Sarcopenia in cardiac surgery: Dual X-ray absorptiometry study from the McGill frailty registry.

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence and prognostic value of sarcopenia measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and physical performance tests in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery or heart valve procedures. METHODS: Adults undergoing cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled and completed a questionnaire, physical performance battery, and a DXA scan (GE Lunar) to measure appendicular muscle mass indexed to height2 (AMMI). Patients were categorized as sarcopenic based on European Working Group 2 guidelines if they had low AMMI defined as <7 kg/m2 for men or <5.5 kg/m2 for women, and low muscle strength defined as 5 chair rise time ≥15 seconds. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test the association between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality over a median follow-up of 4.3 years. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 141 patients with a mean age of 69.7 ± 10.0 years and 21% females. The prevalence rates of low AMMI, slow chair rise time, and sarcopenia (low AMMI and slow chair rise time) were 24%, 57%, 13%, respectively. The 4-year survival rate was 79% in the non-sarcopenic group as compared to 56% in the sarcopenic group (Log-rank P = 0.01). In the multivariable model, each standard deviation of decreasing AMMI and increasing chair rise time was associated with a hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of 1.84 (95% CI 1.18, 2.86) and 1.79 (95% CI 1.26, 2.54), respectively. CONCLUSION: Lower-extremity muscle strength and DXA-based muscle mass are objective indicators of sarcopenia that are independently predictive of all-cause mortality in older cardiac surgery patients.

Optimal Echocardiographic Approach to the Evaluation of Tricuspid Regurgitation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the most recent literature on the optimal echocardiographic approach to the evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). RECENT FINDINGS: Severe TR is increasingly recognized as an independent adverse prognostic marker. TR severity grading has been mainly based on qualitative and semiquantitative parameters according to the 2017 ASE guidelines, but new data emerging from 3D echocardiography and MRI will likely provide insights into more quantitative measurements of TR severity. The tricuspid valve's anatomy and physiology is complex and unique. TR can be primary or secondary to tricuspid annular dilatation. Commonly used echocardiographic parameters to define severe TR are severe valve lesions, a large color flow jet area, a vena contracta width of ≥ 7 cm, a PISA radius of ≥ 0.9 cm, a dense and triangular continuous wave Doppler jet shape, and hepatic vein systolic flow reversal. Complementary imaging modalities such as 3D echocardiography and MRI should be utilized if the 2D echocardiographic evaluation is suboptimal.

Malnutrition and Mortality in Frail and Non-Frail Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Older adults undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) are at risk for malnutrition. The association between preprocedural nutritional status and midterm mortality has yet to be determined. METHODS: The FRAILTY-AVR (Frailty in Aortic Valve Replacement) prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted between 2012 and 2017 in 14 centers in 3 countries. Patients ≥70 years of age who underwent transcatheter or surgical AVR were eligible. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form was assessed by trained observers preprocedure, with scores ≤7 of 14 considered malnourished and 8 to 11 of 14 considered at risk for malnutrition. The Short Performance Physical Battery was simultaneously assessed to measure physical frailty, with scores ≤5 of 12 considered severely frail and 6 to 8 of 12 considered mildly frail. The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcome was 30-day composite mortality or major morbidity. Multivariable regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: There were 1158 patients (727 transcatheter AVR and 431 surgical AVR), with 41.5% females, a mean age of 81.3 years, a mean body mass index of 27.5 kg/m2, and a mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Predicted Risk of Mortality of 5.1%. Overall, 8.7% of patients were classified as malnourished and 32.8% were at risk for malnutrition. Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form scores were modestly correlated with Short Performance Physical Battery scores (Spearman R=0.31, P<0.001). There were 126 deaths in the transcatheter AVR group (19.1 per 100 patient-years) and 30 deaths in the surgical AVR group (7.5 per 100 patient-years). Malnourished patients had a nearly 3-fold higher crude risk of 1-year mortality compared with those with normal nutritional status (28% versus 10%, P<0.001). After adjustment for frailty, Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Predicted Risk of Mortality, and procedure type, preprocedural nutritional status was a significant predictor of 1-year mortality (odds ratio, 1.08 per Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form point; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16) and of the 30-day composite safety end point (odds ratio, 1.06 per Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form point; 95% CI, 1.001-1.12). CONCLUSIONS: Preprocedural nutritional status is associated with mortality in older adults undergoing AVR. Clinical trials are needed to determine whether pre- and postprocedural nutritional interventions can improve clinical outcomes in these vulnerable patients.

