[Body fat percentage in adolescent among eating risk behaviors, home and sex]. / Porcentaje de grasa corporal en adolescentes asociado con conductas alimentarias de riesgo, hogar y sexo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of risky eating behaviors and the home with the percentage of body fat in adolescents, modified by gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the information of a cohort of 2 388 adolescents from Morelos in Mexico, from 2004 to 2007. Descriptive techniques and multiple linear regression models of mixed effects were performed. RESULTS: The change in body fat percentage (PGC) is -1.4 percentage points, in men -3.1, in women 0.2. The change of the PGC in relation to CAR's and the household is different by sex. The multiple model shows that diet is associated with an increase in PGC (1.25 IC95% 0.68-1.83) in women, in men of 1.74 (95% CI 0.60-2.88). In relation with the family, women show a positive relationship with the increase in the percentage of body fat according to whether they feel that their family does not love them sometimes or never (value p of trend <0.001), men show in the variable "Satisfied with the help your family receives", a marginal association. CONCLUSIONS: Performing a diet without supervision is associated with an increase in the PGC, giving an effect contrary to what is desired. This is associated with family relationships, and is different between sex.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación de las conductas ali- mentarias de riesgo (CAR) y el hogar con el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) en los adolescentes, modificado por sexo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la información de una cohorte de 2 388 adolescentes de Morelos, México, de 2004 a 2007. Se realizaron técnicas descriptivas y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple de efectos mixtos. RESULTADOS: El cambio del PGC es -1.4 puntos porcentuales (EE 0.22), en hombres -3.1 (EE 0.35) y en mujeres 0.2 (EE 0.21). El cambio del PGC en relación con CAR y el hogar es diferente por sexo. El modelo múltiple muestra que realizar dieta se asocia con el incremento del PGC (1.25 IC95% 0.68-1.83) en mu- jeres y en hombres (1.74 IC95% 0.60-2.88). En relación con la familia, las mujeres muestran una relación positiva con el incremento del PGC de acuerdo con que sientan o no que su familia no las quiere a veces o nunca (valor p de tendencia <0.001); los hombres muestran en la variable de "Satisfecho de la ayuda que recibe se su familia" una asociación marginal. CONCLUSIONES: Realizar dieta sin supervisión se asocia con el incremento en el PGC, lo que da un efecto contrario a lo deseado; esto se asocia con relaciones familiares y es diferente entre sexo.

Perception of parents' physical activity as a positive model on physical activity of adolescents.

Physical activity (PA) promotes an adequate level of health in adolescents. The PA behaviors moderation is led by the adolescents' perception of their parents. We suppose that higher adolescents' perception of their parents' physical activity influences the physical activity spent in adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the association between adolescents' perception of their parents' PA practice with adolescent's PA in a sample of public schools in the Morelos state of Mexico. We analyzed the information of 4625 adolescents from the baseline of a cohort study of students in public schools in Mexico. We evaluated adolescents' perceptions of their parents PA and PA practice of the adolescents. A logistic regression analysis stratified by sex was carried out to evaluate the association between adolescents' perceptions of their parents PA, and adolescents' PA. We found that the PA of female adolescents was associated with their perceptions' of both parents' PA (OR = 2.48; IC95% 1.84-3.35). Adolescents' perceptions of their mother's PA was associated with their PA (daughters OR = 1.69; IC95% 1.33-2.15; sons OR = 1.87 IC95% 1.41-2.45). In conclusion, adolescents' perceptions of their parents' PA practice were associated with higher adolescents' PA. Higher adolescents' perception of their parents PA may play an important role as a positive model for the adolescent's PA practice (p < 0.001). Finally, parental PA and the perceptions that adolescents have of their parents' PA must be considered in devising general PA programs.

[Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease present in the population: A time series study in Mexico]. / Brucelosis, una zoonosis presente en la población: estudio de series de tiempo en México.

