Fungal diversity notes 1387-1511: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa.

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercoflocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efibula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufia longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa flavovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidis-vitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufia chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Fireworks under the microscope: a spectacular new species of Zodiomyces from the Thaxter collection.

A new species of Zodiomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is described, Z. rhizophorus, parasitic on a hydrophilid beetle (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) from Trinidad. This species was discovered during the examination of the slides of Laboulbeniales made by Roland Thaxter. It is characterized by numerous long, slender, multicellular and multiseriate outgrowths at the base of the receptacle. Thaxter's outstanding illustrations have set a standard in the field of mycology; we provide a review of the methods he employed in the preparation of these illustrations.

Three new species of Laboulbenia from Roland Thaxter's backlog of slides and a brief review of Laboulbeniales associated with Chrysomelidae.

Three new species of Laboulbenia parasitic on Chrysomelidae are described from material mounted by Roland Thaxter (1858-1932). These are L. bilobata on Lema spp. from Brazil and Trinidad; L. longipilis from Cameroon; and L. pfisteri on Ivongius sp. from Madagascar. The following species of Laboulbenia on Chrysomelidae are illustrated for the first time: L. macarthurii, L. minuscula, L. nodostomatis, L. obesa, and L. philippina, all of which were described by Thaxter in 1914. A list of all 69 described Laboulbeniales associated with Chrysomelidae is presented in tabulated form.

Orphella intropus (Kickxellomycotina), a new insect endosymbiont with an unusual perforating holdfast system and other trichomycetes from Italy.

New data about trichomycetes (arthropod gut endosymbionts) from northern Italy (Piedmont [Piemonte] region) are reported, including the description of two new species of Harpellales: Glotzia distorta from mayfly nymphs and Orphella intropus from stonefly nymphs. The latter species is characterized by a cellular bulbous holdfast that perforates the gut lining of its host. Sixteen additional geographical records for Italy are provided, including from the Harpellales, Harpellomyces eccentricus, Graminella bulbosa, Orphella catalaunica, Pennella grassei, Smittium perforatum, Sm. elongatum, Stachylina nana, St. jujuyensis, St penetralis and Tectimyces leptophlebiidarum, and from the Amoebidiales, Paramoebidium chattoni, P. corpulentum, P. curvum, P. ecdyonuridae, P. hamatum and P. inflexum. We provide an emendation of Pennella grassei, a rare, incompletely described and poorly illustrated species that was recovered from Italy nearly 50 y after its last citation from France.

New species and new records of trichomycetes from Italy.

We present the results obtained from a short survey in central Italy to broaden the poorly known diversity of trichomycetous gut symbionts, members of the Kickxellomycotina, in this country. Among the reported fungi, two new species of Harpellales are described: Harpellomyces aprutinus and Orphella italica, as well as 14 other species that are new for Italy. Among these, the remarkable and rare species Gauthieromyces microsporus is included, previously known only from the type locality in France. One species of Asellariales, Asellaria gramenei, also is reported. Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of these records are discussed.

Rodaucea, a new genus of the Laboulbeniales.

The new genus Rodaucea is created for a new species of Laboulbeniales parasitic on carrion beetles from Ecuador. The new genus is characterized by the presence of two unequal secondary receptacles flanking cell II on opposite sides. The perithecia have the wall cells arranged in four tiers distinctly unequal in height and the antheridia are phialid-like structures borne terminally on branches of primary and secondary appendages.

New species of Laboulbenia from Ecuador, with evidence for host switch in the Laboulbeniales.

