data collection occurred through the application of a questionnaire containing sociodemographic, labor and lifestyle issues, and the Beck Inventory for anxiety; to evaluate the lipid profile, the HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglycerides markers were evaluated. Descriptive, bivariate analysis and Logistic Regression were performed. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of moderate/severe anxiety corresponded to 26.1% and dyslipidemia was 54.8%, with a statistically significant association between both of variables stratified by physical activity (PR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.87-3.85) and (PR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.53-2.28). CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive association between anxiety and dyslipidemia in Primary Health Care nursing professionals.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients at a Psychosocial Care Center: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with greater risk of morbimortality and it has high prevalence in people with mental illness. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and its associated factors in the patients of a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS in Brazilian Portuguese) in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. METHOD: Cross-sectional study set at CAPS in the city of Salvador-Bahia between August 2019 and February 2020. MS was evaluated according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III. In addition to descriptive statistics, gross and adjusted prevalence ratios were described. RESULTS: MS was found in 100 (35.2%) individuals, 116 (40.9%) were obese and 165 (58.1%) had increased waist circumference. Polypharmacy was identified in 63 (22.3%) patients and 243 (85.9%) used antipsychotics. Under gross evaluation, women (PR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.35-2.63) and those who used antidepressants (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.05-1.88) showed an association with MS. After logistic regression, depression (PR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.38-2.51), acanthosis (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.18-1.90), use of antipsychotics (PR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.13-2.75), and hypertriglyceridemic waist (PR = 3.33; 95%CI: 2.48-4.46) were associated with MS. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MS signals multimorbidity among individuals with mental disorders and suggests a need for clinical screening.

The Prevalence of Abdominal Adiposity among Primary Health Care Physicians in Bahia, Brazil: An Epidemiological Study.

BACKGROUND: Labor activities are demanding for workers and can induce occupational stress. Primary health care (PHC) workers have faced problems that can lead to the development of stress and abdominal obesity. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abdominal adiposity among primary health care physicians in the metropolitan mesoregion of Salvador, Bahia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with physicians from the family health units (FHUs) of the metropolitan mesoregion of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The number of FHUs corresponded to 41 teams (52 physicians). Anamnesis was performed and a questionnaire was applied. The clinical examination consisted of measuring waist circumference (WC), blood pressure levels (BP), and body mass index (BMI), as well as examining for acanthosis nigricans. Blood samples were collected for biochemical dosages. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: The sample included 41 physicians (response rate: 78.8%), of which 18 were women (44.0%). The percentage of overweight participants represented by BMI was 31.7%. The hypertriglyceridemia prevalence was 29.2%. HDL-c was low in 48.7% of the participants. The waist circumference measurement revealed a prevalence of abdominal adiposity of 38.8% (women) and 34.8% (men). CONCLUSIONS: Medical professionals in PHC are more susceptible to having higher abdominal adiposity, especially female physicians.

[History of fluoridation policies as a strategy by the Brazilian Legislative Branch to fight dental caries, 1963 to 2019]. / Decurso histórico das políticas de fluoretação como estratégia de enfrentamento à cárie dentária no Poder Legislativo brasileiro, de 1963 a 2019.

