Physical training improves thermogenesis and insulin pathway, and induces remodeling in white and brown adipose tissues

Physical training (PT) has been considered as a treatment in metabolic syndrome (MS), since it induces thermogenic activity in brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of PT on activity of WAT and BAT in rats with MS induced by high-fat diet (30% lard) for 13 weeks and submitted, for the last 6 weeks, to swimming or kept sedentary (SED) rats. MS-SED rats compared to control diet (CT-SED) rats showed low physical fitness and high levels of glucose, insulin, homeostasis evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis evaluation of the functional capacity of Beta-cells (HOMA-Beta), and blood pressure. The gastrocnemius muscle decreased in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and beta (PGC-1alfa, PGC-1beta), and uncoupled protein 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3) expressions. Both WAT and BAT increased in the adipocyte area and decreased in blood vessels and fibroblast numbers. WAT increased in expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines and decreased in anti-inflammatory adipokine and adiponectin. WAT and gastrocnemius showed impairment in the insulin signaling pathway. In response to PT, MS rats showed increased physical fitness and restoration of certain biometric and biochemical parameters and blood pressure. PT also induced thermogenic modulations in skeletal muscle, WAT and BAT, and also improved the insulin signaling pathway. Collectively, PT was effective in treating MS by inducing improvement in physical fitness and interchangeable effects between skeletal muscle, WAT and BAT, suggesting a development of brown-like adipocyte cells

Peptídeos e interação coração-rim / Peptides and interaction heart-kidney

Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e doença renal crônica (DRC) freqüentemente coexistem. Essa combinação é denominada “síndrome cardiorrenal”. A intersecção entre as disfunções cardíaca e renal apresenta significativa implicação terapêutica e para o prognóstico de pacientes com IC ou com DRC. A coexistência das duas condições está associada com aumento significativo da morbidade e do risco de mortalidade. Os prováveis mecanismos que contribuem para a síndrome cardiorrenal incluem ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) e do sistema nervoso simpático (SNS), bem como os efeitos de outros sistemas peptidérgicos, tais como os peptídeos natriuréticos e a vasopressina. Neste artigo, aspectos gerais dos mediadores do SRA, dos peptídeos natriuréticose da vasopressina serão revistos, focando no papel desses sistemas peptidérgicos nas disfunções cardíacas e renais.

Heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coexist. This combination is commonly referred to as the “cardiorenal syndrome”. The intersection of cardiac and renal dysfunction has important therapeutic and prognostic implications in patients with HF or with CKD. The co-existence of both conditions is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality risk. The putative mechanisms that contribute to cardiorenal syndrome include activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic nervous system as well the effects of other petidergic systems such as natriuretic peptides and vasopressin. In this article, general aspects of RAS mediators, natriuretic peptides and vasopressin are reviewed, focusing on the role of these peptidergic systems in cardiac and renal dysfunctions.