Time trend analysis and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage in Brazilian state capitals.

BACKGROUND: Breast and cervical cancer are major public health issues globally. The reduction in incidence and mortality rates of these cancers is linked to effective prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment measures. This study aims to analyze the temporal trends in the prevalence of mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage among women living in Brazilian state capitals between 2007 and 2023, and to compare the coverage of these tests before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: A time series study was conducted using data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey from 2007 to 2023. The variables analyzed included mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage according to education level, age group, race/skin color, regions, and Brazilian capitals. The Prais-Winsten regression model was used to analyze the time series, and Student's t-test was employed to compare the prevalence rates between 2019 and 2023. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2023, mammography coverage showed a stationary trend (71.1% in 2007 and 73.1% in 2023; p-value = 0.75) with a declining trend observed among women with 12 years or more of education (APC= -0.52% 95%CI -1.01%; -0.02%). Papanicolaou test coverage for all women aged between 25 and 64 exhibited a downward trend from 82% in 2007 to 76.8% in 2023 (APC= -0.45% 95%CI -0.76%; -0.13%). This decline was also noticed among those with 9 years or more of education; in the 25 to 44 age group; among women with white and mixed race; and in the Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South regions. When comparing coverage before and during Covid-19 pandemic, a reduction was noted for both tests. CONCLUSIONS: Over the years, there has been stability in mammography coverage and a decline in Papanicolaou test. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the number of these tests carried out among women, highlighting the importance of actions aimed at increasing coverage, especially among the most vulnerable groups.

Changes in tobacco use and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: National Student Health Survey. / Mudanças no uso do tabaco entre adolescentes brasileiros e fatores associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar.

This cross-sectional study used data from Brazil's National Student Health Survey (PeNSE), from 2015 and 2019, to compare consumption of tobacco products among adolescent students in Brazil and identify associated factors. The study variables were current cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and use of any tobacco product. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to ascertain associations between the variables; bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Cigarette smoking remained stable between 2015 (6.6%) and 2019 (6.8%), but use of any tobacco product increased (from 10.6% in 2015 to 14.8% in 2019), involving particularly hookahs (7.8%) and e-cigarettes (2.8%). Cigarette smoking was greater among adolescents aged 16 and 17, whose skin colour was black or brown, who missed classes without permission, who reported having no friends, displayed other risk factors, such as drinking alcoholic beverages, or who were passive smokers. The prevalence of smoking has increased over the years and is associated with sociodemographic aspects and other health risk behaviour, highlighting the need for lifelong health promotion actions.

O estudo objetiva comparar o consumo de diferentes produtos do tabaco entre os escolares adolescentes no Brasil em 2015 e 2019 e identificar os fatores associados ao seu uso. Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015 e 2019. Variáveis: uso atual de cigarro, uso de outros produtos do tabaco e uso de qualquer produto do tabaco. Foi usado o teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson para verificar associação entre as variáveis, realizada análise bivariada e a multivariada por meio da regressão logística. O uso de cigarros se manteve estável entre 2015 (6,6%) e 2019 (6,8%). Mas houve aumento do uso de qualquer produto do tabaco (de 10,6% em 2015 para 14,8% em 2019), sendo o narguilé o mais frequente (7,8%) seguido do cigarro eletrônico (2,8%). O uso de cigarro foi mais elevado entre os adolescentes de 16 e 17 anos, com cor da pele preta e parda, que faltaram as aulas sem autorização, entre aqueles que relataram não ter amigos, que apresentavam outros fatores de risco como consumir bebidas alcoólicas e que eram fumantes passivos. A prevalência de tabagismo aumentou ao longo dos anos e foi associada com aspectos sociodemográficos e a outros comportamentos de risco à saúde, o que alerta para a necessidade de ações de promoção da saúde ao longo do ciclo de vida.