Pulmonary capillary surface area in supine exercising humans: demonstration of vascular recruitment.

In exercising humans, cardiac output (CO) increases, with minor increases in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). It is unknown if the CO is accommodated via distention of already perfused capillaries or via recruitment of nonconcomitantly perfused pulmonary capillaries. Ten subjects (9 female) performed symptom-limited exercise. Six had resting mean PAP (PAPm) <20 mmHg, and four had PAPm between 21 and 24 mmHg. The first-pass pulmonary circulatory metabolism of [3H]benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro (BPAP) was measured at rest and at peak exercise, and functional capillary surface area (FCSA) was calculated. Data are means ± SD. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure rose from 18.8 ± 3.3 SD mmHg to 28.5 ± 4.6 SD mmHg, CO from 6.4 ± 1.6 to 13.4 ± 2.9 L/min, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure from 14 ± 3.3 to 19.5 ± 5 mmHg (all P ≤ 0.001). Percent BPAP metabolism fell from 74.7 ± 0.1% to 67.1 ± 0.1%, and FCSA/body surface area (BSA) rose from 2,939 ± 640 to 5,018 ± 1,032 mL·min-1·m-2 (all P < 0.001). In nine subjects, the FCSA/BSA-to-CO relationship suggested principally capillary recruitment and not distention. In subject 10, a marathon runner, resting CO and FCSA/BSA were high, and increases with exercise suggested distention. Exercising humans demonstrate pulmonary capillary recruitment and distention. At moderate resting CO, increasing blood flow causes principally recruitment while, based on one subject, when exercise begins at high CO, further increases appear to cause distention. Our findings clarify an important physiologic question. The technique may provide a means for further understanding exercise physiology, its limitation in pulmonary hypertension, and responses to therapy.

Right ventricular strain: measurement and clinical application.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Right ventricular (RV) assessment has long been challenging and technically difficult using echocardiography. This is mainly the result of the asymmetrical shape of the RV making it difficult to visualize on one-or-two dedicated views, thus requiring multiple integrated views and subjective assessment. Measurement of tricuspid annular systolic plane excursion and RV tissue Doppler velocity have become relied-upon methods of objective assessments; however, have limitations for characterizing true RV physiology. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that two-dimensional RV free wall longitudinal systolic strain (RVFWS) using speckle-tracking echocardiography has emerged as a reproducible, feasible and highly prognostic technique for quantifying RV function. This has been demonstrated for patients with heart failure, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, infiltrative disease and many other types of cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY: The current review outlines the clinical use of RVFWS, and its integration with other commonly used echocardiographic measurements to more accurately assess RV function, cause and prognosis to guide and improve patient care decision making.

Invasive and Noninvasive Evaluation for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension: How to Use and How to Combine Them.

The etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) may be very challenging. Right-heart catheterization (RHC) in isolation cannot classify a precapillary PH patient into group 1, 3, 4, or 5. Moreover, RHC may be not sufficient for reaching a definitive differential diagnosis of precapillary or postcapillary PH if hemodynamic data are not integrated in clinical context and combined with information gleaned from noninvasive imaging. Therefore, only the integration of risk factors, clinical evaluation, invasive and noninvasive tests allows the physician to distinguish between different forms of PH.

The Right Heart International Network (RIGHT-NET): Rationale, Objectives, Methodology, and Clinical Implications.

The Right Heart International Network is a multicenter international study aiming to prospectively collect exercise Doppler echocardiography tests of the right heart pulmonary circulation unit (RHPCU) in large cohorts of healthy subjects, elite athletes, and individuals at risk of or with overt pulmonary hypertension. It is going to provide standardization of exercise stress echocardiography of RHPCU and explore the full physiopathologic response.