OBJECTIVE: To determinate the relationship of human brucellosis incidence in Mexico during 2000-2011 in relation with domestic ruminant brucellosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ecological time series study was analyzed using multilevel poisson multiple regression, the incidence of human brucellosis during 2000-2011 and incidence in ruminants and human development index. RESULTS: The high incidence of bovine brucellosis increased 19% the incidence of human brucellosis. The high incidence of caprine brucellosis increase 17% the incidence of human brucellosis. The presence of new cases of ovine brucellosis increased 13% the incidence rates of human brucellosis. CONCLUSIONS: Brucellosis is a public health problem in Mexico, the presence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants and the level of disease control in them affects the presence of the disease in humans.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Breast Cancer in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), of which Mexico is a large consumer, has been associated with the risk of breast cancer. We assessed the association between SSBs consumption and breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: We performed a multicenter population-based case-control study in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Veracruz. We recruited 1,000 cases and 1,074 controls; all participants were pre- or postmenopausal women between 35 and 69 years of age. Diet before symptoms onset was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. We conducted a multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis stratified by menopausal status. RESULTS: For premenopausal women, after adjusting for matching characteristics, total energy intake and all potential confounders, the odds of having breast cancer in women who drank one or more SSBs servings per day showed 1.78 times the odds of those who drank one or fewer SSBs servings per month [OR = 1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-3.01]. For postmenopausal women, the corresponding model was not statistically significant (OR = 1.38, 95% CI, 0.84-2.25). We also observed higher consumption of SSBs among pre- than in postmenopausal women (23.3% and 17.4%, respectively among controls in the highest consumption category (≥1 per day). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SSBs consumption increases the risk of developing breast cancer, particularly in premenopausal women. IMPACT: Given the consumption of SSBs, of which Mexico is a large consumer, these results can support public policies to discourage the consumption of SSBs.

Spatial patterns and risk of aggression of dogs and cats in a central township of Mexico City.

Dog and cat aggressions are public health concerns associated with rabies transmission to the human population. The social and environmental conditions of marginalized and urban areas stand a risk due to people's contact with dogs. This study aimed to identify spatial patterns related to dog and cat aggression in a densely populated area in the center of Mexico City, analyzing the risk of aggression at the census unit level in the 2018-2020 triennium. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Coyoacán, in the south-central area of Mexico City's urbanized region. The total number of cases (n = 1,078) was obtained from monthly records of aggressions by dogs and cats, from the Control and Prevention of Zoonoses-Rabies Program of the Coyoacán Sanitary Jurisdiction. The information collected was related to the victims and the aggressors. Associations between the occurrence of bites and the characteristics of the victim were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS), as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of the aggressions to the census unit level. Out of 1,078 cases reported, 977 (90.6%) were caused by dogs and 101 (9.4%) by cats, 55.1% (n = 587) occurred within the same household, and 13.7% (n = 148) were categorized as severe injuries. Adult men were the most affected group. Attacks on the street had a higher risk of resulting in a severe injury, compared to those that occurred at home (OR 1.63, 95CI 1.15 - 2.31, p <0.006). According to the standardized rate of the triennium, the values ​​ranged between 54.1 and 619 aggressions per 100,000 inhabitants, and summer was the season with a higher probability of occurrence. These results provide a basis for the analytical investigation of the spatial patterns of dog and cat aggression, highlighting the need to implement efficient surveillance systems and public health strategies.

Dietary patterns in Mexican preschool children are associated with stunting and overweight.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight among Mexican preschoolers. METHODS: This study was conducted with anthropometric (weight, height/length), sociodemographic (age, gender, education level of household head, socioeconomic status, country region and area, ethnicity, and beneficiary of social programs), and dietary data (Semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire) on children aged from 1 to 4 years collected from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey-2012. Dietary patterns were derived by principal components analysis. The association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight was assessed by prevalence ratios (PR), estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In total, 1,112 preschoolers (mean age 3.06 years, SD = 1.08 years; 48.8% females) were included in the study; 11.9% of whom presented stunting, and 6.7% overweight. We identified four dietary patterns: Fruits and Vegetables [F&V], Western [W], Traditional [T], and Milk and Liquids [M&L]. Considering the lowest tertile of each dietary pattern as reference, the prevalence of stunting was 2.04 times higher [95%CI: 1.17-3.56] among children in the highest tertile of the "F&V" pattern. The prevalence of stunting was lower among children in the highest tertile of the "W" pattern [PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27-0.85]. Overweight was negatively associated with the "F&V" dietary pattern [PR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.16-0.85 for its highest tertile], and children whose consumption was mostly equivalent to the "T" pattern showed higher prevalence of stunting [PR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01-3.00]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of stunting and overweight in a nationwide sample of Mexican preschoolers was associated with dietary patterns.

