Advancing Automatic Gastritis Diagnosis: An Interpretable Multilabel Deep Learning Framework for the Simultaneous Assessment of Multiple Indicators.

The evaluation of morphologic features, such as inflammation, gastric atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia, is crucial for diagnosing gastritis. However, artificial intelligence analysis for nontumor diseases like gastritis is limited. Previous deep learning models have omitted important morphologic indicators and cannot simultaneously diagnose gastritis indicators or provide interpretable labels. To address this, an attention-based multi-instance multilabel learning network (AMMNet) was developed to simultaneously achieve the multilabel diagnosis of activity, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia with only slide-level weak labels. To evaluate AMMNet's real-world performance, a diagnostic test was designed to observe improvements in junior pathologists' diagnostic accuracy and efficiency with and without AMMNet assistance. In this study of 1096 patients from seven independent medical centers, AMMNet performed well in assessing activity [area under the curve (AUC), 0.93], atrophy (AUC, 0.97), and intestinal metaplasia (AUC, 0.93). The false-negative rates of these indicators were only 0.04, 0.08, and 0.18, respectively, and junior pathologists had lower false-negative rates with model assistance (0.15 versus 0.10). Furthermore, AMMNet reduced the time required per whole slide image from 5.46 to only 2.85 minutes, enhancing diagnostic efficiency. In block-level clustering analysis, AMMNet effectively visualized task-related patches within whole slide images, improving interpretability. These findings highlight AMMNet's effectiveness in accurately evaluating gastritis morphologic indicators on multicenter data sets. Using multi-instance multilabel learning strategies to support routine diagnostic pathology deserves further evaluation.

Deep Submucosal Invasion Is Not an Independent Risk Factor for Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Deep submucosal invasion (DSI) is considered a key risk factor for lymph node metastasis (LNM) and important criterion to recommend surgery in T1 colorectal cancer. However, metastatic risk for DSI is shown to be low in the absence of other histologic risk factors. This meta-analysis determines the independent risk of DSI for LNM. METHODS: Suitable studies were included to establish LNM risk for DSI in univariable analysis. To assess DSI as independent risk factor, studies were eligible if risk factors (eg, DSI, poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, and high-grade tumor budding) were simultaneously included in multivariable analysis or LNM rate of DSI was described in absence of poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, and high-grade tumor budding. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-seven studies (21,238 patients) were included. Overall LNM rate was 11.2% and significantly higher for DSI-positive cancers (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 2.10-3.18). Eight studies (3621 patients) were included in multivariable meta-analysis and did not weigh DSI as a significant predictor for LNM (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.96-3.12). As opposed to a significant association between LNM and poor differentiation (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.39-3.28), high-grade tumor budding (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 2.06-3.88), and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.88-5.33). Eight studies (1146 patients) analyzed DSI as solitary risk factor; absolute risk of LNM was 2.6% and pooled incidence rate was 2.83 (95% CI, 1.66-4.78). CONCLUSIONS: DSI is not a strong independent predictor for LNM and should be reconsidered as a sole indicator for oncologic surgery. The expanding armamentarium for local excision as first-line treatment prompts serious consideration in amenable cases to tailor T1 colorectal cancer management.

Comprehensive analysis of immune subtypes reveals the prognostic value of cytotoxicity and FAP+ fibroblasts in stomach adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The heterogeneity limits the effective application of immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Precise immunotyping can help select people who may benefit from immunotherapy and guide postoperative management by describing the characteristics of tumor microenvironment. METHODS: Gene expression profiles and clinical information of patients were collected from ACRG and TCGA-STAD datasets. The immune subtypes (ISs) were identified by consensus clustering analysis. The tumor immune microenvironments (TIME) of each IS were characterized using a series of immunogenomics methods and further confirmed by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) staining in clinical samples. Two online datasets and one in-house dataset were utilized to construct and validate a prognostic immune-related gene (IRG) signature. RESULTS: STAD patients were stratified into five reproducible ISs. IS1 (immune deserve subtype) had low immune infiltration and the highest degree of HER2 gene mutation. With abundant CD8+ T cells infiltration and activated cytotoxicity reaction, patients in the IS2 (immune-activated subtype) had the best overall survival (OS). IS3 and IS4 subtypes were both in the reactive stroma state and indicated the worst prognosis. However, IS3 (immune-inhibited subtype) was characterized by enrichment of FAP+ fibroblasts and upregulated TGF-ß signaling pathway, while IS4 (activated stroma subtype) was characterized by enrichment of ACTA2+ fibroblasts. In addition, mIHC staining confirmed that TGF-ß upregulated FAP+ fibroblasts were independent risk factor of OS. IS5 (chronic inflammation subtype) displayed moderate immune cells infiltration and had a relatively good survival. Lastly, we developed a nine-IRG signature model with a robust performance on overall survival prognostication. CONCLUSIONS: The immunotyping is indicative for characterize the TIME heterogeneity and the prediction of tumor prognosis for STADs, which may provide valuable stratification for the design of future immunotherapy.