Early improvement in serial echocardiographic studies in heart failure patients predicts long term survival-a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Several echocardiographic measures have prognostic value in heart failure (HF). However, no definitive data exist on how changes in these parameters with treatment affect survival in this patient population. We hypothesized that early improvement on echocardiography could predict long-term survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a retrospective review of 404 patients seen in the HF clinic from 2002 to 2008 (6.5 years). Patients had one echocardiogram ≤1 year before and another ≥1 month (10 ± 7 months) after treatment onset. We studied changes in standard echocardiographic parameters, including left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular size and/or function (systolic and/or diastolic), valvular (mitral and tricuspid) function, and pulmonary artery pressure. Survival curves and hazard ratios were generated for patients showing improvement on the 2nd echocardiogram versus those who did not. Multivariable analyses were performed adjusting for age, sex, ischemic etiology, and significant baseline echocardiographic parameters. Average follow-up was 2.9 ± 1.5 years. Improvement in LV end-systolic dimension, RV function, and mitral regurgitation were independent predictors of 5-year survival (P < .05) and, importantly, more predictive than baseline values of these parameters alone (higher hazard ratios). CONCLUSIONS: Early echocardiographic improvement is strongly associated with 5-year survival in patients with HF. Serial echocardiography may aid in stratifying patient care.

Echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle: a 2014 perspective.

The ability to properly evaluate the right ventricular size and function can have important consequences for clinical management and prognosis. Echocardiography is and will remain the leading method of right ventricle (RV) assessment due to its ease of use and wealth of diagnostic information provided. Understanding the various strengths and limitations of the diverse echocardiographic methods of RV assessment can allow a systematic approach to resolve situations where one's quantitative parameters are not necessarily concordant. Quantification of RV volume can be done by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. Measurements of RV systolic function include fractional area change (FAC), right-sided index of myocardial performance (RIMP), RV ejection fraction (RVEF), tricuspid annular plane excursion by M-Mode (TAPSE), tricuspid annular systolic longitudinal velocity by tissue Doppler (S'), and regional strain and strain rate. RVEF can also be assessed volumetrically by 3D echocardiography. This article will review the current methods used in contemporary echocardiography laboratories, with an emphasis on a guideline-based approach as well as emerging techniques.

Incremental value of the preoperative echocardiogram to predict mortality and major morbidity in coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although echocardiography is commonly performed before coronary artery bypass surgery, there has yet to be a study examining the incremental prognostic value of a complete echocardiogram. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass surgery at 2 hospitals were divided into derivation and validation cohorts. A panel of quantitative echocardiographic parameters was measured. Clinical variables were extracted from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality or major morbidity, and the secondary outcome was long-term all-cause mortality. The derivation cohort consisted of 667 patients with a mean age of 67.2±11.1 years and 22.8% females. The following echocardiographic parameters were found to be optimal predictors of mortality or major morbidity: severe diastolic dysfunction, as evidenced by restrictive filling (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-5.49), right ventricular dysfunction, as evidenced by fractional area change <35% (odds ratio, 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-7.20), or myocardial performance index >0.40 (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.15). These results were confirmed in the validation cohort of 187 patients. When added to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score, the echocardiographic parameters resulted in a net improvement in model discrimination and reclassification with a change in c-statistic from 0.68 to 0.73 and an integrated discrimination improvement of 5.9% (95% confidence interval, 2.8%-8.9%). In the Cox proportional hazards model, right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension were independently predictive of mortality over 3.2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative echocardiography, in particular right ventricular dysfunction and restrictive left ventricular filling, provides incremental prognostic value in identifying patients at higher risk of mortality or major morbidity after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Multicomponent intervention for frail and pre-frail older adults with acute cardiovascular conditions: The TARGET-EFT randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalization for cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be complicated by hospital-acquired disability (HAD) and subsequently poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). While frailty has been shown to be a risk factor, it has yet to be studied as a therapeutic target to improve outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This trial sought to determine the effects of an in-hospital multicomponent intervention targeting physical weakness, cognitive impairment, malnutrition, and anemia on patient-centered outcomes compared to usual care. METHODS: A single-center parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted in older patients with acute CVD and evidence of frailty or pre-frailty as measured by the Essential Frailty Toolset (EFT). Patients were randomized to usual care or a multicomponent intervention. Outcomes were HRQOL (EQ-5D-5L score) and disability (Older Americans Resources and Services score) at 30 days post-discharge and mood disturbances (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) at discharge. RESULTS: The trial cohort consisted of 142 patients with a mean age of 79.5 years and 55% females. The primary diagnosis was heart failure in 29%, valvular heart disease in 28%, ischemic heart disease in 14%, arrhythmia in 11%, and other CVDs in 18%. The intervention improved HRQOL scores (coefficient 0.08; 95% CI 0.01, 0.15; p = 0.03) and mood scores (coefficient -1.95; 95% CI -3.82, -0.09; p = 0.04) but not disability scores (coefficient 0.18; 95% CI -1.44, 1.81; p = 0.82). There were no intervention-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: In frail older patients hospitalized for acute CVDs, an in-hospital multicomponent intervention targeted to frailty was safe and led to modest yet clinically meaningful improvements in HRQOL and mental well-being. The downstream impact of these effects on event-free survival and functional status remains to be evaluated in future research, as does the generalizability to other healthcare systems. CLINICAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04291690.

