Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.

Coccidioidomycosis: current status of the endemic in Venezuela. / Coccidioidomicosis: estado actual de la endemia en Venezuela.

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection endemic in the Americas, caused by a dimorphic fungus. Inhalation of arthroconidia transported by wind colonize lung tissue causing mycosis. Diagnosis is made through epidemiological and mycological study, complemented by histopathological, molecular and immune response. In Venezuela it has been reported since 1948 when Dr. Humberto Campins described the first case in Barquisimeto, Lara state. The fungal diseases in Venezuela are not mandatory notification,so that t6here is a serious underreporting in the annual statistics of the country; however, the working groups in Mycology manage to keep the data of the cases. The information provided by bioclimatic and environmental variables in endemic areas can contribute to the pursuit of ecological niches of the fungus in order to strengthen eco-epidemiological surveillance of clinical cases and research subclinical cases, strengthening the preventive health system and appropriate medical management of mycosis.

Speech-Stimulating Substances in Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the core domains of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted-repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. A heterogeneous and complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions are grouped in the spectrum. Pro-inflammatory events and immune system dysfunctions are cellular and molecular events associated with ASD. Several conditions co-occur with ASD: seizures, gastro-intestinal problems, attention deficit, anxiety and depression, and sleep problems. However, language and speech issues are key components of ASD symptoms current therapies find difficult to face. Several speech-stimulating substances have been shown to be effective in increasing speech ability in ASD subjects. The need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy is recommended.

Stem cell therapy in autism: recent insights.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by core domains: persistent deficits in social communication and interaction; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. ASDs comprise heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental pathologies with well-defined inflammatory conditions and immune system dysfunction. Due to neurobiologic changes underlying ASD development, cell-based therapies have been proposed and applied to ASDs. Indeed, stem cells show specific immunologic properties, which make them promising candidates in ASD treatment. This comprehensive up-to-date review focuses on ASD cellular/molecular abnormalities, potentially useful stem cell types, animal models, and current clinical trials on the use of stem cells in treating autism. Limitations are also discussed.

Autism Spectrum Disorders: Potential Neuro-Psychopharmacotherapeutic Plant-Based Drugs.

Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.

Seroprevalence of antibodies IgG/IgM anti-T. gondii in women of Coro, Venezuela / Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG / IgM anti-T. gondii en mujeres de Coro, Venezuela

Studies show a high frequency of IgG against T. gondii. The aim was to evaluate the seroprevalence of IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii in 522 women. 13% of seropositivity IgG+/IgM- and 0.7% IgG+/IgM+ was found. This could be due to the climate characteristics who may decrease the transmission. We recommend the evaluation if the environmental may affect the viability of the oocysts.

Los estudios muestran una alta frecuencia de IgG contra T. gondii. El objetivo fue evaluar la seroprevalencia de IgG y IgM anti-T. gondii en 522 mujeres. Se encontró 13% de la seropositividad IgG +/IgM- y 0,7% IgG+/IgM+. Esta frecuencia podría deberse a las características del clima. Recomendamos estudiar si el medio ambiente puede afectar la viabilidad de los ooquistes.

Coccidioidomicosis: estado actual de la endemia en Venezuela / Coccidioidomycosis: current status of the endemic in Venezuela

La coccidioidomicosis es una micosis sistémica endémica del continente americano, causada por un hongo dimórfico. La inhalación de artroconidios transportados por el viento permite la colonización del tejido pulmonar produciendo la micosis. El diagnóstico se realiza a través del estudio epidemiológico y micológico, complementándose con el histopatológico, inmunitario y molecular. En Venezuela ha sido reportada desde 1948 cuando el Dr. Humberto Campins describió el primer caso en Barquisimeto, estado Lara. Las micosis en Venezuela no son enfermedades de denuncia obligatoria por lo que existe un grave subregistro en las estadísticas anuales del país, sin embargo, los Grupos de Trabajo en Micología logran mantener la data de los casos. Los datos aportados acerca de las variables bioclimáticas y ambientales de las zonas endémicas pueden contribuir a la búsqueda del nicho ecológico del hongo, para así apoyar la vigilancia eco-epidemiológica de los casos clínicos y la pesquisa de casos subclínicos, fortaleciendo el sistema preventivo de salud y el manejo médico oportuno de la micosis.

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection endemic in the Americas, caused by a dimorphic fungus. Inhalation of arthroconidia transported by wind colonize lung tissue causing mycosis. Diagnosis is made through epidemiological and mycological study, complemented by histopathological, molecular and immune response. In Venezuela it has been reported since 1948 when Dr. Humberto Campins described the first case in Barquisimeto, Lara state. The fungal diseases in Venezuela are not mandatory notification, so that t6here is a serious underreporting in the annual statistics of the country; however, the working groups in Mycology manage to keep the data of the cases. The information provided by bioclimatic and environmental variables in endemic areas can contribute to the pursuit of ecological niches of the fungus in order to strengthen eco-epidemiological surveillance of clinical cases and research subclinical cases, strengthening the preventive health system and appropriate medical management of mycosis.