The aim of this study was to analyze legislative proceedings on fluoridation policies in Brazil from 1963 to 2019. The theoretical reference was Pierre Bourdieu. A document search was performed on legislative proceedings that address the theme of fluoridation in Brazil as a public health measure and the discussions in the National Congress. The sources for the article were the official websites of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate to consult the legislative acts related to fluoridation in Brazil. The study showed that from 1963 to 2001 and in 2017 there was a dispute between fluoridation methods for the water supply, mineral water, and table salt fluoridation. However, there was a crosscutting understanding of the importance and benefits of systemic fluoride use. From 2003 to 2013, the bills challenged the use of systemic fluoride, proposing its use only in topical applications. In the 1960s, 1970, and 2017, the legislative bills showed a closer approach to the scientific field and were submitted by opposition members of Congress. Unlike the issue of water fluoridation, of the 6 legislative bills in favor of salt fluoridation, only one was drafted by a health professional da health, and only two by legislators from the Southeast region. There were more bills by legislators from the Central and Northeast. Those with training in health exhibited positions in defense of some method of systemic fluoridation. The analysis allowed interpreting the historical process of developing the response to the caries problem and the different strategies employed in this process.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os processos legislativos sobre políticas de fluoretação no Brasil, de 1963 a 2019. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental sobre os processos legislativos que abordam o tema da fluoretação no Brasil como medida de saúde pública e as discussões que ocorreram no Congresso Nacional. As fontes de pesquisa para a construção do artigo foram os sítios eletrônicos oficiais da Câmara dos Deputados e do Senado Federal, para consultar os atos legislativos relacionados à fluoretação no Brasil. De 1963 a 2001 e em 2017, foi constatada uma disputa entre os métodos de fluoretação das águas de abastecimento, água mineral e fluoretação do sal. Entretanto, permeava a compreensão da importância e benefícios acerca da utilização do flúor sistêmico. De 2003 a 2013, os projetos contestavam a utilização do flúor sistêmico, propondo sua utilização apenas em meio tópico. Nos anos 1960, 1970 e em 2017, os atos legislativos apresentavam mais aproximação ao campo científico e foram propostos por parlamentares da oposição. Diferentemente do tema da fluoretação das águas, dos 6 atos legislativos favoráveis à fluoretação do sal, apenas um era proveniente de um profissional da saúde e apenas dois de legisladores do eixo Sudeste. Houve maior participação de projetos de legisladores do Centro-oeste e do Nordeste. Aqueles com formação na saúde apresentaram tomadas de posição em defesa de algum método de fluoretação sistêmica. Esta análise possibilita interpretar o processo histórico de construção em resposta ao problema constituído e suas distintas estratégias de enfrentamento.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los procesos legislativos sobre políticas de fluoración en Brasil, de 1963 a 2019. Se utilizó el marco referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu. Se realizó una investigación documental sobre los procesos legislativos que abordan el tema de la fluoración en Brasil, como medida de salud pública, y las discusiones que se produjeron en el Congreso Nacional. Las fuentes de investigación para la construcción del artículo fueron los sitios electrónicos oficiales de la Cámara de los Diputados y del Senado Federal para consultar las acciones legislativas relacionadas con la fluoración en Brasil. De 1963 a 2001 y en 2017 se constató una disputa entre los métodos de fluoración de las aguas de abastecimiento, agua mineral y fluoración de la sal. Mientras tanto, permeaba la comprensión de la importancia y beneficios a cerca de la utilización del flúor sistémico. De 2003 a 2013, los proyectos contestaban la utilización del flúor sistémico, proponiendo su utilización solamente como medio tópico. En los años 1960, 1970 y en 2017 las acciones legislativas presentaban más aproximación al campo científico y fueron propuestos por parlamentarios de la oposición. A diferencia del tema de la fluoración de las aguas, de las 6 acciones legislativas favorables a la fluoración de la sal, solamente una provenía de un profesional de la salud, y solamente dos de legisladores del eje sudeste. Hubo una mayor participación en proyectos de legisladores del Centro-oeste y del Nordeste. Aquellos con formación en salud presentaron toma de posición en defensa de algún método de fluoración sistémica. Este análisis posibilita interpretar el proceso histórico de construcción, en respuesta al problema planteado, y sus distintas estrategias de combate al mismo.

The international response of primary health care to COVID-19: document analysis in selected countries.

This study examines the primary health care (PHC) organization in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. This is a descriptive study based on the document analysis of the countries' responses to the coronavirus pandemic with emphasis on PHC. In various countries, there have been different organizations and impacts of strategies since they have conducted actions according to the local characteristics of disease transmission, demography, public health services organization, and health system's capacity and financing, especially in the PHC area. A significant change during the pandemic has been the increase in telephone and video consultations incorporating health information technology. An efficient PHC, guided by essential actions, achieves more suitable results. Also, each country's cumulative capacity or experience makes the difference facing the emerging demands on different health systems.