Digital Image Analysis of Ki67 Heterogeneity Improves the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Ki67 is a reliable grading and prognostic biomarker of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). The intratumor heterogeneity of Ki67, correlated with tumor progression, is a valuable factor that requires image analysis. The application of digital image analysis (DIA) enables new approaches for the assessment of Ki67 heterogeneity distribution. We investigated the diagnostic utility of Ki67 heterogeneity parameters in the classification and grading of GEP-NENs and explored their clinical values with regard to their prognostic relevance. The DIA algorithm was performed on whole-slide images of 102 resection samples with Ki67 staining. Good agreement was observed between the manual and DIA methods in the hotspot evaluation (R2 = 0.94, P < .01). Using the grid-based region of interest approach, score-based heat maps provided a distinctive overview of the intratumoral distribution of Ki67 between neuroendocrine carcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors. The computation of heterogeneity parameters related to DIA-determined Ki67 showed that the coefficient of variation and Morisita-Horn index were directly related to the classification and grading of GEP-NENs and provided insights into distinguishing high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms (grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor vs neuroendocrine carcinoma, P < .01). Our study showed that a high Morisita-Horn index correlated with poor disease-free survival (multivariate analysis: hazard ratio, 56.69), which was found to be the only independent predictor of disease-free survival in patients with GEP-NEN. These spatial biomarkers have an impact on the classification and grading of tumors and highlight the prognostic associations of tumor heterogeneity. Digitization of Ki67 variations provides a direct and objective measurement of tumor heterogeneity and better predicts the biological behavior of GEP-NENs.

Calcipotriol abrogates cancer-associated fibroblast-derived IL-8-mediated oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells via blocking PI3K/Akt signaling.

Activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been implicated in hesitating tumor progression and chemoresistance of several human malignancies. Yet, the role of VDR in CAF-induced chemotherapy resistance of gastric cancer (GC) cells remains elusive. In this study we first conducted immunohistochemistry analysis on tissue microarrays including 88 pairs of GC and normal mucosa samples, and provided clinical evidence that VDR was mainly expressed in gastric mucous cells but almost invisible in CAFs, and VDR expression was negatively correlated with malignant clinical phenotype and advanced stages, low VDR expression confers to poor overall survival rate of patients with GC. In a co-culture system of primary CAFs and cancer cells, we showed that treatment of HGC-27 and AGS GC cells with VDR ligand calcipotriol (Cal, 500 nM) significantly inhibited CAF-induced oxaliplatin resistance. By using RNA-sequencing and Human Cytokine Antibody Array, we demonstrated that IL-8 secretion from CAFs induced oxaliplatin resistance via activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in GC, whereas Cal treatment greatly attenuated the tumor-supportive effect of CAF-derived IL-8 on GC cells. Taken together, this study verifies the specific localization of VDR in GC tissues and demonstrates that activation of VDR abrogates CAF-derived IL-8-mediated oxaliplatin resistance in GC via blocking PI3K/Akt signaling, suggesting vitamin D supplementation as a potential strategy of enhancing the anti-tumor effect of chemotherapy in GC.

Molecular signatures of tumor progression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma identified by energy metabolism characteristics.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we performed a molecular evaluation of primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) based on the comprehensive analysis of energy metabolism-related gene (EMRG) expression profiles. METHODS: Molecular subtypes were identified by nonnegative matrix clustering of 565 EMRGs. An overall survival (OS) predictive gene signature was developed and internally and externally validated based on three online PAAD datasets. Hub genes were identified in molecular subtypes by weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) coexpression algorithm analysis and considered as prognostic genes. LASSO cox regression was conducted to establish a robust prognostic gene model, a four-gene signature, which performed better in survival prediction than four previously reported models. In addition, a novel nomogram constructed by combining clinical features and the 4-gene signature showed high-confidence clinical utility. According to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene sets related to the high-risk group participate in the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, EMRG-based molecular subtypes and prognostic gene models may provide a novel research direction for patient stratification and trials of targeted therapies.