Association between hospitalizations for sensitive conditions and quality of primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between municipal rates of ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) hospitalization and the quality of primary health care (PHC), socioeconomic, and demographic variables and those related to local characteristics of the health system from 2010 to 2019. METHOD: Ecological time series study in Brazilian municipalities analyzing the correlation of ACSC hospitalization rates with PHC quality measured by the three cycles of the Primary Care Access and Program for improving primary care access and quality (PMAQ-AB). The study included municipalities whose teams participated in 80% or more of at least two PMAQ-AB cycles. The correlation between standardized ACSC hospitalization rates and PHC quality and other variables was analyzed. Spearman's test was used between the response variable and numerical explanatory variables. Generalized equations estimation was used as a multivariate model associating ACSC hospitalization rates with the other variables over the years. RESULTS: A total of 3,500 municipalities were included in the models. The quality of PHC (PMAQ-AB score) showed an inverse association with the variation in ACSC hospitalization rates. Hospitalization rates fell by -2% per year every ten-point increase in the PMAQ-AB score, adjusted by the remaining variables. A one-unit increase in the beds per 1,000 inhabitants variable had an impact of approximately +6.4% on ACSC hospitalization rates. Regarding population size, larger municipalities had lower ACSC hospitalization rates. Increased PHC coverage and lower socioeconomic inequality were also associated with the reduction in hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in ACSC hospitalization rates over time was associated with an increase in the quality of PHC. It was also associated with a reduction in the number of hospital beds and municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators.

Admissions due to ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC): an analysis based on socio-demographic characteristics, Brazil and regions, 2010 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of hospital admissions due to Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) in Brazil per sex, region, cause and age group, from 2010 to 2019. METHODS: This is an ecological study based on the temporal trend of ACSC rates. Standardized rates were analyzed in a simple linear regression and a generalized linear model (GLM) Gamma. The percentage change was also checked over three periods: 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2010-2019. RESULTS: There was a reduction in hospital admission rates between 2010 and 2019 for Brazil: 124.3/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. among women (-29.0%) and 119.0/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. (-25.9%) among men in all regions. The decrease was more prominent between 2010-2014 (-17.7%) and (-17.8%) than between 2015-2019 (-.2%) and (-5.9%) for females and males, respectively. The milder decline in the period from 2015 to 2019 was more noticeable among age groups 0-4y and 5-19y in all regions. As for the causes, most ICD-10 diseases had a downward trend, the more expressive ones being gastroenteritis (-60%); however, an increase was seen in cerebrovascular diseases among women (11.2%) and men (17.1%), and angina (15% %) and skin infections (56.1%) among men. CONCLUSION: There was a significant drop in ACSC rates in the period analyzed, especially for age groups 0-4y and 5-19y. The rates had a milder drop from 2015 to 2019, a period of austerity and economic crisis.

Cardiovascular Risk Estimates in Ten Years in the Brazilian Population, a Population-Based Study. / Estimativas do Risco Cardiovascular em Dez Anos na População Brasileira: Um Estudo de Base Populacional.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in high health costs and significant economic losses. The Framingham score has been widely used to stratify the cardiovascular risk of the individuals, identifying those at higher risk for the implementation of prevention measures directed to this group. OBJECTIVE: To estimate cardiovascular risk at 10 years in the adult Brazilian population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using laboratory data from a subsample of the National Health Survey. To calculate cardiovascular risk, the Framingham score stratified by sex was used. RESULTS: Most women (58.4%) had low cardiovascular risk, 32.9% had medium risk and 8.7% had high risk. Among men, 36.5% had low cardiovascular risk, 41.9% had medium risk and 21.6% had high risk. The risk increased with age and was high in the low-educated population. The proportion of the components of the Framingham model, by risk and sex, shows that, among women at high risk, the indicators that mostly contributed to cardiovascular risk were: systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, diabetes and tobacco. Among men, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, tobacco and diabetes. CONCLUSION: The study estimates, for the first time in Brazil, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in ten years. The risk score is useful to support the prevention practices of these diseases, considering the clinical and epidemiological context.

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, altos custos com saúde e perdas econômicas importantes. O escore de Framingham tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco dos indivíduos avaliados, identificando aqueles com risco maior para que sejam implementadas medidas de prevenção direcionadas para esse grupo. OBJETIVOS: Estimar o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos da população brasileira adulta. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de Framingham, estratificado por sexo. RESULTADOS: A maioria das mulheres (58,4%) apresentou baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9%, risco médio e 8,7%, risco elevado. Entre homens, 36,5% apresentaram risco cardiovascular baixo, 41,9%, risco médio e 21,6%, risco elevado. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na população com baixa escolaridade. A proporção dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribuíram para o risco cardiovascular foram: a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, diabetes e tabagismo. Entre homens, pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, tabagismo e diabetes. CONCLUSÕES: Trata-se do primeiro estudo nacional com dados laboratoriais a estimar o risco de doença cardiovascular em dez anos. Os escores de risco são úteis para subsidiar as práticas de prevenção dessas doenças, considerando o contexto clínico e epidemiológico.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.

