RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphometry and the gene expression of Ki-67, VEGF and caspase 3 and the stress oxidative in the adrenal gland of ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen or isoflavones. We used 15 Wistar rats ovariectomized treated with isoflavones or estrogen during 30 days. At the end of the treatment, the left adrenal gland was removed for subsequent histological studies and the right was used to evaluate gene expression of angiogenesis (VEGF-A), cell proliferation (Ki-67), apoptose (caspase 3 clivated) and oxidative stress. Treatment with estrogen showed a largest increase in the layers of the adrenal cortex than with isoflavones. These hypertrofic effects agree with higher expression elevation of Ki67 and VEGF, which did not occur with the caspase 3, indicating that isoflavones have great proliferative effect on the adrenal gland. Similar results were also observed on superoxide quantification show that isoflavone has a protective effect against oxidative stress. Our results indicate positively the trophic therapeutic potential of isoflavones has a protective effect and can contribute to the development of effective therapies to decrease the symptoms of menopause.
Asunto(s)
Glándulas Suprarrenales/efectos de los fármacos , Estrógenos/farmacología , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Menopausia , Ovariectomía , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Útero/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Low-intensity, high-frequency mechanical vibration (LHMV) has shown to increase bone formation. However, studies comparing the effectiveness of early- and late-treatments of LHMV to counteract bone loss have not been documented. This study was designed to compare the effects of early- and late-treatments of LHMV (at 30 Hz/0.6 g, 20 min per day/five days per week, for 12 weeks) on bone parameters in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. Thirty days after ovariectomy, 40 adult rats were randomly divided into four groups: GI (early control group); GII treated with LHMV 3 weeks after Ovx (early treatment); GIII (late control group) and GIV treated with LHMV twelve weeks after Ovx (late treatment). Bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed before Ovx and after treatments. Then, animals were killed, and the femurs were collected and their length and diaphysis diameter were measured; the distal femurs were taken and processed for histomorphometry and polarized light microscopy for collagen fibers analysis or subjected to immunohistochemistry of cleaved caspase-3 in osteocytes. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (p < 0.05). BMD was similar among the groups before Ovx, but after treatments, it was significantly higher in GII and GIV compared with their control groups (p < 0.05). Femur length and cortical bone thickness were similar among the groups, but the diaphysis diameter of GII was higher compared with GI. Trabecular bone area was higher in the vibrated groups, but it was greater in GII (p < 0.05). Also, the vibrated groups showed the higher content collagen fibers and lower presence apoptotic osteocytes (positive caspase-3 immunoreactivity) when compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). These results suggest that both early- and late-treatments with LHMV counteract bone loss, being the early treatment more effective than the late treatment.
Asunto(s)
Densidad Ósea/fisiología , Ovariectomía , Vibración/uso terapéutico , Animales , Apoptosis , Caspasa 3/análisis , Colágeno/análisis , Femenino , Fémur , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Osteocitos/enzimología , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/prevención & control , Estimulación Física , Ratas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes and collagen present in the myocardium of rats treated with a concentrated extract of soy or 17ß-estradiol (E2). METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: GCtrl--estrus phase; GOvx--ovariectomized (Ovx) and receiving vehicle; GIso--Ovx and treated with soy extract (150 mg/kg per day); GE2--Ovx and treated with E2 (10 µg/kg per day). The drugs and vehicle (0.2 mL propylene glycol) were administered for 30 consecutive days after ovariectomy. On the last day the animals were anesthetized, the hearts removed, submerged in 10% formaldehyde and fragments of the ventricles underwent histological procedures, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius-red. Histomorphometric analysis (number and volume of nuclei and quantification of collagen) was performed under a light microscope with AxioVision Rel. 4.2 software, and collagen fibers were quantified using IMAGELAB-2000 software. Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed a higher number of cardiomyocyte nuclei in animals of the Ovx and Iso groups than in GE2 and GCtrl animals (GOvx=121.7±20.2=GIso=92.8±15.4>GE2=70.5±14,8=GCtrl=66.3±9.6; p <0.05), while the nuclear volume was greater in the Ctrl and E2 groups (GE2=35.7±4.8 GCtrl=29.9±3.6=>GIso=26.5±4.5=GOvx=22.4±2.9; p <0.05). Collagen concentration was higher in the Ovx group (GOvx=5.4±0.1>GCtrl=4.0±0.1=GIso=4.4±0.08=GE2=4.3±0.5; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen may prevent the reduction of the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and collagen deposition between heart muscle fibers, while the administration of isoflavones only prevents the deposition of collagen, which can preserve the mechanical properties of cardiac fibers.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/análisis , Estrógenos/farmacología , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Miocardio/química , Miocitos Cardíacos/citología , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Femenino , RatasRESUMEN
Estudos mostram haver uma diminuição da quantidade de linfócitos T e B, assim como dos efeitos citotóxicos das células natural killer (NK), em decorrência da diminuição acentuada na concentração dos estrogênios circulantes, o que ocorre no período menopausal e pós-menopausal. Assim, existe uma relação direta entre senescência e deficiência do sistema imunológico, que tem como consequência o aumento de doenças neoplásicas, infecciosas, crônico-degenerativas, assim como de inflamações crônicas, Assim, para prevenir ou amenizara imunossenescência, com consequente prevenção de diversas doenças dessa parcelada população, estudos mostram que existe uma normalização da resposta imunológica após a reposição hormonal, o que se torna um fator importante no controle dessas doenças. Dessa maneira, a reposição hormonal torna-se importante não somente para minimizar os efeitos da pós-menopausa, mas também no combate e na prevenção de doenças de caráter imunológico, como as doenças autoimunes e as neoplásicas.
Studies show that there is a decreased amount of T and B lymphocytes, as well as the cytotoxic effects ofnatural killercells (NK), due to the sharp decrease in the concentration of circulating estrogens, which occurs in the menopausal and post-rnenopausal period. Thus, there is a direct relationship between senescence and immune system deficiency, resultingin the increase of tumors, infectious, degenera tive chronic diseases, as well as the chronic inflammation. 50 to prevent or lessen the immunosenescence, resulting in prevention of various diseases in this part of the population, studies show that there is a normalization of the immune response after hormonal replacement therapy, becoming an important fator in controlling these diseases. Thus, hormone replacement therapy becomes important not only to minimize the alterations that occurs in the post-menopausal period, but also in fighting and preventing immune diseases, such as tumors.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas , Sistema Inmunológico , PosmenopausiaRESUMEN
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a morfologia dos cardiomiócitos e quantificar o colágeno presente no miocárdio de ratas tratadas com extrato concentrado de soja ou 17β-estradiol (E2). MÉTODOS: Vinte e oito ratas foram divididas em quatro grupos: GCtrl - fase de estro; GOvx - ovariectomizadas (Ovx); GIso - Ovx tratadas com extrato de soja (150 mg/kg, por dia); GE2 - Ovx tratadas com E2 (10 µg/kg, por dia). As drogas e o veículo (0,2 mL de propilenoglicol) foram administrados após 30 dias da realização da ovariectomia, por 30 dias consecutivos. No último dia os animais foram anestesiados, o coração retirado, mergulhado em formaldeído a 10%, e fragmentos dos ventrículos submetidos a processamento histológico, sendo os cortes corados pela hematoxilina e eosina ou pelo picrosirius-red. As análises histomorfométricas (contagem, volume nuclear e quantificação do colágeno) foram realizadas em microscópio de luz e software AxioVision Rel. 4.2, sendo o colágeno determinado pelo programa Imagelab 2000. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de ANOVA complementado pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Notamos maior quantidade de núcleos de cardiomiócitos nos animais dos grupos Ovx e Iso do que no GE2 e GCtrl (GOvx=121,7±20,2=GIso=92,8±15,4>GE2=70,5±14,8=GCtrl=66,3±9,6; p<0,05), sendo o volume nuclear maior nos animais do grupo Ctrl e E2 (GE2=35,7±4,8=GCtrl=29,9±3,6>GIso=26,5±4,5=GOvx=22,4±2,9; p<0,05). Com relação ao colágeno notamos maior concentração no grupo Ovx (GOvx=5,4±0,1>GCtrl=4,0±0,1=GIso=4,4±0,08=GE2=4,3±0,5; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Os estrogênios previnem a diminuição do volume nuclear dos cardiomiócitos e a deposição de colágeno entre as fibras musculares cardíacas. Já a administração de isoflavonas previne somente a deposição de colágeno, o que pode preservar as propriedades mecânicas das fibras cardíacas.