High exposure to pathogenic leptospires by the population residing in dairy farms in Hidalgo, Mexico.

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of unknown magnitude that has been overlooked and underreported, influenced by complex interactions established among humans, animals, and the environment; certain occupations, such as working with livestock, have an increased risk of exposure. We conducted a cross trans-sectional study in 374 serum samples obtained from workers and residents of dairy farms in the Tizayuca Basin, Hidalgo, Mexico, to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibody and the risk factors associated to this type of environment. The determination of anti-Leptospira antibodies was obtained by microscopic agglutination test. Seropositivity was defined from titles > 1:100. Seropositivity of anti-Leptospira antibodies among the population was 46.8% (176/374) (95% Cl 41.9-52.1). Thirty-nine percent (146/74) of the analyzed serum reacted to the Hardjo serovar (Sejröe serogroup). Eighty-eight percent (8/9) slaughterhouse workers tested were seropositive. Those who belonged to an ethnic group had OR 1.78 (IC 1.02-3.11, P = 0.041). Seropositivity was associated with having a secondary school level or lower, with OR 1.79 (IC 0.97-3.29, P = 0.058). Exposure to Leptospira in a dairy production farm is a risk factor for humans. Our findings can contribute to strengthening the intervention of the Public Health System to prevent this zoonosis that prevails in dairy farm environments.

Bedtimes and Blood Pressure: A Prospective Cohort Study of Mexican Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension affects up to 5% of children worldwide and predicts later cardiovascular morbidity. Associations of short sleep and hypertension have been frequently reported in adults but less consistently in children. This study aims to examine the role of late bedtimes, a marker of short sleep duration, and potentially misaligned circadian rhythms, on incident elevated blood pressure (BP) in a large cohort of Mexican children. METHODS: Participants included 2,033 adolescents recruited from public schools in Morelos, Mexico, free from elevated BP (<90th sex, age, and height-standardized percentile). Fourteen months later, all adolescents had a second BP assessment. We abstracted baseline habitual bedtimes from questionnaires to evaluate the association between bedtime and elevated BP incidence (≥90th percentile). Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with discrete-time mixed survival models, adjusting for potential confounders and accounting for clustering by school. RESULTS: Participants were 12.5 (SD = 0.6) years old at baseline. At the follow-up visit 10% of adolescents had developed elevated BP. Compared to participants with a habitual weekday bedtime between 9 and 10 pm, those with a weekday bedtime 11 pm or later had a 1.87 times higher risk of developing elevated BP over the follow-up period (95% CI = 1.09, 2.21), after accounting for confounders. Participants with earlier weekday bedtimes also had a higher risk of elevated BP (RR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.27, 3.01). The associations persisted after accounting for wake time. CONCLUSION: These data showed a U-shaped association between weekday bedtime and elevated/high BP risk among Mexican adolescents.

Body mass index associated with elevated blood pressure in Mexican school-aged adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between blood pressure and body mass index among adolescents. METHODS: A 14-month period cross-sectional study was carried out among 2387 adolescents attending public schools in the state of Morelos, Mexico between 2005 and 2007. We measured blood pressure during four visits, obtaining elevated blood pressure prevalence according to the guidelines for children and adolescents of the United States National Educational Program on High Blood Pressure (at least three visits needed to assess elevated blood pressure on the basis of 95th percentile specific for gender, age and height). We used specific body mass index percentiles for age and gender. We employed multiple linear and Cox proportional hazards models to identify factors related to elevated blood pressure. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 3.9%. Multiple linear models showed that overweight subjects had systolic and diastolic blood pressures that were 5.1 and 2.5 mmHg higher, respectively, compared with adolescents with a normal body mass index, while obese subjects had 11.3 and 6.2 mmHg higher levels, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models indicated high risk of elevated blood pressure among overweight (RR, 3.6; 95%CI, 1.5-8.5) and obese subjects (RR, 14.2; 95%CI, 7.2-27.75) compared with adolescents with a normal body mass index. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher body mass index is associated with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, indicating the importance of incorporating strategies for ongoing screening and for promoting educational programs on healthy lifestyles to prevent hypertension in adolescents.