Trends in smoking prevalence in all Brazilian capitals between 2006 and 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trends in smoking prevalence in all Brazilian capitals between 2006 and 2017. METHODS: This was a study of temporal trends in smoking, based on information from the Telephone-based System for the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases. The trends in smoking prevalence were stratified by gender, age, level of education, and capital of residence. We used linear regression analysis with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2017, the overall prevalence of smoking in the Brazilian capitals declined from 19.3% to 13.2% among men and from 12.4% to 7.5% among women (p < 0.05 for both). Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of smoking in all of the capitals, the rate of decline was lower in the more recent years. There was also a reduction in the prevalence of former smoking (22.2% in 2006 to 20.3% in 2017). In contrast, there was an upward trend in the prevalence of former smoking among individuals with a lower level of education (from 27.9% in 2006 to 30.0% in 2017). In 2017, the prevalence of smoking among men was highest in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Porto Alegre, whereas it was highest among women in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Florianópolis. CONCLUSIONS: There have been improvements in smoking prevalence in Brazil. Annual monitoring of smoking prevalence can assist in the battle against chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey. / Prevalência de colesterol total e frações alterados na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions levels in the Brazilian population, according to biochemical data from the National Health Survey. METHODS: A descriptive study, using data from the National Health Survey, collected between 2014 and 2015. Total cholesterol and fractions were analyzed and population prevalences of altered values according to socio-demographic variables were calculated. The cutoff points considered were: total cholesterol ≥ 200mg/dl; low-density lipoprotein LDL ≥ 130mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein HDL < 40mg/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL in the population was 32.7%, and higher in women (35.1%). The prevalence of altered HDL was 31.8%, 22.0% in females and 42.8% in males. LDL ≥ 130mg/dL was found in 18.6% and was higher in women (19.9%). The population aged 45 years old and older and those with low levels of education presented a higher prevalence of altered cholesterol. CONCLUSION: Altered values of total cholesterol and fractions were frequent in the Brazilian population, especially among women, the elderly and people with low levels of education. These results may guide control and preventative actions such as healthy eating, physical activity and treatment, all of which aim to prevent coronary diseases.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as prevalências dos níveis de colesterol total e frações alterados na população brasileira, segundo dados bioquímicos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, utilizando dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde coletados entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Foram analisados exames de colesterol total e frações e calculadas prevalências populacionais de valores alterados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Consideraram-se os seguintes pontos de corte: colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL; lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) ≥ 130mg/dL e lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) < 40mg/dL. RESULTADOS: Aprevalência de colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL na população foi de 32,7%, mais elevada em mulheres (35,1%). A prevalência de HDL alterado foi de 31,8%, sendo de 42,8% no sexo masculino e 22,0% no feminino. LDL≥ 130mg/dL foi observado em 18,6%, com prevalência mais elevada em mulheres (19,9%). População com idade de 45 anos ou mais e com baixa escolaridade apresentou maiores prevalências de colesterol com alterações. CONCLUSÃO: Valores de colesterol total e frações alterados foram frequentes na população brasileira, especialmente entre mulheres, idosos e pessoas de baixa escolaridade. Esses resultados poderão orientar as ações de controle e prevenção, como alimentação saudável, atividade física e tratamento, visando à prevenção de doenças coronarianas.