Multiplexed immunofluorescence analysis of CAF-markers, EZH2 and FOXM1 in gastric tissue: associations with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to explore the expression and clinical relevance of CAF-associated markers, EZH2 and FOXM1 in gastric samples. METHODS: Protein expression were detected and evaluated by multi-plex immunofluorescence (mIF) in 93 cases of gastric cancer (GC) and 31 cases of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN). The correlation among their expression, and the relationship of them with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in GC were then analyzed. RESULTS: FAP was specific expressed in the CAFs of GC samples, and thus be utilized as a CAF-associated marker in our subsequently analysis. The immunostaining of EZH2, FOXM1 and FAP were significantly upregulated in patients with GC tissues than in those normal gastric mucosa or GIN tissues. The average fluorescence intensity of FAP was slightly positively correlated with EZH2 in GC, GIN and normal samples, whereas the percentage of FAP positive cells has no correlation with that of EZH2. Both the percentage of positive cells and the average fluorescence intensity of FOXM1 were positively correlated with that of FAP and EZH2 in GC, GIN and normal samples, except for FOXM1 and EZH2 expression in normal tissue samples. No significant association was observed between FAP expression and any clinicopathological parameters, whereas the positive frequency of EZH2 and FOXM1 were correlated with tumor location significantly and tumor invasion depth, respectively. In addition, there was strong positive correlations between FAP protein expression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and EZH2 expression was positively associated with OS in patients with GC. Furthermore, EZH2 and FAP protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both EZH2 and FOXM1 expression was positively associated with CAFs abundance in GC. They may be potential cellular target for therapeutic intervention, especially in patients with a large number of CAFs.

A study protocol of a randomized phase II trial of perioperative chemoimmunotherapy verses perioperative chemoimmunotherapy plus preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced gastric (G) or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma: the NeoRacing study.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative chemotherapy (ChT) and preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) are both the standard treatments for locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). CRT can achieve a higher pathological complete regression (pCR) rate, but whether this higher pCR rate can be transformed into a long-term survival benefit remains inconclusive. Therefore, relevant studies are in progress. On the other hand, immunotherapy has been established for the first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) and has been widely explored in the perioperative setting. The combination of chemotherapy/radiotherapy and immunotherapy may have a synergistic effect, which will lead to a better antitumor effect. The preliminary reports of ongoing studies show promising results, including a further improved pCR rate. However, the preferred treatment combination for LAGC is still not established. To solve this problem, we are carrying out this randomized phase II trial, which aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of perioperative chemotherapy plus the use of PD-1 antibody with or without preoperative chemoradiation for LAGC. METHODS: Eligible patients with LAGC or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma were randomized to receive perioperative ChT, PD-1 antibody, surgery with (Arm A) or without preoperative CRT (Arm B), and PD-1 antibody maintenance until one year after surgery. The primary endpoint of this study is that the pCR rate of Arm A will be significantly higher than that of Arm B. The secondary endpoints include the pathological partial regression (pPR) rate, R0 resection rate, objective response rate (ORR), event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), safety and surgical complications. Moreover, several explorative endpoints will be evaluated to find and validate the predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy. DISCUSSION: The results of the NeoRacing study will provide important information concerning the application of PD-1 antibody in LAGC patients during the perioperative setting. Meanwhile, the two treatment protocols will be compared in terms of efficacy and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT05161572 . Registered 17 December 2021 - Retrospectively registered.

KRAS Mutation Predicted More Mirometastases and Closer Resection Margins in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases.