De-frailing intervention for hospitalized cardiovascular patients in the TARGET-EFT randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: Frailty is disproportionately prevalent in cardiovascular disease patients and exacerbated during hospital admissions, heightening the risk for adverse events and functional decline. Using the Essential Frailty Toolset (EFT) to target physical weakness, cognitive impairment, malnourishment, and anaemia, we tested a multicomponent targeted intervention to de-frail older adults with acute cardiovascular conditions during their hospital admission. METHODS AND RESULTS: The TARGET-EFT trial was a single-center randomized clinical trial at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. We compared a multicomponent de-frailing intervention with usual clinical care. Intervention group patients received exercise, cognitive stimulation, protein supplementation, and iron replacement, as required. In this study, the primary outcome was frailty, as assessed by the SPPB score (Short Physical Performance Battery) at discharge, and the secondary outcome was the SARC-F score (Strength, Assistance walking, Rising from chair, Climbing, Falls) assessed 30 days later. The analysis consisted of 135 patients (mean age of 79.3 years; 54% female) who survived and completed the frailty assessments.Compared with control patients, intervention group patients had a 1.52-point superior SPPB score and a 0.74-point superior SARC-F score. Subgroup analysis suggested that patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction may have attenuated benefits, and that patients who underwent invasive cardiac procedures had the greatest benefits from the intervention. CONCLUSION: We achieved our objective of de-frailing older cardiac inpatients on a short-term basis by improving their physical performance and functioning using a pragmatic multicomponent intervention. This could have positive impacts on their clinical outcomes and ability to maintain independent living in the future. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The multicomponent intervention targeted to the deficits of vulnerable older adults hospitalized with acute cardiovascular diseases successfully de-frailed them on a short-term basis, which can have positive implications on their post-discharge health outcomes.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension in the elderly-clinical characteristics and long-term survival.