Synergistic action of folate intake and testosterone associated with breast cancer risk.

The amount of irreparable DNA damage is a function of the rate of cell division, and the association between sex hormones and the risk of breast cancer has been explained by an increase in cell division. Folate intake insufficiency leads to disturbances in DNA replication and DNA repair. We hypothesized that folate intake insufficiency and high serum concentrations of sex hormones act synergistically on the risk of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between sex hormones (exposure of interest A) and dietary folate intake (exposure of interest B) on the risk of breast cancer. We included 342 breast cancer primary postmenopausal cases and 294 controls obtained from a large population-based case-control study. Multiple conditional logistic regression models were used for the analysis and interactions were tested. The joint effect of the lowest dietary folate intake (T1 < 259.40 mg/d) and the highest serum concentration of testosterone (T3 ≥ 0.410 on the risk of breast cancer was odds ratio = 9.18 (95% confidence interval 2.56-32.88) when compared to the lowest-risk category, namely, the group of women with the highest dietary folate intake (T3 > 381.29 mg/d) and the lowest serum concentration of testosterone (T1 ≤ 0.25 pg/mL). There were some indications that the estimated join effect was greater than the product of the estimated effects alone (P = .001). These findings have important public health implications with respect to reducing the risk of the most frequent cancer in women worldwide.

Grupos de Alimentos Asociados Atención Dental por Caries y por Gingivitis en Escuelas Públicas, México

RESUMEN: Asociar grupos de alimentos con "atención dental por caries" y "por gingivitis" en adolescentes de entre 12 y 24 años de edad de escuelas públicas en Morelos, México. Las variables dependientes: "atención dental por caries" y "por gingivitis" se definieron por auto-reporte. Los grupos de alimentos se obtuvieron de un cuestionario de consumo en el último año. La ingesta diaria se estimó calculando cada peso correspondiente a la frecuencia de consumo del alimento ajustado al tamaño de la porción utilizando tablas de alimentos y después fueron sumados según al grupo que pertenecían (lácteos, frutas, verduras, leguminosas, cereales, carne y huevo, pescados y mariscos, comida rápida, bebidas carbonatadas y jugos embotellados y golosinas). Para el análisis se utilizaron modelos logísticos multinivel para mediciones repetidas para identificar as ociaciones (RM) entre ingesta de cada grupo de alimentos con cada variable dependiente por separado. En el análisis ajustado "atención dental por caries" se asoció con: frutas (RM 1.70), bebidas carbonatadas y jugos embotellados (RM 1.38) y golosinas (RM 1.44), mientras que cereales se mantuvo en el nivel marginal (RM 1.34). No se encontró asociación con "por gingivitis". Los alimentos con altos contenidos de hidratos de carbono refinados son determinantes para acudir a servicios dentales por caries.

ABSTRACT: Associate food groups with "dental caries care" and "for gingivitis" in adolescents between 12 and 24 years of age from public schools in Morelos, México. The dependent variables: "dental care for caries" and "for gingivitis" were defined by self-report. The food groups were obtained from a consumption questionnaire in the last year. The daily nutritional intake was estimated calculating each nutritional content of the foods using food tables and then they were added according to the group they belonged to (dairy, fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, meat and eggs, fish and seafood, carbonated drinks and bottled juices and sweets. Multilevel logistic models for repeated measurements were used for the analysis to identify associations (OR) between intake of each food group with "dental caries care" and "for gingivitis". In the adjusted analysis, "dental caries care" was associated with: fruits (OR 1.70), carbonated drinks and bottled juices (OR 1.38) and sweets (OR 1.44), while cereals remained at the marginal level (OR 1.34). No association with "for gingivitis" found. Foods high in refined carbohydrates are essential to go to dental services for dental caries.