Economic crisis, austerity and its effects on the financing of oral health and access to public and private services. / Crise econômica, austeridade e seus efeitos sobre o financiamento e acesso a serviços públicos e privados de saúde bucal.

The present study analyzed the effects of austerity and economic crisis on the financing of oral health, provision and use of public services and access to exclusively dental plans in Brazil, from 2003 to 2018. A retrospective, descriptive study was carried out, with a quantitative approach. Data were collected from the National Health Funding database, the National Supplementary Health Agency, the Strategic Management Support Room, and from the e-manager system. The federal fund-to-fund transfer was increasing from 2003 to 2010 and remained stable from 2011 to 2018. The supply decreased at the end of the period, with reduced coverage of the first programmatic dental appointment, average supervised tooth brushing and number of endodontic treatments. Against the background of the public financial crisis, exclusively dental plan companies expanded the market from 2.6 million users in 2000 to 24.3 million in 2018, with a profit of more than R$ 240 million. Fiscal austerity has a strong influence on the use of public dental services in Brazil, which can benefit the private market and widen inequalities.

O presente estudo analisou os efeitos da austeridade e crise econômica sobre o financiamento da saúde bucal, oferta e utilização de serviços públicos e acesso a planos exclusivamente odontológicos no Brasil, no período de 2003 a 2018. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram coletados dados da base do Fundo Nacional de Saúde, da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, da Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica, do Sistema e-gestor. Observou-se que o repasse federal fundo a fundo apresentou tendência crescente de 2003 a 2010 e estável de 2011 a 2018. A oferta decresceu ao final do período com redução da cobertura da primeira consulta odontológica programática, média da escovação dental supervisionada e número de tratamentos endodônticos. Na contramão da crise financeira pública, as empresas de planos exclusivamente odontológicos expandiram o mercado de 2,6 milhões de usuários em 2000 para 24,3 milhões em 2018, com lucro de mais de R$240 milhões. A austeridade fiscal tem forte influência sobre a utilização de serviços públicos odontológicos no Brasil, que pode beneficiar o mercado privado e ampliar as desigualdades.

The social construction of the PrEP1519 study: conditions of possibility for advances in HIV/AIDS prevention / A construção social do estudo PrEP1519: possíveis condições para os avanços na prevenção do HIV/aids / La construcción social del estudio PrEP1519: posibles condiciones para avances en la prevención del VIH/sida

This paper analyzed the genesis of the PrEP1519 study and feasibility conditions for its construction. A qualitative-approach study was conducted using the Bourdieusian sociology framework to reconstruct the dynamics of the social environment where PrEP1519 emerged during 2015-2018. A document analysis and ten in-depth interviews were carried out to analyze the trajectory of the project. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was introduced in Brazil as a public policy in 2017. The lack of scientific evidence available among the adolescent population led to the development of a demonstrative cohort study, associated with an intervention, aimed at combining the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections at three sites in Brazil. PrEP1519 sought to generate evidence for global use and to help the Brazilian Ministry of Health apply PrEP among adolescents. The articulation of bureaucratic, scientific, and activist stakeholders enabled this study. The feasibility conditions for developing PrEP1519 included a favorable relationship of national organizations with international organizations, the favorable approach that public administrators had at the time towards new technologies and prevention strategies, the researchers' previous experience in studies with the target population or with PrEP, articulation efforts with social movements, civil society organizations, and other public agencies, and the integration between scientific institutions, which allowed using international resources and developing a response to the problem. Completing this study at a moment when conservatism advances in Brazil demands that the scientific community and activists closely monitor and take stances on PrEP to ensure its availability for adolescents as a public policy.