PURPOSES: To evaluate the histomorphometry of cardiomyocytes and collagen present in the myocardium of rats treated with a concentrated extract of soy or 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: GCtrl - estrus phase; GOvx - ovariectomized (Ovx) and receiving vehicle; GIso - Ovx and treated with soy extract (150 mg/kg per day); GE2 - Ovx and treated with E2 (10 µg/kg per day). The drugs and vehicle (0.2 mL propylene glycol) were administered for 30 consecutive days after ovariectomy. On the last day the animals were anesthetized, the hearts removed, submerged in 10% formaldehyde and fragments of the ventricles underwent histological procedures, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius-red. Histomorphometric analysis (number and volume of nuclei and quantification of collagen) was performed under a light microscope with AxioVision Rel. 4.2 software, and collagen fibers were quantified using IMAGELAB-2000 software. Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed a higher number of cardiomyocyte nuclei in animals of the Ovx and Iso groups than in GE2 and GCtrl animals (GOvx=121.7±20.2=GIso=92.8±15.4>GE2=70.5±14,8=GCtrl=66.3±9.6; p <0.05), while the nuclear volume was greater in the Ctrl and E2 groups (GE2=35.7±4.8 GCtrl=29.9±3.6=>GIso=26.5±4.5=GOvx=22.4±2.9; p <0.05). Collagen concentration was higher in the Ovx group (GOvx=5.4±0.1>GCtrl=4.0±0.1=GIso=4.4±0.08=GE2=4.3±0.5; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen may prevent the reduction of the nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes and collagen deposition between heart muscle fibers, while the administration of isoflavones only prevents the deposition of collagen, which can preserve the mechanical properties of cardiac fibers.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Colágeno/análisis , Estrógenos/farmacología , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Miocardio/química , Miocitos Cardíacos/citología , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Introdução: É sabido que as isoflavonas da soja exercem efeitos positivos contra a perda de massa óssea após a menopausa. No entanto, os efeitos de diferentes doses de isoflavonas e sua associação com o 17 beta-estradiol no tecido ósseo não são bem conhecidos. Objetivo: Nesse estudo, foram investigados os efeitos de diferentes doses de isoflavonas da soja e sua associação com o 17 beta-estradiol no tecido ósseo de ratas osteopênicas. Métodos: 50 ratas Wistar adultas foram ooforectomizadas e, após 90 dias, divididas em 5 grupos (10 ratas em cada): GI grupo controle; GII, GIII e GIV tratados diariamente com isoflavonas da soja por gavage nas doses de 80 mg, 200 mg e 350 mg/kg, respectivamente; GV tratado com 350 mg/kg de isofl avonas da soja associadas ao 17 beta-estradiol (10 miug/kg/via subcutânea, diariamente). Após 90 dias, os fêmures e tíbias foram coletados, e seus comprimentos e espessuras foram medidos. Os fêmures distais foram processados para histomorfometria e as tíbias foram congeladas e,posteriormente, submetidas a testes físicos e biomecânicos. Resultados: Durante o período de tratamento, foi observada perda de peso no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. O comprimento dos fêmures e a espessura das tíbias foram maiores no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. O tratamento combinado promoveu maior área óssea trabecular e espessura do osso cortical. A densidade óssea e a capacidade das tíbias de receber carga foram maiores no grupo submetido ao tratamento combinado. Conclusão: Dessa forma, este estudo demonstrou que as isoflavonas da soja têm efeito positivo no tecido ósseo de ratas osteopênicas e sua associação com 17 beta-estradiol potencializa esse efeito.