BACKGROUND: The presence of micrometastases is a source of recurrence after surgical resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). The KRAS mutation is common in colorectal cancer, however the correlation between KRAS status and micrometastases has not been thoroughly clarified. METHODS: We enrolled a cohort of 251 consecutive CRLM patients who received complete liver surgery with known KRAS mutation status, and collected clinicopathological information, including micrometastases, margin status, preoperative chemotherapy, and liver recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. RESULTS: KRAS-mutant (mutKRAS) patients had a higher incidence (60.3 vs. 40.8%; p = 0.002) and higher number of micrometastases [2.0 (range 0-38.0) vs. 0 (range 0-15.0); p < 0.001] than KRAS wild-type (wtKRAS) patients. The micrometastases in the mutKRAS group were more distant than those in the wtKRAS group [0.7 (range 0.1-9.0) vs. 0.6 (range 0.2-5.0) mm; p = 0.018). The mutKRAS group had more involved margin resections (21.5 vs. 9.2%; p = 0.07) and narrower margin widths [2.0 (range 0-40.0) vs. 4.3 (0-50.0) mm; p = 0.002] than the wtKRAS group. In addition, preoperative chemotherapy was associated with a lower rate of micrometastases in mutKRAS CRLM tumors (p < 0.05). mutKRAS status, positive margins, and micrometastases were all related to worse LRFS and OS (p < 0.05); however, micrometastases were not significantly correlated with OS in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.106). CONCLUSIONS: mutKRAS patients had more micrometastases, increased R1 resections, and narrower margins. The presence of micrometastases may have led to the narrow margin width observed in these cases.

Heterogeneous programmed death-ligand 1 expression in gastric cancer: comparison of tissue microarrays and whole sections.

BACKGROUND: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression determines the eligibility for anti-PD-1 treatment in patients with advanced gastric cancer, but evidence indicates that PD-L1 staining is heterogeneous. Patients who are ineligible for radical surgery could be tested for PD-L1 expression with biopsy staining, but it is unclear if a small biopsy is representative of the PD-L1 status of the whole tumor. The aim of our study was to determine how many biopsy specimens are needed to accurately reflect the objective status of PD-L1 expression in whole sections. METHODS: We built tissue microarrays (TMAs) as substitutes for core biopsies, collecting 6 cores per case from 152 gastric cancer specimens. All of the slides and TMAs underwent PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining, and PD-L1 expression in at least 1% of tumor cells or immune cells was defined as positive. RESULTS: It was necessary to randomly select multiple cores from TMAs to reach a suitable agreement rate (> 90%) and Cohen's κ value (> 0.8) between TMAs and whole sections. We defined the PD-L1 staining status from the whole section as the standard. The evaluation of five randomly selected cores from TMAs agreed well with the evaluation of whole sections. The sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) were 0.93, 0.92, and 0.922 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.863-0.982), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that PD-L1 expression among TMA samples had different degrees of relevance to the corresponding surgical specimens, which indicates that at least five biopsies might be necessary to characterize patients taking anti-PD-1 treatment.

Clinicopathologic features and prognostic value of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations and DNA mismatch repair status: A single-center retrospective study of 1,834 Chinese patients with Stage I-IV colorectal cancer.

Mutations of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status have become an important part of the assessment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), while respective clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance in specific stages and related detection strategies remain unclear. We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathologic features and prognosis of 1,834 patients with Stage I-IV colorectal adenocarcinoma. Mutations in KRAS, NRAS and BRAF and DNA MMR status were determined. The mutation rates of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF were 46.4, 3.2 and 3.5%, respectively, and the mismatch repair gene deletion (dMMR) rate was 5.6%. In a multivariate analysis, female, advanced age, tumor type histology, mucinous carcinoma and positive tumor deposits were associated with a high KRAS mutation rate. A high BRAF mutation rate was associated with female, poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion and positive tumor deposits. Factors associated with high dMMR rates included low age, large tumor size, poor differentiation, Stages I-III. Tumor site was independently associated with KRAS mutation, BRAF mutation and dMMR. KRAS and BRAF mutations were independent risk factors for shorter overall survival (OS) in Stage IV tumors but not in Stage I-III tumors. NRAS mutation was an independent risk factor for shorter OS in Stage I-II tumors. dMMR was independently associated with longer OS in Stage III tumors.

Prediction of Histopathologic Growth Patterns of Colorectal Liver Metastases with a Noninvasive Imaging Method.