Farmacogenética en el cáncer de mama: implicaciones de los genes del citocromo p450 en la supervivencia libre de la enfermedad en las mujeres jóvenes / Pharmacogenetics in breast cancer: Implications of cytochrome p450 genes in disease-free survival in young women

Las mujeres jóvenes (≤40 años) con cáncer de mama suelen tener un peor pronóstico que las mujeres posmenopáusicas, con repercusiones reproductivas y familiares importantes. El tratamiento quimioterapéutico, así como la hormonoterapia, pueden mejorar el pronóstico y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE); sin embargo, la capacidad individual de metabolizar los fármacos puede modificar la respuesta al tratamiento. Las diferencias interpersonales de esta capacidad tienen una explicación en las variaciones de los genes que codifican las enzimas que metabolizan los quimioterapéuticos y las hormonas endógenas y exógenas. Los genes del citocromo P450 (CYP450), CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2D6 y CYP2C19, están involucrados en el metabolismo de los estrógenos y la ciclofosfamida, los taxanos y el tamoxifeno. La presente revisión expone la evidencia científica del efecto de los polimorfismos funcionales de estos genes sobre la SLE, y sus implicaciones, en las mujeres jóvenes con cáncer de mama. (AU)

Breast cancer prognosis tends to be worse in young women (≤40 years) than in postmenopausal women, with significant reproductive and family repercussions. Both chemotherapy and hormonal therapy can improve prognosis and disease-free survival but treatment response may be influenced by the individual's ability to metabolize drugs. Individual differences in metabolic ability can be explained by variations in the genes encoding the enzymes that metabolize chemotherapeutic agents and hormones. The cytochrome P450 genes CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 are involved in the metabolism of estrogen, cyclophosphamide, taxanes, and tamoxifen. This review discusses the scientific evidence of the effect of functional polymorphisms in these genes on disease-free survival and overall survival and its implications for young women with breast cancer. (AU)

[Unhealthy behavior associated with the development of high blood pressure in adolescents]. / Conducta no saludable asociada con el desarrollo de presión arterial elevada en adolescentes.

This article aims to evaluate the association between unhealthy behavior pattern and prevalence and incidence of high blood pressure in adolescents. Based on data from a cohort study with a baseline population of 2,813 adolescents enrolled in a public school system, the study measured the baseline prevalence and incidence of high blood pressure as a function of smoking, alcohol and illegal drug use, and physical activity. These variables were used to build a model called "unhealthy behavior pattern", and its relationship was evaluated in relation to high blood pressure in adolescents, using multiple logistic regression models. Prevalence of high blood pressure was 8.67%. Accumulated incidence of high blood pressure was 7.58%. In the multivariate analysis of high blood pressure adjusted by degree of adiposity, there was an association with the unhealthy behavior pattern in males (OR = 3.13; 95%CI: 1.67-5.84). The association between incidence of high blood pressure and unhealthy behavior pattern was observed in females (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.11-4.95). In conclusion, high blood pressure is present in the adolescent population, associated with unhealthy behaviors like smoking, alcohol and illegal drug use, and physical inactivity, independently of the degree of adiposity.

The Western dietary pattern is associated with increased serum concentrations of free estradiol in postmenopausal women: implications for breast cancer prevention.

Little is known about the possible influence of food consumption on the serum concentrations of endogenous sex hormones in postmenopausal women. We evaluated the relationships of the Western dietary pattern with serum concentrations of free estradiol and testosterone of postmenopausal women to test the hypothesis that a highly Western dietary pattern is associated with high serum concentrations of these hormones. We used data from a representative subsample of 305 women from the control group of a population-based case-control study conducted in Mexico from 2004 to 2007. A Western dietary pattern index value was compared with log natural serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol using multiple linear regression models. The median values of serum concentrations of free estradiol and testosterone were 0.26 pg/mL (interquartile range, 0.14-0.43) and 0.40 pg/mL (interquartile range, 0.30-0.70), respectively. A multiple linear regression model showed that for each unit increase in the Western dietary pattern index, there was a 16.2% increase in the serum concentrations of free estradiol (ß=0.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.29); for each additional serving per week of chicken eggs, the increase was 31.0% (ß=0.27; 95% CI, 0.106-0.441); for each additional serving per week of red meat, the increase was 64.9% (ß=0.50; 95% CI, 0.01-1.01). There was no relationship found between dietary patterns and serum concentrations of free testosterone. The present findings suggest that intake of a Western diet, particularly of chicken eggs and meat, increases serum concentrations of free estradiol; these results have implications for breast cancer prevention.