Ten new species of Laboulbenia from Ecuador are described. These are L. barraganii, parasitic on Platamops sp. (Salpingidae); L. biformis, parasitic on Diploharpus rossii Moret (Carabidae); L. davidsonii, parasitic on Odontocheila spp. (Carabidae); L. gregaria, parasitic on Philonthus sp. (Staphylinidae); L. micrandra, parasitic on Lobrathium sp. (Staphylinidae); L. mycotreti, parasitic on Mycotretus spp. (Erotylidae); L. opima, parasitic on Chrysodinopsis sp. (Chrysomelidae); L. otongaensis, parasitic on Diploharpus iridescens Moret (Carabidae); L. tapiae, parasitic on Priocera sp. (Cleridae); and L. trogacti, parasitic on Trogactus sp. (Staphylinidae). Laboulbenia barraganii is the first of the Laboulbeniales to be reported on beetles of the family Salpingidae. L. biformis displays a moderate dimorphism associated with the position on the host insect. L. davidsonii, which is very different from the other species of Laboulbenia reported so far on the Cicindelinae but similar to a group of species parasitic on Galerita spp., provides evidence for the occurrence of host switch in Laboulbeniales.

New species of Stigmatomyces from Asia.

Four new species of Stigmatomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes, Stigmatomycetinae) parasitic on flies (Diptera) are described. These are S. aphaniosomae, parasitic on an undescribed species of Aphaniosoma (Chyromyidae) from Jordan; S. deemingii, parasitic on Milichia pubescens (Milichiidae) from Yemen; S. macanus, parasitic on Phortica spp. (Drosophilidae) from Taiwan; and S. mosilli, parasitic on Mosillus subsultans (Ephydridae) from Pakistan. Chyromyidae is a new host family for Laboulbeniales, and S. aphaniosomae is the first of the Laboulbeniales to be reported from Jordan.

The paradoxical rarity of a fruit fly fungus attacking a broad range of hosts.

Understanding the factors that determine the realized and potential distribution of a species requires knowledge of abiotic, physiological, limitations as well as ecological interactions. Fungi of the order Laboulbeniales specialize on arthropods and are typically thought to be highly specialized on a single species or closely related group of species. Because infections are almost exclusively transmitted through direct contact between the hosts, the host ecology, to a large extent, determines the distribution and occurrence of the fungus. We examined ~20,000 fruit flies (Diptera: Dacinae) collected in Malaysia, Sulawesi, Australia, and the Solomon Islands between 2017 and 2019 for fungal infections and found 197 infected flies across eight different Bactrocera species. Morphology and 1,363 bps of small subunit (18S) DNA sequences both support that the infections are from a single polyphagous fungal species Stigmatomyces dacinus-a known ectoparasite of these fruit flies. This leads to the question: why is S. dacinus rare, when its hosts are widespread and abundant? In addition, the hosts are all Bactrocera, a genus with ~480 species, but 37 Bactrocera species found sympatric with the hosts were never infected. Host-selection does not appear to be phylogenetically correlated. These results suggest a hidden complexity in how different, but closely related, host species vary in their susceptibility, which somehow limits the abundance and dispersal capability of the fungus.

New species of Laboulbenia (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) on Gerridae (Hemiptera, Insecta), a new host family.

Four new species of Laboulbenia (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) occurring on Gerridae (Hemiptera, Insecta), a new host family, are described from six Central and South American countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. The new species are Laboulbenia brachymetrae, L. cylindrostethi, L. neogerris, and L. tachygerris.

New species of Rhachomyces from Ecuador, one of which is dimorphic.

Six new species of Rhachomyces from Ecuador are described and illustrated. These are R. dimorphus, parasitic on Diploharpus rossii (Carabidae, Perigoninae); R. elsae, parasitic on Adelopsis carolinae (Cholevidae, Ptomaphaginae); R. falcatus, parasitic on Palaminus sp. (Staphylinidae, Paederinae); R. moreti, parasitic on Trechisibus calathiformis (Carabidae, Trechinae); R. otongaensis, parasitic on Perigona sp. (Carabidae, Perigoninae); and R. venustus, parasitic on Megalopinus robustus (Staphylinidae, Megalopsidiinae). Rhachomyces dimorphus is peculiar, displaying two different growth forms, one of which is found on the left foreleg of male host insects, the other on the inferior, posterior margin of the prothorax of females. Each of the other new species also displays one or more unusual features.

New Laboulbeniales parasitic on endogean ground beetles.

