MITO END-3: efficacy of avelumab immunotherapy according to molecular profiling in first-line endometrial cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy significantly improves progression-free survival (PFS) compared to first-line chemotherapy alone in advanced endometrial cancer (EC), with a much larger effect size in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) cases. New biomarkers might help to select patients who may have benefit among those with a microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a pre-planned translational analysis of the MITO END-3 trial, we assessed the significance of genomic abnormalities in patients randomized to standard carboplatin/paclitaxel without or with avelumab. RESULTS: Out of 125 randomized patients, 109 had samples eligible for next-generation sequencing analysis, and 102 had MSI tested. According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), there were 29 cases with MSI-H, 26 with MSS TP53 wild type (wt), 47 with MSS TP53 mutated (mut), and 1 case with POLE mutation. Four mutated genes were present in >30% of cases: TP53, PIK3CA, ARID1A, and PTEN. Eleven patients (10%) had a BRCA1/2 mutation (five in MSI-H and six in MSS). High tumor mutational burden (≥10 muts/Mb) was observed in all MSI-H patients, in 4 out of 47 MSS/TP53 mut, and no case in the MSS/TP53 wt category. The effect of avelumab on PFS significantly varied according to TCGA categories, being favorable in MSI-H and worst in MSS/TP53 mut (P interaction = 0.003); a similar non-significant trend was seen in survival analysis. ARID1A and PTEN also showed a statistically significant interaction with treatment effect, which was better in the presence of the mutation (ARID1A P interaction = 0.01; PTEN P interaction = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The MITO END-3 trial results suggest that TP53 mutation is associated with a poor effect of avelumab, while mutations of PTEN and ARID1A are related to a positive effect of the drug in patients with advanced EC.

Multiple spinal nerve enlargement and SOS1 mutation: Further evidence of overlap between neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan phenotype.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has long been considered a well-defined, recognizable monogenic disorder, with neurofibromas constituting a pathognomonic sign. This dogma has been challenged by recent descriptions of patients with enlarged nerves or paraspinal tumors, suggesting that neurogenic tumors and hypertrophic neuropathy may be a complication of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) or RASopathy phenotype. We describe a 15-year-old boy, whose mother previously received clinical diagnosis of NF1 due to presence of bilateral cervical and lumbar spinal lesions resembling plexiform neurofibromas and features suggestive of NS. NF1 molecular analysis was negative in the mother. The boy presented with Noonan features, multiple lentigines and pectus excavatum. Next-generation sequencing analysis of all RASopathy genes identified p.Ser548Arg missense mutation in SOS1 in the boy, confirmed in his mother. Brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging scans were negative in the boy. No heart involvement or deafness was observed in proband or mother. This is the first report of a SOS1 mutation associated with hypertrophic neuropathy resembling plexiform neurofibromas, a rare complication in Noonan phenotypes with mutations in RASopathy genes. Our results highlight the overlap between RASopathies, suggesting that NF1 diagnostic criteria need rethinking. Genetic analysis of RASopathy genes should be considered when diagnosis is uncertain.

Under-reporting of subjective symptoms and its prognostic value: a pooled analysis of 12 cancer clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Oncologists tend to under-report subjective symptoms during cancer treatment. This study describes the under-reporting rate of selected symptoms and explores its association with overall survival (OS). A secondary aim is to test the association of patient-reported symptoms with OS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis on data pooled from 12 randomized trials, promoted by the National Cancer Institute of Naples (Italy), enrolling patients between 2002 and 2019, with published primary analyses. Occurrence and grade of six side-effects (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea and fatigue) reported by physicians were compared with corresponding symptoms reported by patients in quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires. Under-reporting was defined as the rate of cases reported grade 0 by the physician while grade ≥1 by the patient. Prognostic value was tested in a multivariable model stratified by trial, including age, sex and performance status as confounders. A landmark threshold was defined for OS analyses. RESULTS: 3792 patients with advanced lung, ovarian, pancreatic, breast or colorectal cancer were pooled; 2603 (68.6%) were eligible having at least one toxicity assessment and one QoL questionnaire, before the first planned disease restaging. Concordance between physicians' and patients' reporting was low with Cohen's k coefficients ranging from 0.03 (fatigue) to 0.33 (vomiting). Under-reporting ranged from 52.7% (nausea) to 80.5% (anorexia), and was not associated with OS. Patient-reported anorexia, vomiting and fatigue ('a little' or more) were significantly associated with shorter OS. CONCLUSIONS: Under-reporting of treatment side-effects is frequent, but it does not affect OS. Patients' reported symptoms should be used for prognostic evaluation.

