Inorganic Phosphate and Sulfate Transport in S. cerevisiae.

Inorganic ions such as phosphate and sulfate are essential macronutrients required for a broad spectrum of cellular functions and their regulation. In a constantly fluctuating environment microorganisms have for their survival developed specific nutrient sensing and transport systems ensuring that the cellular nutrient needs are met. This chapter focuses on the S. cerevisiae plasma membrane localized transporters, of which some are strongly induced under conditions of nutrient scarcity and facilitate the active uptake of inorganic phosphate and sulfate. Recent advances in studying the properties of the high-affinity phosphate and sulfate transporters by means of site-directed mutagenesis have provided further insight into the molecular mechanisms contributing to substrate selectivity and transporter functionality of this important class of membrane transporters.

Glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts protect against oxidative stress and improve adaptations to intense exercise training.

Oxidative stress plays a vital role for the adaptive responses to physical training. However, excessive oxidative stress can precipitate cellular damage, necessitating protective mechanisms to mitigate this effect. Glucosinolates, found predominantly in cruciferous vegetables, can be converted into isothiocyanates, known for their antioxidative properties. These compounds activate crucial antioxidant defence pathways and support mitochondrial function and protein integrity under oxidative stress, in both Nrf2-dependent and independent manners. We here administered glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts (GRS), in a randomized double-blinded cross-over fashion to 9 healthy subjects in combination with daily intense exercise training for 7 days. We found that exercise in combination with GRS significantly decreased the levels of carbonylated proteins in skeletal muscle and the release of myeloperoxidase into blood. Moreover, it lowered lactate accumulation during submaximal exercise, and attenuated the severe nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes seen during the placebo condition. Furthermore, GRS in combination with exercise improved physical performance, which was unchanged in the placebo condition.

High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period.

Two deep ice cores from central Greenland, drilled in the 1990s, have played a key role in climate reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere, but the oldest sections of the cores were disturbed in chronology owing to ice folding near the bedrock. Here we present an undisturbed climate record from a North Greenland ice core, which extends back to 123,000 years before the present, within the last interglacial period. The oxygen isotopes in the ice imply that climate was stable during the last interglacial period, with temperatures 5 degrees C warmer than today. We find unexpectedly large temperature differences between our new record from northern Greenland and the undisturbed sections of the cores from central Greenland, suggesting that the extent of ice in the Northern Hemisphere modulated the latitudinal temperature gradients in Greenland. This record shows a slow decline in temperatures that marked the initiation of the last glacial period. Our record reveals a hitherto unrecognized warm period initiated by an abrupt climate warming about 115,000 years ago, before glacial conditions were fully developed. This event does not appear to have an immediate Antarctic counterpart, suggesting that the climate see-saw between the hemispheres (which dominated the last glacial period) was not operating at this time.