BACKGROUND: Recent registries describe a significant prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the elderly, but little is known of their characteristics. We aimed to examine the features and prognostic factors of long-term survival in elderly (≥65 years) PAH patients. METHODS: Clinical, echocardiographic, angiographic, hemodynamic, treatments, and survival data were reviewed in consecutive patients over the course of 20 years. Elderly PAH patients (n = 47) were compared to younger PAH patients (n = 107). RESULTS: At presentation, elderly patients were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary disease, and PAH associated with scleroderma (42.6 vs. 24.3 %; p = 0.02) than younger patients. Prior to PAH therapy, elderly patients had better right ventricular myocardial performance index (RV-MPI; 0.48 ± 0.20 vs. 0.62 ± 0.23, p = 0.006) and lower mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP; 45.0 ± 11.1 vs. 49.2 ± 11.8 mmHg, p = 0.04). Elderly patients were treated less often with epoprostenol (8.5 vs. 29 %, p = 0.006) or trepostinil (8.5 vs. 23.4 %, p = 0.04). The 1, 3, and 5 year survival rates of elderly patients were estimated to be 76.4, 50.5, and 37.6 %, respectively. In comparison, younger patients had survival estimates of 92.2, 74.2 and 64.0 % (p = 0.002). Baseline right atrial pressure, mean PAP, cardiac index, and RV-MPI were associated with survival in elderly patients; however in these patients, survival was not affected by any PAH subgroup or age (per year) by itself. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of PAH in elderly patients is associated with poorer survival which is in part explained by a greater vulnerability to the hemodynamic disturbances of PAH.

The Essential Frailty Toolset in Older Adults Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.

Background The Essential Frailty Toolset (EFT) was shown to be easy to use and predictive of adverse events in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the EFT in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. Methods and Results The McGill Frailty Registry prospectively included patients ≥60 years of age undergoing urgent or elective isolated coronary artery bypass grafting between 2011 and 2018 at 2 hospitals. The preoperative EFT was scored 0 to 5 points as a function of timed chair rises, Mini-Mental Status Examination, serum albumin, and hemoglobin. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression. The cohort consisted of 500 patients with a mean age of 71.4 ± 6.4 years, of which 27% presented with acute coronary syndromes requiring urgent surgery. The mean EFT was 1.3 ± 1.1 points, 132 (26%) were nonfrail, 298 (60%) were prefrail, and 70 (14%) were frail. Over a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 78 deaths were observed. In nonfrail, prefrail, and frail patients, survival at 1 year was 98%, 95%, and 91%, and at 5 years was 89%, 83%, and 63% (P<0.001). After adjustment, each incremental EFT point was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.05-1.56) and frail patients had a 3-fold increase in all-cause mortality. Conclusions The EFT is a pragmatic and highly prognostic tool to assess frailty and guide decisions for coronary artery bypass grafting in older adults. Furthermore, the EFT may be actionable through targeted interventions such as cardiac rehabilitation and nutritional optimization.

Prognostic Value of Handgrip Strength in Older Adults Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although multidimensional frailty scales have been proven to predict mortality and morbidity in cardiac surgery, there is a need for rapid tools that could be easily administered at the point of care. Handgrip strength (HGS) is an attractive option that can be measured in acutely ill and bed-bound patients, although it has yet to be validated in a large cardiac surgery cohort. METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of a multicentre prospective study in older patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve surgery from 2011 to 2019. HGS was measured before surgery and classified by sex-stratified cutoffs. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality and secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality, discharge disposition, and prolonged length of stay. RESULTS: There were 1245 patients included in the analysis (mean age 74.0 ± 6.6 years; 30% female). Weak HGS was associated with advanced age, heart failure, kidney disease, malnutrition, and various frailty scales. In those with weak vs normal HGS, respectively, 1-year mortality was 17% vs 6%, 30-day mortality was 10% vs 3%, prolonged length of stay was 34% vs 19%, and discharge to a health care facility was 45% vs 26% (all P < 0.001). After adjustment, HGS was predictive of 1-year and 30-day mortalities, with odds ratios of 2.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-4.29) and 2.83 (1.38-5.81), respectively. HGS cutoffs of < 26 kg in men and < 16 kg in women had the highest predictive performance. CONCLUSIONS: HGS is a simple and effective tool to identify patients at higher risk of mortality and protracted recovery after cardiac surgery.

Cardiovascular Care of the Oncology Patient During COVID-19: An Expert Consensus Document From the ACC Cardio-Oncology and Imaging Councils.