Dietary patterns in Mexican preschool children are associated with stunting and overweight

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight among Mexican preschoolers. METHODS This study was conducted with anthropometric (weight, height/length), sociodemographic (age, gender, education level of household head, socioeconomic status, country region and area, ethnicity, and beneficiary of social programs), and dietary data (Semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire) on children aged from 1 to 4 years collected from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey-2012. Dietary patterns were derived by principal components analysis. The association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight was assessed by prevalence ratios (PR), estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS In total, 1,112 preschoolers (mean age 3.06 years, SD = 1.08 years; 48.8% females) were included in the study; 11.9% of whom presented stunting, and 6.7% overweight. We identified four dietary patterns: Fruits and Vegetables [F&V], Western [W], Traditional [T], and Milk and Liquids [M&L]. Considering the lowest tertile of each dietary pattern as reference, the prevalence of stunting was 2.04 times higher [95%CI: 1.17-3.56] among children in the highest tertile of the "F&V" pattern. The prevalence of stunting was lower among children in the highest tertile of the "W" pattern [PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27-0.85]. Overweight was negatively associated with the "F&V" dietary pattern [PR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.16-0.85 for its highest tertile], and children whose consumption was mostly equivalent to the "T" pattern showed higher prevalence of stunting [PR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01-3.00]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of stunting and overweight in a nationwide sample of Mexican preschoolers was associated with dietary patterns.

Consumption of higher numbers of cigarettes in Mexican youth: the importance of social permissiveness of smoking.

This study sought to assess the relationship between level of cigarette smoking and social factors indicating permissiveness of smoking among youth. This was a school-based cross-sectional questionnaire study carried out in a random sample of students (n=13,293, 11-24 years) at public schools in Morelos, Mexico. Chi2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate correlates of level of smoking (> or < or = 5 cigarettes/day). There is a rising trend in smoking among Mexican in-school youth, a tendency towards smoking initiation at increasingly younger ages and a decrease in the gender gap regarding smoking. When young people smoked at home, at school and outside, they were over fives times as likely to smoke >5 cigarettes/day. Prevention of smoking among Mexican adolescents should emphasize smoke-free schools, no smoking policies in the community and parental anti-tobacco education.

Porcentaje de grasa corporal en adolescentes asociado con conductas alimentarias de riesgo, hogar y sexo / Body fat percentage in adolescent among eating risk behaviors, home and sex

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y el hogar con el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) en los adolescentes, modificado por sexo. Material y métodos: Se analizó la información de una cohorte de 2 388 adolescentes de Morelos, México, de 2004 a 2007. Se realizaron técnicas descriptivas y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple de efectos mixtos. Resultados: El cambio del PGC es -1.4 puntos porcentuales (EE 0.22), en hombres -3.1 (EE 0.35) y en mujeres 0.2 (EE 0.21). El cambio del PGC en relación con CAR y el hogar es diferente por sexo. El modelo múltiple muestra que realizar dieta se asocia con el incremento del PGC (1.25 IC95% 0.68-1.83) en mujeres y en hombres (1.74 IC95% 0.60-2.88). En relación con la familia, las mujeres muestran una relación positiva con el incremento del PGC de acuerdo con que sientan o no que su familia no las quiere a veces o nunca (valor p de tendencia <0.001); los hombres muestran en la variable de "Satisfecho de la ayuda que recibe se su familia" una asociación marginal. Conclusiones: Realizar dieta sin supervisión se asocia con el incremento en el PGC, lo que da un efecto contrario a lo deseado; esto se asocia con relaciones familiares y es diferente entre sexo.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the association of risky eating behaviors and the home with the percentage of body fat in adolescents, modified by gender. Materials and methods: We analyzed the information of a cohort of 2 388 adolescents from Morelos in Mexico, from 2004 to 2007. Descriptive techniques and multiple linear regression models of mixed effects were performed. Results: The change in body fat percentage (PGC) is -1.4 percentage points, in men -3.1, in women 0.2. The change of the PGC in relation to CAR's and the household is different by sex. The multiple model shows that diet is associated with an increase in PGC (1.25 IC95% 0.68-1.83) in women, in men of 1.74 (95% CI 0.60-2.88). In relation with the family, women show a positive relationship with the increase in the percentage of body fat according to whether they feel that their family does not love them sometimes or never (value p of trend <0.001), men show in the variable "Satisfied with the help your family receives", a marginal association. Conclusions: Performing a diet without supervision is associated with an increase in the PGC, giving an effect contrary to what is desired. This is associated with family relationships, and is different between sex.