Three new species of Laboulbenia occurring on endogean Carabidae are described. These are L. lucifuga, parasitic on Winklerites spp. from Greece, L. magrinii, parasitic on Typloreicheia spp. from Italy, Reicheia spp. from Italy and Corsica and L. vailatii, parasitic on Coecoparvus spp. from Greece. New characters of L. coiffatii and L. endogea are pointed out, and the genus Scalenomyces is synonymized with Laboulbenia.

Incidence of the anterior meniscofemoral ligament: an arthroscopic study in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to arthroscopically determine the incidence of the anterior meniscofemoral ligament of Humphry in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees. METHODS: One hundred forty knees were prospectively evaluated during arthroscopic ACL reconstruction procedures. The mean patient age was 30 years (range, 16 to 45 years), and there were 93 male and 47 female patients. In 69 patients, the right knee was evaluated, and in 71, the left. Inclusion criteria were skeletally mature patients aged under 45 years with isolated ACL injuries. Exclusion criteria were degenerative articular changes, external meniscus injuries, insufficiencies of ligaments other than the ACL, and previous knee surgery. RESULTS: The anterior meniscofemoral ligament of Humphry was present in all of the knees evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: It has been proposed that traumatic and degenerative changes may explain the variation of the reported incidence of the meniscofemoral ligament. In our study in young patients with no degenerative changes, no meniscal injuries or surgery, and no ligament disruption except from the ACL, the anterior meniscofemoral ligament presented as a constant structure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Given the high incidence of the appearance of the anterior meniscofemoral ligament, this structure should be preserved during meniscus and ligament surgeries at least until its function and clinical relevance are determined.

New species of Corethromyces from South America.

Three new species of Corethromyces (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales, Stigmatomycetinae) parasitic on South American Staphylinidae (Insecta Coleoptera) are described. These are C. aequatorialis, parasitic on Gnathymenus sp. from Ecuador, C. otongaensis, parasitic on Biocrypta sp. from Ecuador, and C. thayerae, parasitic on Medon obscuriventer from Chile.

New species of Stigmatomyces from various continents.

Four new species of Stigmatomyces (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales, Stigmatomycetinae) parasitic on flies (Diptera) are described. These are S. benjaminii, parasitic on Spilochroa polita (Trixoscelididae) from Mexico, S. munarii, parasitic on Trixoscelis namibensis (Trixoscelididae) from Namibia, S. neurochaetae parasitic on Neurochaeta parviceps (Neurochaetidae) from Malaysia, and S. zaleae, parasitic on Zalea spp. (Tethinidae) from Australia. Both Trixoscelididae and Neurochaetidae are new host families for Laboulbeniales.

Laboulbeniales parasitic on American small carrion beetles: new species of Corethromyces, Diphymyces, and Rodaucea.

Ten new species of Laboulbeniales parasitic on small carrion beetles (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from the American continent are described: Corethromyces bernardii on Dissochaetus spp. from Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and the USA; Diphymyces anthracinus on Ptomaphagus brevior from the USA; D. blackwelliae on Ptomaphagus giaquintoi from Guatemala; D. costaricensis on Adelopsis sp. from Costa Rica; D. dichromus on Adelopsis marinae from Argentina; D. newtonii on Ptomaphagus fumosus from the USA; D. obesus on Ptomaphagus brevior from the USA; Diphymyces perreaui on Ptomaphagus nevadicus from the USA; D. polycarpus on Paulipalpina pillahuata from Peru; and Rodaucea hermanii on Adelopsis sp. from Costa Rica. The hosts for all 10 species have been retrieved from museum collections (1 was collected in the field as well). The following new combination is proposed: Rodaucea bruchii, bringing the number of species in the recently established genus Rodaucea to three.

Stigmatomyces from New Zealand and New Caledonia: new records, new species and two new host families.

Seven new records and three new species of Stigmatomyces (S. australis, S. baeopteri and S. clasiopellae), a genus of Laboulbeniales associated only with Diptera, are described from New Zealand and New Caledonia. Two new host families for Laboulbeniales are recorded, and a dichotomous key to Stigmatomyces species in New Zealand and New Caledonia is presented.

