RESUMEN
The dialectical relationship between ecosystems and society is complex; therefore, holistic approaches are required to address this complexity. This view also stands out in the ecosystem services valuation field, where different scholars and global platforms have drawn attention to the need to incorporate plural valuation initiatives at decision-making. In this sense, through a comprehensive design, we conducted a multi-layered valuation of ecosystem services, and we highlighted multiple values in two areas of the province of Caldas, Colombia. We proposed a three-phase valuation process called Recognizing, Normalizing and Articulating values. Then, in cooperation with the regional environmental authority, we obtained different water-related ecosystem services values. Our results showed some warnings: first, we found mismatches between ecosystem services values; second, people assigned high values to ecosystems but the actual capacity of ecosystems to support ES is low. Finally, monetary values were marginal compared to social and ecological values. We conclude by saying that the more strata are assessed, the more values appear in the valuation scenarios, and those values could be conflicting. Our results have political implications, since they highlight the need to incorporate plural values as a fundamental tool for planning and land use in real scenarios where conflicts of interest and values are evident.
RESUMEN
Protected areas are intended to safeguard biodiversity in perpetuity, yet evidence suggests that widespread legal changes undermine protected area durability and efficacy. We documented these legal changes-protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) events-in the United States and Amazonian countries and compiled available data globally. Governments of the United States and Amazonian countries enacted 269 and 440 PADDD events, respectively. Between 1892 and 2018, 73 countries enacted 3749 PADDD events, removing 519,857 square kilometers from protection and tempering regulations in an additional 1,659,972 square kilometers; 78% of events were enacted since 2000. Most PADDD events (62%) are associated with industrial-scale resource extraction and development, suggesting that PADDD may compromise biodiversity conservation objectives. Strategic policy responses are needed to address PADDD and sustain effective protected areas.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industrias , Políticas , América del Sur , Incertidumbre , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
La valoración económica de la biodiversidad y lo servicios ecosistémicos es importante para la planificación de desarrollo socioeconómico de Colombia. La obtención d datos primarios es costosa, pero existe un método denominad "transferencia de beneficios". Se presenta una aproximación: a la valoración de algunos servicios ecosistémicos en lo Andes colombianos incorporando un meta-análisis de lo estudios realizados en Colombia, aplicando: transferencia d funciones y transferencia de valores medios. El valor de lo servicios ecosistémicos (disponibilidad de agua, recreación y conservación), arrojó valores entre 106 a 339 mil millones de dólares en 2011. La determinación del valor global de lo ecosistemas configura un reto complejo, debido a la dificulta en la síntesis de los estudios, la variabilidad de los mismo: y la ausencia de experiencias documentadas. La valoración: económica en Colombia, enfrenta el inconveniente de l presentación, obtención y variabilidad de datos. Se concluyó que la información existente es insuficiente, encontrándose pocos estudios bien diseñados. Esta contribución formula recomendaciones para futuros ejercicios.
The economic valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services plays an important role in Colombia's conservation planning and economic development, but gathering data to conduct an original study can be expensive. To this end, there is an alternative yet controversial method called "benefits transfer". Here, we present a meta-analysis of available literature on the economic valuation of the Colombian Andes using two approaches: transfer functions and transfer of mean values. The economic value of ecosystem services, which included water availability, recreation and conservation for the Colombian Andes, yielded values between 106 and 339 trillion 2011 USD. However, determining the overall value of ecosystems presents a complex challenge due to the difficulty in the synthesis of the studies, their variability, and the nonexistence of documented experiences. Economic valuation in Colombia is faced with issues in the presentation, collection and variability of data. We concluded that the existing information is insufficient; there are few well-designed studies to procure consistent ecosystem values to support the creation of development policies in Colombia.
A valorização económica da biodiversidade e os serviços ecossistémicos é importante para a planificação do desenvolvimento socioeconómico de Colômbia. A obtenção dos dados primários utiliza um método denominado "transferência de benefícios". Apresenta-se uma aproximação da avaliação de alguns serviços ecossistémicos nos Andes colombianos incorporando uma meta-análise dos estudos realizados em Colômbia, aplicando: transferência de funções e transferência de valores médios. O valor dos serviços ecossistémicos (disponibilidade de água, recreação e conservação), exibiu valores entre 106 a 339 mil milhões de dólares em 2011. A determinação do valor global dos ecossistemas configura um desafio complexo, devido à dificuldade na síntese dos estudos, a variabilidade dos mesmos, e a ausência de experiências documentadas. A avaliação económica em Colômbia, enfrenta o inconveniente da presentação, obtenção e variabilidade de dados. Concluiu-se que a informação existente é insuficiente, encontrando-se poucos estudos bem desenhados. Esta contribuição formula recomendações para futuros exercícios.