Carbohydrates and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women.

OBJECTIVE: High carbohydrate intake has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for breast cancer, possibly mediated by elevated levels of free insulin, estrogens, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Therefore, we conducted a population-based case-control study among a Mexican population characterized by relatively low fat and high carbohydrate intakes. METHODS: Women ages 20 to 75 years, identified through six hospitals in Mexico City (n = 475), were interviewed to obtain data relating to diet (using a food frequency questionnaire) and breast cancer risk factors. Controls (n = 1,391) were selected from the Mexico City population using a national sampling frame. RESULTS: Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with breast cancer risk. Compared with women in the lowest quartile of total carbohydrate intake, the relative risk of breast cancer for women in the highest quartile was 2.22 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.63-3.04], adjusting for total energy and potential confounding variables (P for trend < 0.0001). This association was present in premenopausal and postmenopausal women (for highest versus lowest quartile, odds ratio 2.31, 95% CI 1.36-3.91 in premenopausal women and odds ratio 2.22, 95% CI 1.49-3.30 in postmenopausal women). Among carbohydrate components, the strongest associations were observed for sucrose and fructose. No association was observed with total fat intake. DISCUSSION: In this population, a high percentage of calories from carbohydrate, but not from fat, was associated with increased breast cancer risk. This relation deserves to be investigated further, particularly in populations highly susceptible to insulin resistance.

Estudio de validación de cuatro diferentes criterios para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico en población infantil / Validation study of four different criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un problema de salud pública, el cual no cuenta con estrategias adecuadas de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento para población infantil. Los criterios existentes son controversiales y no son aplicables en los niños. Asimismo, varían según autores y comités de expertos; lo que podría tener importantes consecuencias en el diagnóstico de SM, impactando el tratamiento oportuno y el pronóstico del individuo. Objetivo: Validar criterios (NCEP-ATPIII; Cook, Ford y Duncan, et al; Ferranti, et al; Cruz, et al; e IDF1) para el diagnóstico de SM en niños mexicanos. Metodología: Estudio transversal de 2599 niños entre 6 y 16 años, residentes de la Ciudad de México. Se consideró SM con tres o más de los cinco componentes en los distintos criterios; y dos o más componentes con la presencia de obesidad central para IDF. Se consideró como Gold Standard la combinación de los cinco criterios diagnósticos. Para identificar el mejor valor predictivo se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN) y razón de verosimilitud. Resultados: Se observó una mayor proporción de individuos diagnosticados con SM con el criterio de Ferranti, et al. en comparación con los demás criterios evaluados. Nuestra propuesta ad hoc presentó una alta sensibilidad (0,89) y especificidad (0,90) frente al Gold Standard aplicado. Conclusión: El criterio propuesto por nosotros contiene una elección de componentes sencillos y de bajo costo, que facilitará su aplicación, permitiendo la unificación en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico poblacional, reduciendo los índices de morbimortalidad en mexicanos.

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a public health problem without appropriate strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment in children. Existing criteria are controversial and not applicable for pediatric population, with variations according to different authors and expert committees, which could have important consequences in MS diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Objective: To validate different definitions (NCEP-ATPIII; Cook, Ford and Duncan, et al; Ferranti, et al; Cruz, et al; and IDF1) for metabolic syndrome diagnosis in Mexican children. Methodology: Cross-sectional study of 2599 children aged between 6 and 16 years, residents of Mexico City. MS was defined as the presence of three or more of the five components in the different criteria; and two or more components with the presence of central obesity for IDF. The Gold Standard was considered as the combination of the five diagnostic criteria. To identify the best predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and likelihood ratio were calculated. Results: A greater proportion of individuals diagnosed with the Ferranti, et al criterion was observed in comparison with the other criteria evaluated. We proposed an ad hoc criteria which showed a high sensitivity (0,89) and specificity (0,90) compared to the Gold Standard applied. Conclusion: Our diagnostic criteria contains a choice of simple and low-cost components that will facilitate its application in health institutions and will unify-diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis, reducing morbidity and mortality rates in Mexican population.