Association between hospitalizations for sensitive conditions and quality of primary care / Associação entre internações por condições sensíveis e qualidade da atenção primária

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between municipal rates of ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) hospitalization and the quality of primary health care (PHC), socioeconomic, and demographic variables and those related to local characteristics of the health system from 2010 to 2019. METHOD Ecological time series study in Brazilian municipalities analyzing the correlation of ACSC hospitalization rates with PHC quality measured by the three cycles of the Primary Care Access and Program for improving primary care access and quality (PMAQ-AB). The study included municipalities whose teams participated in 80% or more of at least two PMAQ-AB cycles. The correlation between standardized ACSC hospitalization rates and PHC quality and other variables was analyzed. Spearman's test was used between the response variable and numerical explanatory variables. Generalized equations estimation was used as a multivariate model associating ACSC hospitalization rates with the other variables over the years. RESULTS A total of 3,500 municipalities were included in the models. The quality of PHC (PMAQ-AB score) showed an inverse association with the variation in ACSC hospitalization rates. Hospitalization rates fell by -2% per year every ten-point increase in the PMAQ-AB score, adjusted by the remaining variables. A one-unit increase in the beds per 1,000 inhabitants variable had an impact of approximately +6.4% on ACSC hospitalization rates. Regarding population size, larger municipalities had lower ACSC hospitalization rates. Increased PHC coverage and lower socioeconomic inequality were also associated with the reduction in hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in ACSC hospitalization rates over time was associated with an increase in the quality of PHC. It was also associated with a reduction in the number of hospital beds and municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre taxas municipais de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP), com a qualidade da atenção primária à saúde (APS), variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e relacionadas a características locais do sistema de saúde, de 2010 a 2019. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico de séries temporais nos municípios brasileiros analisando a correlação das taxas de ICSAP, com a qualidade da APS medida pelos três ciclos do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). Foram incluídos municípios que participaram com 80% ou mais de suas equipes em, ao menos, dois ciclos do PMAQ-AB. Foi analisada a correlação entre as taxas de ICSAP padronizadas com a qualidade da APS e demais variáveis. Empregou-se o teste de Spearman entre a variável resposta e as variáveis explicativas numéricas. Foi usado o generalized equations estimating como modelo multivariado associando as taxas de ICSAP e as demais variáveis ao longo dos anos. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 3.500 municípios nos modelos. A qualidade da APS (nota do PMAQ-AB) apresentou associação inversa com a variação das taxas de ICSAP. As taxas de internação tiveram queda de -2% ao ano a cada aumento de dez pontos na nota do PMAQ-AB, ajustado pelas demais variáveis. O aumento de uma unidade na variável leitos por mil habitantes impactou em uma elevação de aproximadamente +6,4% nas taxas de ICSAP. Quanto ao porte populacional, municípios maiores tiveram menores taxas de ICSAP. Também se associaram à redução das internações o aumento da cobertura da APS e a menor desigualdade socioeconômica. CONCLUSÕES A redução das taxas de ICSAP ao longo do tempo mostrou-se associada com o aumento da qualidade da APS. Além disso, esteve associada com diminuição do número de leitos hospitalares e a municípios com melhores indicadores socioeconômicos.

Admissions due to ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC): an analysis based on socio-demographic characteristics, Brazil and regions, 2010 to 2019 / Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP): uma análise segundo características sociodemográficas, Brasil e regiões, 2010 a 2019

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of hospital admissions due to Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) in Brazil per sex, region, cause and age group, from 2010 to 2019. Methods: This is an ecological study based on the temporal trend of ACSC rates. Standardized rates were analyzed in a simple linear regression and a generalized linear model (GLM) Gamma. The percentage change was also checked over three periods: 2010-2014, 2015-2019 and 2010-2019. Results: There was a reduction in hospital admission rates between 2010 and 2019 for Brazil: 124.3/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. among women (-29.0%) and 119.0/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. (-25.9%) among men in all regions. The decrease was more prominent between 2010-2014 (-17.7%) and (-17.8%) than between 2015-2019 (-.2%) and (-5.9%) for females and males, respectively. The milder decline in the period from 2015 to 2019 was more noticeable among age groups 0-4y and 5-19y in all regions. As for the causes, most ICD-10 diseases had a downward trend, the more expressive ones being gastroenteritis (-60%); however, an increase was seen in cerebrovascular diseases among women (11.2%) and men (17.1%), and angina (15% %) and skin infections (56.1%) among men. Conclusion: There was a significant drop in ACSC rates in the period analyzed, especially for age groups 0-4y and 5-19y. The rates had a milder drop from 2015 to 2019, a period of austerity and economic crisis.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) no Brasil, por sexo, regiões, causas e faixas etárias, no período de 2010 a 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo ecológico baseado na tendência temporal das taxas de ICSAP. Foram analisadas as taxas padronizadas segundo regressão linear simples e modelo linear generalizado (MLG) gama. Observou-se também a variação percentual em três períodos: 2010-2014, 2015-2019 e 2010-2019. Resultados: Ocorreu redução nas taxas de internação entre 2010 e 2019 para Brasil: 124,3/10.000 hab. para 88,2/10.000 hab. em mulheres (-29,0%) e 119,0/10.000 hab. para 88,2/10.000 hab. (-25,9%) em homens, em todas as regiões. A queda foi maior entre 2010 e 2014 (-17,7% e -17,8%) do que entre 2015 e 2019 (-9,2% e -5,9%) — valores para sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Esse declínio menor no período de 2015 a 2019 foi mais perceptível entre as faixas de zero a quatro anos e de cinco a 19 anos em todas as regiões. Quanto às causas, foi verificada redução para maioria dos códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), mais expressiva para gastroenterites (-60%), entretanto tiveram aumento doenças cerebrovasculares entre mulheres (11,2%) e homens (17,1%) e angina (15%%) e infecções da pele (56,1%) entre homens. Conclusão: Ocorreu importante queda das taxas de ICSAP no período analisado, especialmente para as faixas etárias de zero a quatro e de cinco a 19. As taxas tiveram menor queda entre 2015 e 2019, período de austeridade e crise econômica.