Introduction: It has been shown that soy isoflavones counteract postmenopausal bone loss. However, the effects of different doses and its treatment combined with 17 beta-estradiol on bone tissue are not well-known. Objective: In this study we investigated the effects of different doses of soy isoflavones and their association with 17 beta-estradiol on bone tissue of osteopenic rats. Methods: 50 adult Wistar rats were ovariectomized and after90 days divided in 5 groups (10 rats in each): GI control; GII, GIII and GIV treated orally with soy isoflavones at the doses of 80 mg, 200 mg and 350 mg/kg/bodyweight/daily respectively; GV soy isofl avones (350 mg/orally) + 17 beta-estradiol (10 miug/kg/body weight/subcutaneously, daily). After 90 days, the femurs and tibias were collected and its length and thickness were measured the distal femurs were processed for histomorphometry; the tibias were frozen and submitted to biomechanical tests. Results: During the period of treatment, loss of body weight in the group subjected to the combined treatment was observed. The femur length and the thickness of the tibias were higher in the combined treated group as well as.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Huesos , Estradiol/farmacología , Isoflavonas/administración & dosificación , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica da ação das isoflavonas como agentes antioxidantes. Refere que a geração de radicais reativos ao oxigênio dentro da célula faz parte do metabolismo celular, o que culmina no desenvolvimento de mecanismos de defesa antioxidantes para a retirada desses radicais. Inúmeros trabalhos referem que os asiáticos apresentam menor índice de tumores mamários, de endométrio e de próstata, o que pode estar correlacionado com o mecanismo da ação das isoflavonas, tanto como moduladores seletivos dos receptores hormonais (SERMs) quanto por sua ação antioxidante. No entanto, procuramos chamar a atenção para sua ação antioxidante.
This paper presents a brief review of the action of isoflavones as antioxidants. Being the generation of free radicals within the cell a part of the cell metabolism, evolution predictably developed efficient antioxidant defense mechanisms to remove these radicals. Numerous studies report that Asians have lower rates of breast tumors, endometrial and prostate, a fact which could be postulated to correlate with the moderate to high daily intake of isoflavones-containing foods by these human groups. The effects of isoflavones significantly lowering cancer rates can be accounted for not only by their antioxidant action but by their action as selective hormone receptor modulators (SERMs) as well. This review focuses on the antioxidantaction of isoflavones.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Antioxidantes , Alimentos de Soja , Genisteína/administración & dosificación , Isoflavonas , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
Este artigo de revisão abordou os efeitos das isoflavonas na prevenção dos sintomas decorrentes da pós-menopausa na mulher. Isoflavonas são fenóis heterocíclicos com estrutura semelhante à do 17-beta-estradiol, atuando como modulador seletivo dos receptores de estrogênio (SERM). As ações na célula dependem do tecido-alvo, do status do receptor tecidual e dos níveis de estrogênios endógenos. As isoflavonas são produtos naturais que podem ser utilizados como uma alternativa à terapia hormonal na menopausa. Estudos in vitro e em modelos animais mostraram que agem de várias maneiras para exercer seus efeitos, podem atuar nas células através de vias genômicas e não-genômicas. Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem um efeito protetor das isoflavonas sobre o tecido mamário como é evidenciado pelas menores taxas de câncer de mama nos países do Leste Asiático, onde a soja é uma parte predominante da dieta. Os produtos que contêm isoflavonas também aliviam os sintomas da menopausa, reduzindo fogachos. No entanto ainda há necessidade de novos estudos relacionando a segurança em longo prazo de suplementos de isoflavonasna mulher na pós-menopausa.
This article review was designed to address the effects of isoflavones in postmenopausal women and their place in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal symptoms. Isoflavones are heterocyclic phenols with structural similarity to estradiol-17 beta and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). Actions at the cellular level depend on the target tissue, receptor status of the tissue, and the level of endogenous estrogen. Isoflavones are natural products that could be used as an alternative to menopausal hormone therapy. In vitro and animal studies have shown that they act in multiple ways to exert their postmenopausal effects. They act on both cells of through genomic and nongenomic pathways. Epidemiological studies suggest a protective effect of isoflavone on breast tissue as evidenced by the lower rates of breast cancer in East Asian countries where soy is a predominant part of the diet. Soy products also alleviate menopausal symptoms by reducing hot flashes. However there is still need for further studies relating to long-term safety of isoflavone supplements in postmenopausal women.