Este trabalho analisou a gênese do estudo PrEP1519 e as condições de possibilidade para sua construção. Um estudo qualitativo foi realizado, utilizando a estrutura sociológica de Bourdieu para reconstruir a dinâmica do ambiente social onde surgiu o estudo PrEP1519, de 2015 a 2018. Foram realizadas uma análise documental e 10 entrevistas aprofundadas, com análise de suas trajetórias. A pofilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) foi introduzida no Brasil como política pública em 2017. A escassez de evidências científicas disponíveis entre a população adolescente levou ao desenvolvimento de um estudo de coorte demonstrativo, associado a uma intervenção, visando combinar a prevenção e o tratamento de infeccções sexualmente transmissíveis em três localidades no Brasil. O objetivo era gerar evidências para uso global, e apoiar o Ministério da Saúde com a incorporação da PrEP entre adolescentes. Este trabalho resultou da articulação de atores burocráticos, científicos e ativistas. As possibilidades de desenvolvimento deste estudo permearam uma relação favorável com organizações internacionais, a abordagem favorável dos administradores públicos da época para com as novas tecnologias e estratégias de prevenção, a experiência anterior dos pesquisadores em estudos com a população-alvo ou com a PrEP, os esforços de articulação com movimentos sociais, organizações da sociedade civil e outros órgãos públicos, e a integração entre instituições científicas que possibilitaram recursos internacionais e uma resposta ao problema. A conclusão deste estudo em cenário no qual o conservadorismo avança no país, exige que os campos científico e ativista acompanhem de perto e tomem posições, para garantir a disponibilidade da PrEP para adolescentes como política pública.

Este trabajo analizó la génesis del estudio PrEP1519 y las posibles condiciones para su desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a partir del marco sociológico de Bourdieu para reconstruir la dinámica del entorno social donde surgió el estudio PrEP1519, de 2015 a 2018. Se llevó a cabo un análisis documental y 10 entrevistas en profundidad, con análisis de sus trayectorias. La profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) se introdujo en Brasil como política pública en 2017. La escasez de evidencia científica disponible entre la población adolescente llevó al desarrollo de un estudio de cohorte demostrativo, asociado a una intervención, con el objetivo de combinar la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en tres localidades de Brasil. El objetivo fue generar evidencia de uso global y apoyar al Ministerio de Salud con la incorporación de la PrEP entre los adolescentes. Este trabajo resultó de la articulación de actores burocráticos, científicos y activistas. Las posibilidades para desarrollar este estudio permearon una relación favorable con organismos internacionales, el enfoque favorable de los administradores públicos hacia las nuevas tecnologías y estrategias de prevención, la experiencia previa de los investigadores en estudios con la población objetivo o con PrEP, los esfuerzos de articulación con movimientos sociales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y otros organismos públicos, y la integración entre instituciones científicas que posibilitaron recursos internacionales y una respuesta al problema. La conclusión de este estudio en un escenario en el que avanza el conservadurismo en el país requiere que los campos científicos y activistas vigilen y tomen posiciones para asegurar la disponibilidad de la PrEP para adolescentes como política pública.

The social construction of the PrEP1519 study: conditions of possibility for advances in HIV/AIDS prevention / A construção social do estudo PrEP1519: possíveis condições para os avanços na prevenção do HIV/aids / La construcción social del estudio PrEP1519: posibles condiciones para avances en la prevención del VIH/sida

This paper analyzed the genesis of the PrEP1519 study and feasibility conditions for its construction. A qualitative-approach study was conducted using the Bourdieusian sociology framework to reconstruct the dynamics of the social environment where PrEP1519 emerged during 2015-2018. A document analysis and ten in-depth interviews were carried out to analyze the trajectory of the project. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was introduced in Brazil as a public policy in 2017. The lack of scientific evidence available among the adolescent population led to the development of a demonstrative cohort study, associated with an intervention, aimed at combining the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections at three sites in Brazil. PrEP1519 sought to generate evidence for global use and to help the Brazilian Ministry of Health apply PrEP among adolescents. The articulation of bureaucratic, scientific, and activist stakeholders enabled this study. The feasibility conditions for developing PrEP1519 included a favorable relationship of national organizations with international organizations, the favorable approach that public administrators had at the time towards new technologies and prevention strategies, the researchers' previous experience in studies with the target population or with PrEP, articulation efforts with social movements, civil society organizations, and other public agencies, and the integration between scientific institutions, which allowed using international resources and developing a response to the problem. Completing this study at a moment when conservatism advances in Brazil demands that the scientific community and activists closely monitor and take stances on PrEP to ensure its availability for adolescents as a public policy.