Estimativas do Risco Cardiovascular em Dez Anos na População Brasileira: Um Estudo de Base Populacional / Cardiovascular Risk Estimates in Ten Years in the Brazilian Population, a Population-Based Study

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, altos custos com saúde e perdas econômicas importantes. O escore de Framingham tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco dos indivíduos avaliados, identificando aqueles com risco maior para que sejam implementadas medidas de prevenção direcionadas para esse grupo. Objetivos: Estimar o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos da população brasileira adulta. Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de Framingham, estratificado por sexo. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres (58,4%) apresentou baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9%, risco médio e 8,7%, risco elevado. Entre homens, 36,5% apresentaram risco cardiovascular baixo, 41,9%, risco médio e 21,6%, risco elevado. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na população com baixa escolaridade. A proporção dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribuíram para o risco cardiovascular foram: a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, diabetes e tabagismo. Entre homens, pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, tabagismo e diabetes. Conclusões: Trata-se do primeiro estudo nacional com dados laboratoriais a estimar o risco de doença cardiovascular em dez anos. Os escores de risco são úteis para subsidiar as práticas de prevenção dessas doenças, considerando o contexto clínico e epidemiológico.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in high health costs and significant economic losses. The Framingham score has been widely used to stratify the cardiovascular risk of the individuals, identifying those at higher risk for the implementation of prevention measures directed to this group. Objective: To estimate cardiovascular risk at 10 years in the adult Brazilian population. Methods: Cross-sectional study using laboratory data from a subsample of the National Health Survey. To calculate cardiovascular risk, the Framingham score stratified by sex was used. Results: Most women (58.4%) had low cardiovascular risk, 32.9% had medium risk and 8.7% had high risk. Among men, 36.5% had low cardiovascular risk, 41.9% had medium risk and 21.6% had high risk. The risk increased with age and was high in the low-educated population. The proportion of the components of the Framingham model, by risk and sex, shows that, among women at high risk, the indicators that mostly contributed to cardiovascular risk were: systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, diabetes and tobacco. Among men, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, tobacco and diabetes. Conclusion: The study estimates, for the first time in Brazil, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in ten years. The risk score is useful to support the prevention practices of these diseases, considering the clinical and epidemiological context.

Trends in smoking prevalence in all Brazilian capitals between 2006 and 2017 / Tendências de indicadores relacionados ao tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2006 e 2017