Molecular analysis reveals two new dimorphic species of Hesperomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes) parasitic on the ladybird Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae).

Four morphotypes of Hesperomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes) were found on the ladybird Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from Costa Rica and Ecuador. Partial SSU and ITS rDNA sequence analysis revealed that these belong to two phylogenetic species, each with a pair of morphotypes displaying position specificity. Confirmation of dimorphism in Laboulbeniales highlights the need for a thorough systematic revision of species concepts within the order. The theory of 'position specificity' also needs to be revisited.

Tratamiento artroscopico de la condromatosis sinovial en tobillo. reporte de caso y revision de la literatura / Arthroscopic treatment for synovial chondromatosis of the ankle. case report and literature review

La condromatosis sinovial es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida, poco frecuente, benigna, caracterizada por la formación de nódulos cartilaginosos metaplásicos dentro de la sinovial, bursa o vaina de tendones. Estos nódulos pueden desprenderse y convertirse en cuerpos libres dentro de la articulación. Afecta a los hombres dos veces más que las mujeres y, por lo general, ocurre entre la tercera y quinta década de la vida. Este proceso monoarticular afecta más comúnmente a la rodilla, seguido de la cadera, el codo, el hombro y tobillo. La afección extraarticular puede ocurrir si la proliferación de cuerpos libres rompen a través de la cápsula de la articulación o si las estructuras sinoviales fuera de la articulación (por ejemplo, vainas de los tendones, bursas) están involucradas. Se presenta un paciente de sexo masculino de 30 años de edad que acude por dolor en tobillo derecho, disminución del rango de movilidad y limitación progresiva para la deambulación de un año y medio de evolución. Al examen físico presentaba clínica de síndrome friccional anterior en tobillo, rango de movilidad limitado (flexión plantar 25º y dorsal 20º. No presenta antecedentes de inestabilidad previa ni comorbilidades. Con la presunción diagnóstica de condromatosis sinovial de tobillo se decidió llevar a cabo una artroscopia anterior de tobillo diagnóstica y terapéutica. Al año postoperatorio presentaba 30º de flexión plantar y 25º de flexión dorsal, sin dolor y sin recurrencia en las imágenes radiográficas. El escore del American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society mejoro de 49 puntos en el preoperatorio a 97 puntos en el postoperatorio. En el caso presentado la artrosocopía permitió el tratamiento de la condromatosis sinovial de tobillo con buen resultado al año.

Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon, benign disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of metaplastic cartilaginous nodes within the synovial bursa or tendon sheath. These nodules may break off and become free in the articular joint. It affects men twice more than women and usually occurs between the third and fifth decade of life. This monoarticular process most commonly affects the knee, followed by the hip, elbow, shoulder and ankle. The extra-articular condition can occur if the proliferation of loose bodies break through the joint capsule or synovial structures outside the joint (eg, tendon sheaths, bursae) are involved. We present a male patient of 30 years old who consulted for right ankle pain, decreased range of motion and progressive ambulation limitation for a year and a half of evolution. Physical examination showed clinical anterior impingement, limited dorsal and plantar flexion (25 and 20 degrees respectively), without instability. No history of relevance. With the suspected diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis it was decided to carry out a diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy of the ankle. At a year postoperative showed 30 degrees plantar flexion and 25 degrees of dorsiflexion, painlessly and without recurrence in radiographic images. The American orthopaedic foot and ankle society score improves from 49 in the preop to 97 in the postop. Arthroscopic treatment for ankle synovial chondromatosis provides acceptable improvement of clinical symptoms and range of motion at a year postop.

Cesariella, a new genus of Laboulbeniales.

Cesariella graeca gen. sp. nov. is described to accommodate a new species of the Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycota) parasitic on the endogean ground beetles Reicheadella aetolica and R. bischoffi (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Greece. Cesariella is distinguished from the allied genus Laboulbenia by the presence of two cells borne on the inner side of cell III, and by the presence of a conspicuous remnant of the spore apex protruding laterally near the base of the appendage.