In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Cardio-Oncology and Imaging Councils of the American College of Cardiology offers recommendations to clinicians regarding the cardiovascular care of cardio-oncology patients in this expert consensus statement. Cardio-oncology patients-individuals with an active or prior cancer history and with or at risk of cardiovascular disease-are a rapidly growing population who are at increased risk of infection, and experiencing severe and/or lethal complications by COVID-19. Recommendations for optimizing screening and monitoring visits to detect cardiac dysfunction are discussed. In addition, judicious use of multimodality imaging and biomarkers are proposed to identify myocardial, valvular, vascular, and pericardial involvement in cancer patients. The difficulties of diagnosing the etiology of cardiovascular complications in patients with cancer and COVID-19 are outlined, along with weighing the advantages against risks of exposure, with the modification of existing cardiovascular treatments and cardiotoxicity surveillance in patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Optimal Technique for Measurement of Linear Left Ventricular Dimensions.

INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic assessment of the left ventricle (LV) begins with the measurement of linear dimensions that approximate its ellipsoid diameter. These linear dimensions have historically been measured at the basal level of the LV, which is not representative of its true diameter. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level to measure LV cavity dimensions to more accurately estimate its size and mass. METHODS: The derivation study included 75 patients who had a clinically indicated cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) exam for ischemic heart disease (n = 15), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 25), or normal studies (n = 35). The three-chamber bright blood cine sequence was analyzed using a custom MATLAB program to measure the LV cavity diameter and wall thickness at 15 equidistant levels from base to apex. The linear measurements from each of these levels were compared against the CMR volumetric reference standard. The validation study included 100 patients who had a clinically indicated echocardiogram and CMR within 3 days for ischemic heart disease (n = 20), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 44), and normal or near-normal studies (n = 36). The parasternal long-axis cine sequence was analyzed to measure the LV cavity diameter and wall thickness at the traditional basal level and the midventricular level, which were compared against the CMR volumetric reference standard. RESULTS: In both the derivation and validation studies, the midventricular linear dimensions, defined as those located at the true (maximal) diameter of the LV ellipsoid cavity, were found to be more closely correlated with the volumetric reference standard for LV mass, LV end-diastolic size, and LV ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of linear dimensions at the midventricular level better reflects the ellipsoid geometry of the LV cavity and provides a more accurate estimate of LV mass, size, and systolic function as compared with the traditionally recommended basal level.

Strengths and weaknesses of echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.

Doppler echocardiography is extensively used in clinical practice for the screening and detection of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It allows for accurate estimates of pulmonary artery pressures, but with moderate precision, which explains why it is more appropriate for population studies than for definitive diagnosis of PH in individual patients. Moreover, echocardiography allows one to distinguish different patterns of right ventricular remodelling in various forms of PH and enables clinically satisfactory differentiation between pre- and post-capillary PH. This article will review the methods for evaluating PH by echocardiography, while also providing an insight into specific strengths and weaknesses.

Phase Angle as a Biomarker for Frailty and Postoperative Mortality: The BICS Study.

Background Phase angle (PA) is a bioimpedance measurement that is determined lean body mass and hydration status. Patients with low PA values are more likely to be frail, sarcopenic, or malnourished. Previous work has shown that low PA predicts adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery, but the effect of PA on survival has not previously been assessed in this setting. Methods and Results The BICS (Bioimpedance in Cardiac Surgery) study recruited 277 patients undergoing major cardiac surgery at 2 university-affiliated hospitals in Montreal, QC, Canada. Bioimpedance measurements as well as frailty and nutritional assessments were performed preoperatively. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality, postoperative morbidity, and hospital length of stay. There were 10 deaths at 1 month of follow-up and 16 deaths at 12 months of follow-up. PA was associated with age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and frailty, as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery and Fried scales. After adjusting for Society of Thoracic Surgeons-predicted mortality, lower PA was associated with higher mortality at 1 month (adjusted odds ratio, 3.57 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-9.47) and at 12 months (adjusted odds ratio, 3.03 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-7.09), a higher risk of overall morbidity (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.51 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-4.75), and a longer hospital length of stay (adjusted ß, 4.8 days per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-8.2 days). Conclusions Low PA is associated with frailty and is predictive of mortality, morbidity, and length of stay after major cardiac surgery. Further work is needed to determine the responsiveness of PA to interventions aimed at reversing frailty.