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the trends in smoking prevalence in all Brazilian capitals between 2006 and 2017. Methods: This was a study of temporal trends in smoking, based on information from the Telephone-based System for the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases. The trends in smoking prevalence were stratified by gender, age, level of education, and capital of residence. We used linear regression analysis with a significance level of 5%. Results: From 2006 to 2017, the overall prevalence of smoking in the Brazilian capitals declined from 19.3% to 13.2% among men and from 12.4% to 7.5% among women (p < 0.05 for both). Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of smoking in all of the capitals, the rate of decline was lower in the more recent years. There was also a reduction in the prevalence of former smoking (22.2% in 2006 to 20.3% in 2017). In contrast, there was an upward trend in the prevalence of former smoking among individuals with a lower level of education (from 27.9% in 2006 to 30.0% in 2017). In 2017, the prevalence of smoking among men was highest in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Porto Alegre, whereas it was highest among women in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Florianópolis. Conclusions: There have been improvements in smoking prevalence in Brazil. Annual monitoring of smoking prevalence can assist in the battle against chronic noncommunicable diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência de indicadores relacionados ao tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2006 e 2017. Métodos: Estudo de tendência temporal a partir de informações do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico. Os indicadores do tabagismo foram estratificados por sexo, idade, escolaridade e capitais. Utilizou-se análise de regressão linear com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Considerando-se toda a série, a prevalência de tabagismo caiu de 19,3% (2006) para 13,2% (2017) no sexo masculino e de 12,4% para 7,5% no sexo feminino (p < 0,05 para ambos). Todas as capitais apresentaram um declínio na prevalência de tabagismo para ambos os sexos; entretanto, a velocidade desse declínio foi menor nos últimos anos. Ocorreu uma redução da proporção de ex-fumantes (de 22,2% em 2006 para 20,3% em 2017). Em contrapartida, houve uma tendência de aumento entre os ex-fumantes que tinham escolaridade de 0-8 anos (de 27,9% em 2006 para 30,0% em 2017). Em 2017, as maiores prevalências de tabagismo do sexo masculino foram em Curitiba, São Paulo e Porto Alegre; em relação ao sexo feminino, essas foram em Curitiba, São Paulo e Florianópolis. Conclusões: Houve melhoria dos indicadores relacionados ao tabagismo no Brasil. O monitoramento anual dos indicadores de tabagismo auxilia no enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Prevalência de colesterol total e frações alterados na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as prevalências dos níveis de colesterol total e frações alterados na população brasileira, segundo dados bioquímicos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde coletados entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Foram analisados exames de colesterol total e frações e calculadas prevalências populacionais de valores alterados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Consideraram-se os seguintes pontos de corte: colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL; lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) ≥ 130mg/dL e lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) < 40mg/dL. Resultados: Aprevalência de colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL na população foi de 32,7%, mais elevada em mulheres (35,1%). A prevalência de HDL alterado foi de 31,8%, sendo de 42,8% no sexo masculino e 22,0% no feminino. LDL≥ 130mg/dL foi observado em 18,6%, com prevalência mais elevada em mulheres (19,9%). População com idade de 45 anos ou mais e com baixa escolaridade apresentou maiores prevalências de colesterol com alterações. Conclusão: Valores de colesterol total e frações alterados foram frequentes na população brasileira, especialmente entre mulheres, idosos e pessoas de baixa escolaridade. Esses resultados poderão orientar as ações de controle e prevenção, como alimentação saudável, atividade física e tratamento, visando à prevenção de doenças coronarianas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions levels in the Brazilian population, according to biochemical data from the National Health Survey. Methods: A descriptive study, using data from the National Health Survey, collected between 2014 and 2015. Total cholesterol and fractions were analyzed and population prevalences of altered values according to socio-demographic variables were calculated. The cutoff points considered were: total cholesterol ≥ 200mg/dl; low-density lipoprotein LDL ≥ 130mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein HDL < 40mg/dL. Results: The prevalence of total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL in the population was 32.7%, and higher in women (35.1%). The prevalence of altered HDL was 31.8%, 22.0% in females and 42.8% in males. LDL ≥ 130mg/dL was found in 18.6% and was higher in women (19.9%). The population aged 45 years old and older and those with low levels of education presented a higher prevalence of altered cholesterol. Conclusion: Altered values of total cholesterol and fractions were frequent in the Brazilian population, especially among women, the elderly and people with low levels of education. These results may guide control and preventative actions such as healthy eating, physical activity and treatment, all of which aim to prevent coronary diseases.