Este trabalho analisou a gênese do estudo PrEP1519 e as condições de possibilidade para sua construção. Um estudo qualitativo foi realizado, utilizando a estrutura sociológica de Bourdieu para reconstruir a dinâmica do ambiente social onde surgiu o estudo PrEP1519, de 2015 a 2018. Foram realizadas uma análise documental e 10 entrevistas aprofundadas, com análise de suas trajetórias. A pofilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) foi introduzida no Brasil como política pública em 2017. A escassez de evidências científicas disponíveis entre a população adolescente levou ao desenvolvimento de um estudo de coorte demonstrativo, associado a uma intervenção, visando combinar a prevenção e o tratamento de infeccções sexualmente transmissíveis em três localidades no Brasil. O objetivo era gerar evidências para uso global, e apoiar o Ministério da Saúde com a incorporação da PrEP entre adolescentes. Este trabalho resultou da articulação de atores burocráticos, científicos e ativistas. As possibilidades de desenvolvimento deste estudo permearam uma relação favorável com organizações internacionais, a abordagem favorável dos administradores públicos da época para com as novas tecnologias e estratégias de prevenção, a experiência anterior dos pesquisadores em estudos com a população-alvo ou com a PrEP, os esforços de articulação com movimentos sociais, organizações da sociedade civil e outros órgãos públicos, e a integração entre instituições científicas que possibilitaram recursos internacionais e uma resposta ao problema. A conclusão deste estudo em cenário no qual o conservadorismo avança no país, exige que os campos científico e ativista acompanhem de perto e tomem posições, para garantir a disponibilidade da PrEP para adolescentes como política pública.

Este trabajo analizó la génesis del estudio PrEP1519 y las posibles condiciones para su desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a partir del marco sociológico de Bourdieu para reconstruir la dinámica del entorno social donde surgió el estudio PrEP1519, de 2015 a 2018. Se llevó a cabo un análisis documental y 10 entrevistas en profundidad, con análisis de sus trayectorias. La profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) se introdujo en Brasil como política pública en 2017. La escasez de evidencia científica disponible entre la población adolescente llevó al desarrollo de un estudio de cohorte demostrativo, asociado a una intervención, con el objetivo de combinar la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en tres localidades de Brasil. El objetivo fue generar evidencia de uso global y apoyar al Ministerio de Salud con la incorporación de la PrEP entre los adolescentes. Este trabajo resultó de la articulación de actores burocráticos, científicos y activistas. Las posibilidades para desarrollar este estudio permearon una relación favorable con organismos internacionales, el enfoque favorable de los administradores públicos hacia las nuevas tecnologías y estrategias de prevención, la experiencia previa de los investigadores en estudios con la población objetivo o con PrEP, los esfuerzos de articulación con movimientos sociales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y otros organismos públicos, y la integración entre instituciones científicas que posibilitaron recursos internacionales y una respuesta al problema. La conclusión de este estudio en un escenario en el que avanza el conservadurismo en el país requiere que los campos científicos y activistas vigilen y tomen posiciones para asegurar la disponibilidad de la PrEP para adolescentes como política pública.

Política de Saúde Bucal no Brasil: transformações e rupturas entre 2018-2021 / Oral Health Policy in Brazil: changes and ruptures during the period 2018-2021

Resumo Analisou-se a implementação da Política de Saúde Bucal no Brasil no período 2018-2021, através das ações institucionais, implantação dos serviços, resultados alcançados e financiamento federal. Estudo de monitoramento, a partir da análise documental e de dados secundários, obtidos em sites institucionais, sistemas de informações governamentais e notícias publicadas por entidades odontológicas. Todos os indicadores de resultados monitorados apresentaram expressiva redução dos valores entre 2020-2021, com agravamento desde 2018, como a cobertura da primeira consulta odontológica e ação coletiva de escovação dental supervisionada, que chegou a 1,8% e 0,02% em 2021, respectivamente. Observa-se uma queda do financiamento federal nos anos 2018-2019 (8,45%), com crescimento em 2020 (59,53%) e nova diminuição em 2021 (5,18%). O período analisado foi marcado por crise econômica e política, agravadas pela crise sanitária, decorrente da pandemia do COVID-19. Contexto que influenciou o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. No caso particular da saúde bucal, verificou-se progressiva e acentuada redução dos resultados, ainda que a implantação dos serviços de atenção básica e especializada tenha se mantido estável.