Studies on the structure of aldolase A from chicken muscle.

S-Carboxymethylated chicken muscle aldolase was treated with cyanogen bromide to cleave the 4 methionyl bonds per subunit. Five homogeneous fractions were obtained designated fragments I-V. Fragment I was derived from the N-terminus and fragment II from the C-terminus of the enzyme. Reduction of the enzyme with NaB3H4 in the presence of dihydroxyacetone phosphate decreases the enzymatic activity by 90%. Fragment III contained the Schiff base-forming lysine residue since more than 83% of the radioactivity introduced by NaB3H4 reduction of aldolase-dihydroxyacetone phosphate was found in this fraction. A tryptic peptide of 27 amino acid residues containing the substrate-binding site was isolated. The gross molecular structure of aldolase A from chicken muscle indicates a high degree of homology with mammalian muscle aldolases.

Targeting angiogenesis for treatment of NSCLC brain metastases.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all new lung cancer diagnosis. The majority of people with NSCLC are unsuitable for surgery since most patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. About 60% of brain metastases arise from lung cancer. Therapeutic approaches to brain metastases include surgery, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy and new biologic agents. Angiogenesis is essential for the development and progression of cancer, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical mediator of tumour angiogenesis. One of the targeted approaches most widely studied in the treatment of NSCLC is the inhibition of angiogenesis. Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, is the first targeted agent which, when combined with chemotherapy, has shown superior efficacy versus chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment of advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) metastases have initially been excluded from bevacizumab trials for the risk of cerebral haemorrhage as a result of the treatment. Nevertheless, the available data suggest an equal risk of intracranial bleeding in patients with CNS metastases treated with or without bevacizumab therapy. Several other anti-angiogenetic drugs are being investigated in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients, but results of their activity specifically in CNS metastases are still lacking. This review will focus on the potential role of bevacizumab and other anti-angiogenetic agents in the treatment of brain metastases from NSCLC.

The role of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the first-line treatment of advanced non small cell lung cancer patients harboring EGFR mutation.

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Among lung cancers, 80% are classified as nonsmall- cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are mostly diagnosed at an advanced stage (either locally advanced or metastatic disease). In the last years, the discovery of the pivotal role in tumorigenesis of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has provided a new class of targeted therapeutic agents: the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Since the first reports of an association between somatic mutations in EGFR exons 19 and 21 and response to EGFR-TKIs, treatment of advanced NSCLC has changed dramatically. Histologic profile, clinical characteristics, and mutational profile of lung carcinoma have all been reported as predictive factors of response to EGFR-TKIs and other targeted therapies. In advanced NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations, the use of EGFR TKIs in first-line treatment has provided an unusually large progression-free survival (PFS) benefit with a negligible toxicity when compared with cytotoxic chemotherapy in phase III randomized trials. Considering the findings regarding the excellent benefit and better safety profile of EGFR TKIs in EGFR mutation positive patients, these targeted therapeutic agents can be now considered as first-line treatment in this setting of patients. This review will discuss the new evidences in the role of EGFR-TKIs in the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC and their implication in the current clinical decision-making.

The role of antiangiogenetic agents in the treatment of breast cancer.