Dispepsia em pacientes com hipertensão porta submetidos à esclerose endoscópica de varizes esofagianas: relação com aspectos endoscópicos do estômago / Dyspepsia in patients with portal hypertension undergone esophageal scleroteraphy: correlation with gastric endoscopic findings

Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre dispepsia e alterações endoscópicas do estômago em pacientes com hipertensão portal em tratamento endoscópico de varizes esofagianas. Métodos: a partir da demanda espontânea do programa de tratamento endoscópico de varizes esofágicas do Hospital das Clínicas da UFG, 65 pacientes responderam a um questionário validado (PADYQ) sobre sintomas dispépticos e foram submetidos a EDA (Endoscopia Digestiva Alta) por endoscopista que não teve acesso às informações sobre os sintomas. Os achados endoscópicos do estômago foram correlacionados com os escores dos sintomas dispépticos. Resultados: 22 pacientes (33,84%) com sintomas Dispépticos não tiveram alterações endoscópicas. Por outro lado, foram demonstradas alterações na mucosa antral (erosões ou úlcera) em 13 pacientes (20,0%) que não apresentavam sintomas dispépticos. A correlação entre sintomas dispépticos e achados endoscópicos do antro gástrico não demonstrou significância estatística. Conclusão: sintomas dispépticos em pacientes com HP independem da intensidade de alterações endoscópicas na mucosa gástrica, sugerindo que achados endoscópicos em pacientes que se queixam de sintomas dispépticos não devem ser supravalorizados.

Objective: to evaluate the association between dyspepsia and gastric endoscopic alterations in patients with portal hypertension undergone sclerotherapy. Methods: during the normal attendances on the program of esophageal varices treatment in Hospital das Clinica in the Universidade Federal de Goiás, 65 patients answered a validated dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire. The gastric endoscopic findings including portal hypertension gastropathy and antral mucosa alterations were compared with the dyspeptic symptoms score. Results: 22 patients (33.84%) with dyspeptic symptoms didn?t show endoscopic alterations. In the other hand; alterations in the antral mucosa (erosions or ulcers) were demonstrated in 13 patients (20.0%) that didn?t present any symptoms of dyspepsia. There was no correlation between dyspeptic symptoms score and endoscopic findings. Conclusion: dyspeptic symptoms in patients with portal hypertension are not correlated with the intensity of gastric endoscopic abnormalities.

Fatores de risco e fatores de proteção referentes a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população de Goiânia em 2009 / Risk factors and protective factors related to chronic transmissible diseases in the Goiania population in 2009

Objetivo. Analisar os fatores de risco e os de proteção relativos a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na cidade de Goiânia, capital de Goiás. Método. Foram analisadas informações provenientes do sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco e os de proteção referentes a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis por inquérito telefônico ? Vigitel ? em 2009. A amostra foi composta de 2.011 entrevistas, e as frequências das doenças crônicas foram apresentadas em relação à população geral e por sexo, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. O estudo mostrou diferenças na prevalência de fatores de risco e fatores de proteção afetosa doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre sexos. As diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os sexos foram: para os homens, ex-fumantes, fumo passivo no trabalho, consumo de carne com excesso de gordura, inatividade física, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e como fator de proteção o consumo de feijão; para as mulheres foram significativos apenas fatores de proteção como consumo regular de frutas, legumes e verduras, consumo recomendado de frutas, legumes e verduras e proteção contra raios ultravioleta. Conclusões. Essas informações devem redirecionar a implementação das políticas públicas com foco no modode viver mais saudável e nas escolhas individuais mais adequadas da população adulta na cidade de Goiânia.

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of protective factors and risk factors for the most important chronic nontransmissiblediseases in Goiania, State Capital of Goias. Method. The data were that collected in 2009 through Vigitel, an ongoing population-based telephone inquiry surveillance system, implemented in all Brazilian State capitals since 2006. In 2009, over 2,011 interviews were completed over the phone with a random sample of individuals living in Goiania.Results. These analyses showed differences in the prevalence of determinants of chronic diseases by demographic characteristics such as gender. The statistically significant diference between gender were: for men, former smokers, passive smoking at work, intake of meat with excessive fat, sedentariness, alcoholic beverages intake, andas a protection factor beans intake; for women only protective factors were significant as regular fruit and vegetable intake, the recommended fruit and vegetable intake and protection against ultraviolet rays.Conclusion. The Vigitel system was implemented to monitor changes in the prevalence of determinants of chronic diseases over time to inform public health workers and decision makers to adjust existing programs andpolicies according to the changing profile of consumers. The ultimate goal is to improve the health conditions of the population in Goiania.