Abstract This study analyzed the implementation of Brazil's National Oral Health Policy during the period 2018-2021, covering institutional actions, implementation of public dental services, results achieved, and federal funding. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using documentary analysis and secondary data obtained from institutional websites, government information systems, and reports published by dental organizations. The findings show a significant reduction in funding between 2020 and 2021 and declining performance against indicators since 2018, such as coverage of first dental appointments and group supervised tooth brushing, which stood at 1.8% and 0.02%, respectively, in 2021. Federal funding dropped in 2018 and 2019 (8.45%), followed by an increase in 2020 (59.53%) and decrease in 2021 (-5.18%). The study period was marked by economic and political crises aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This context influenced the functioning of health services in Brazil. There was a sharp reduction in performance against oral health indicators, while performance in primary health care and specialized care services remained stable.

Uma análise do processo de trabalho dos profissionais da saúde e educação no PSE / An analysis of the work process of health and education professionals in the PSE

RESUMO Estudos trazem contribuições sobre o Programa Saúde na Escola, mas poucos investigam o processo de trabalho dos profissionais, a fim de compreender se existe a conformação de projetos intersetoriais e integrados ou tecnologias como mediadoras nas práticas de trabalho. O presente estudo buscou analisar as práticas dos profissionais em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, em Salvador-BA. Este estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, envolveu uma Unidade de Saúde e quatro escolas. Os procedimentos para coleta de dados compreenderam entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise documental e observação participante. A construção das categorias de análise ocorreu a partir do referencial teórico do processo de trabalho em saúde de Mendes Gonçalves. Os resultados demonstraram: fragilidades nas relações de parceria entre os agentes; percepção do objeto de trabalho pelos profissionais, predominantemente, como identificação de doenças e saber clínico preponderante em relação ao saber da saúde coletiva. As ações de saúde aproximaram os agentes, mas apresentaram práticas hegemônicas, desarticuladas, setoriais, focadas na doença e executadas, principalmente, por meio de palestras. Não existem projetos integrados e intersetoriais ou tecnologia educacional como recurso auxiliar nas práticas de trabalho. Os produtos, resultantes da participação de todos, trarão contribuições para melhor articulação entre os profissionais que atuam nesses espaços.

ABSTRACT Studies contribute to the School Health Program. However, only some investigate the work process of professionals to understand the possible conformation of intersectoral and integrated projects, or technologies as mediators in work practices. The present study sought to analyze the practices of professionals in a Family Health Unit/Primary Health Care unit in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. This qualitative case study involved a Primary Health Care unit and four schools. The data collection procedures comprised semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and participant observation. The analysis categories were built from the theoretical framework of the health work process by Mendes Gonçalves. The results showed: weak partnership relationships between agents; professionals' perception of the object of work, predominantly identifying diseases and preponderant clinical knowledge vis-à-vis the knowledge of collective health. Health actions gathered the agents, but they presented hegemonic, disjointed, sectoral practices, focused on the disease, and conducted mainly through lectures. No integrated and intersectoral projects or educational technology as an additional resource in the work practices were observed. The products deriving from the participation of all will improve articulation between the professionals working in these spaces.