Angiogenesis is known to be essential for the development and progression of cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical mediator in tumor angiogenesis for many solid malignancies, including breast cancer. Increased levels of VEGF have been associated with poor clinical outcomes, including reduced survival. VEGF has become an attractive target for cancer therapy in view of its pivotal role in angiogenesis. The primary approaches for inhibiting angiogenesis have focused on inhibiting the activity of VEGF, either by targeting the VEGF ligand itself with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or by interfering with the signaling events downstream of VEGF through the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Bevacizumab is a recombinant, humanized monoclonal IgG1, anti-VEGF antibody that has demonstrated significant clinical benefit in several solid tumors. Bevacizumab has been approved for use in combination with paclitaxel for the first line treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) based on the results of the randomized phase III E2100 trial in which it improves response rate and time to progress when administered with weekly paclitaxel until disease progression. Several trials to define the role of bevacizumab in different setting of disease and in combination with different chemotherapy regimens and targeted therapy in breast cancer patients are ongoing. Other small molecule inhibitors of VEGF tyrosine kinase activity (TKIs) such as sunitinib, vandetanib and sorafenib are being tested in MBC. This review will focus on bevacizumab and on the developements of the main antiangiogenic agents in the treatment of breast cancer.

Angiogenesis inhibitors and vascular disrupting agents in non-small cell lung cancer.

Most patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have advanced disease. Chemotherapy has apparently reached a plateau of effectiveness in improving survival in this subgroup of patients. Considerable efforts have been initiated to identify novel targets for new biological agents which may be safely and effectively administered to NSCLC patients. New blood vessel formation, known as angiogenesis, is a fundamental event in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors play an essential role in tumor proliferation. Approaches to limit VEGF activity include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecules inhibiting the corresponding receptor-tyrosine kinase activity. Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF recombinant humanized mAb, is the first targeted agent which, when combined with chemotherapy, has shown superior efficacy versus chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Future clinical developments of bevacizumab in NSCLC treatment include the combination with other targeted therapies in advanced disease, and the integration into the combined modality approaches for the treatment of early and locally advanced disease stages. Vandetanib, a small molecule targeting VEGF tyrosine-kinase activity, due to first indications of antitumor activity and the excellent toxicity profile seems to be a promising agent for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Other antiangiogenic drugs, such as sorafenib, sunitinib, VEGF Trap and a new class named 'vascular disrupting agents', which includes ASA404, are being tested in ongoing clinical trials which will further define their role in the management of NSCLC. This paper reviews the state of the art and the future developments of the main antiangiogenic agents in the treatment of NSCLC patients.

Erlotinib in cancer treatment.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor that is frequently expressed in many epithelial tumors. The signaling pathways of EGFR is involved in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasions and metastasis. The EGFR was the first receptor to be proposed for cancer therapy and two EGFR-targeted pharmacological approaches have been successfully developed: monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitor of the EGFR TK enzymatic activity. Erlotinib is a quinazoline derivative that selectively and reversibly inhibits the TK activity of EGFR. Erlotinib, on the basis of the results of a large randomized phase III clinical trial (BR21) in which show a survival benefit versus placebo-treated patients, received regular approval for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after failure a platinum-containing chemotherapy. Erlotinib was recently approved in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, and continues to be investigated in a number of tumor types. Furthermore, it has been investigated the role of factors that would predict the efficacy of erlotinib treatment, including anatomoclinical, pathologic and molecular features. This review will focus on the clinical results available with erlotinib in the treatment of NSCLC, pancreatic, head and neck and other tumor types.

Evaluation of a semiautomatic 3D fusion technique applied to molecular imaging and MRI brain/frame volume data sets.

A generally applicable 3D fusion method was evaluated using molecular imaging and MRI volumetric data sets from 15 brain tumor patients with stereotactic frames attached to their skull. Point pairs, placed on the frame only, were chosen, polynomial warping coefficients were generated to map voxels from one coordinate space to the other. The MRI frame was considered the reference structure and the standard for "correct" registration. An ANOVA test (p > 0.05) confirmed the point pair choice to be consistent. The 95% confidence interval for the t-test showed the measured distance difference between the registered volumes was within one MRI voxel. A further experiment was conducted to independently evaluate the brain registration based on testing for consistency of randomly selected interior/exterior points. A t-test result (p < 0.05) showed that the consistency (i.e., both interior or both exterior) before and after volume registration were significantly different. This fusion method may be a viable alternative when other methods fail.