The legislative and the regulation of dental assistants professions in Brazil / O poder legislativo e a regulamentação das profissões auxiliares em saúde bucal

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the conditions of possibilities and contributions of the legislative power to the regulation of oral health assistants (in Portuguese "Auxiliar de Saúde Bucal" - ASB) and oral health technicians (in Portuguese "Técnico de Saúde Bucal" - TSB) in Brazil. Methods: This socio-historical study used Bourdieu´s theoretical framework. Twelve legislative processes were included. Information about their objects, similarities and differences, main stakeholders, their social and professional trajectories and their relationship with oral health were sought. An interview with two key informants was conducted. The multiple correspondence analysis investigated the association between the variables and their intensity of contribution. Results: This issue remained in dispute between 1977-2008 and was regulated by Law 11.889/2008, after the incorporation of Oral Health Teams in the Family Health Strategy. The restrictive practice was related to parliamentarians from the southeast region, linked to the pole of the private market, without training in the health area. The defense of clinical practice under dentist´ supervision was related to health and human sciences agents. Conclusion: The ASB profession has always been a consensus in regulation. The issue in dispute was the activities of Oral Health Technicians. It prevailed in the Law text a more progressive and broader view.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as condições de possibilidade e contribuições do poder legislativo para regulamentação das profissões de auxiliar em saúde bucal (ASB) e técnico em saúde bucal (TSB) no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo sócio-histórico que utilizou o referencial teórico bourdieusiano. Foram incluídos 12 processos legislativos sobre o tema. Buscou-se informações sobre seus objetos, similaridades e diferenças, principais envolvidos, suas trajetórias social e profissional e relação com a saúde bucal. Realizou-se entrevista com dois informantes-chave. A análise de correspondência múltipla investigou a associação entre variáveis e intensidade de contribuição. Resultados: Essa questão permaneceu em disputa entre 1977-2008, sendo regulamentada pela Lei 11.889/2008, após a incorporação da Saúde Bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família. A prática restritiva esteve relacionada a parlamentares do Sudeste, vinculados ao pólo privado, sem formação na área de saúde. A defesa da atuação clínica sob supervisão do dentista relacionou-se a agentes das áreas de saúde e ciências humanas. Conclusão: A regulamentação da profissão de ASB sempre foi um consenso, sendo a questão em disputa as atividades pertinentes ao TSB, prevalecendo no texto da Lei a visão mais progressista e de atuação mais ampliada.

Oral health policy in Brazil between 2003 and 2014: scenarios, proposals, actions, and outcomes. / Política de Saúde Bucal no Brasil 2003-2014: cenário, propostas, ações e resultados.

This study examined the implementation of Brazil's National Oral Health Policy by the three governments during the period 2003 to 2014. It provides a general overview of oral health care scenarios and examines institutional proposals and actions developed by the executive branch based on the components of the health care system. A documental analysis was conducted using documents produced by key government agencies. The findings show that there was an increase in the provision and coverage of public dental services between 2003 and 2006 and that rates were maintained to a certain degree in subsequent periods (2007 to 2010 and 2011 to 2014). There was an expansion in government funding, human resources and infrastructure. The amount of funds transferred to state and local governments increased from 83.4 million in 2003 to 916 million in 2014, equivalent to a 10.9 fold increase. However, the use of public dental services remained stable, with only a slight increase from 29.7% in 2003 to 30.7% in 2008, while private service utilization increased from 64.4% in 2003 to 74.3% in 2013. The care model component was given lowest priority by the three governments. This shortcoming influences policy effectiveness and requires the adoption of future measures by healthcare managers and officials to correct the situation.

The Group Oral Health Movement in Brazil. / O movimento da Saúde Bucal Coletiva no Brasil.

Group Oral Health (GOH) is a specific phenomenon in time, separate from other "Alternative Odontology", and a theoretical reference for dental practice in healthcare services. This study is an attempt to understand how long "Alternative Odontology" will remain with the social context of struggling for oral health in Brazil, based on the positions of the founding agents and their precursors, bearing in mind the concepts of GOH, GH (Group Health) and the SUS (Unified Healthcare System). We started out with Pierre Bourdieu's Practice Theory, complemented with Gramsci's concept of hegemony and counter-hegemony. We completed 12 in-depth interviews, reviewed the literature and analyzed the scientific output. We also looked at the trajectories of the agents and their capital between 1980 and 2013. The results show that the concept of GOC and GH as a breach with health practices, which gave rise to "Alternative Odontology", prevailed among those with the political will to defend democracy and Healthcare Reforms. Although GOC is a critical proposal, the older "Odontology" remains in scientific journals, and in the practice of oral care.