OBJECTIVES: To predict histopathologic growth patterns (HGPs) in colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) with a noninvasive radiomics model. METHODS: Patients with chemotherapy-naive CRLMs who underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced multidetector CT (MDCT) followed by partial hepatectomy between January 2007 and January 2019 from two institutions were included in this retrospective study. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained histopathologic sections of CRLMs were reviewed, with HGPs defined according to international consensus. Lesions were divided into training and validation datasets based on patients' sources. Radiomic features were extracted from pre- and post-contrast (arterial and portal venous) phase MDCT images, with review focusing on the segmented tumor-liver interface zones of CRLMs. Minimum redundancy maximum relevance and decision tree methods were used for radiomics modeling. Multivariable logistic regression analyses and ROC curves were used to assess the predictive performance of these models in predicting HGP types. RESULTS: A total of 126 CRLMs with histopathologic-demonstrated desmoplastic (n = 68) or replacement (n = 58) HGPs were assessed. The radiomics signature consisted of 20 features of each phase selected. The 3 phases fused radiomics signature demonstrated the best predictive performance in distinguishing between replacement and desmoplastic HGPs (AUCs of 0.926 and 0.939 in the training and external validation cohorts, respectively). The clinical-radiomics combined model showed good discrimination (C-indices of 0.941 and 0.833 in the training and external validation cohorts, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A radiomics model derived from MDCT images may effectively predict the HGP of CRLMs, thus providing a basis for prognostic stratification and therapeutic decision-making.

Amphicrine carcinoma of the stomach and intestine: a clinicopathologic and pan-cancer transcriptome analysis of a distinct entity.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Amphicrine carcinoma, in which endocrine and epithelial cell constituents are present within the same cell, is very rare. This study characterized the clinicopathologic and survival analysis of this tumor, further compared the genetic diversities among amphicrine carcinoma and other tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of amphicrine carcinoma in this study were analyzed. The pan-cancer transcriptome assay was utilized to compare the genetic expression profile of this entity with that of conventional adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine tumors. RESULTS: Ten cases (all in male patients) were identified in the stomach or intestine, with a median patient age of 62 years. There were characteristic patterns in the tumors: tubular, fusion or single-file growth of goblet- or signet ring-like cells. Four tumors were classified as low-grade and 6 as high-grade according to the histologic architecture. All cases were positive for neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin and chromogranin A) and showed intracellular mucin in the amphicrine components. Four cases exhibited mRNA expression patterns showing transcriptional homogeneity with conventional adenocarcinomas and genetic diversity from neuroendocrine tumors. During the follow-up period, 3 patients died of disease, all of whom had high-grade tumors. Patients with high-grade amphicrine carcinoma had worse outcomes than those with low-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the morphological, immunostaining and transcriptome alterations in amphicrine carcinoma distinct from those in conventional adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, but additional studies are warranted to determine the biological behavior and therapeutic response.

Study protocol of a randomized phase III trial of comparing preoperative chemoradiation with preoperative chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: PREACT.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma is still dismal. There are no standard treatment strategies for these patients. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is a good choice for making a high-quality decision. Generally, MDT will recommend these patients to receive preoperative chemotherapy or preoperative chemoradiation based on all kinds of treatment guidelines. However, the preferred preoperative treatment is still not established. In order to solve this problem, we carry out this randomized phase III trial of comparing preoperative chemoradiation with preoperative chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Eligible patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma are randomized to receive preoperative chemoradiation or preoperative chemotherapy, followed by surgery and postoperative chemotherapy. In the preoperative chemoradiation arm (Pre-CRT), patients receive two cycles of S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX), chemoradiation, then followed by surgery and three more cycles of SOX chemotherapy. In the preoperative chemotherapy arm (Pre-CT), patients receive three cycles of SOX, following surgery three more cycles of SOX are given. The primary endpoint of this trial is to verify that preoperative chemoradiation could significantly improve the 3-year disease free survival (DFS) of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma compared to preoperative chemotherapy. DISCUSSION: The results from this trial will provide important information about whether preoperative chemoradiation could improve survival compared to preoperative chemotherapy among patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03013010. First posted January 6, 2017.

Pim1 supports human colorectal cancer growth during glucose deprivation by enhancing the Warburg effect.

Cancer cells metabolize glucose mainly by glycolysis and are well adapted to metabolic stress. Pim1 is an oncogene that promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis, and its expression is positively correlated with CRC progression. However, the mechanism underlying Pim1 overexpression during CRC progression and the role of Pim1 in CRC metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we discovered that Pim1 expression was significantly upregulated in response to glucose deprivation-induced metabolic stress by AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. Pim1 promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Clinical observations showed that Pim1 expression was higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Pim1 overexpression in CRC tissues not only predicted CRC prognosis in patients but also showed a positive relationship with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Further in vitro experiments showed that Pim1 promoted the Warburg effect and that Pim1 expression was positively correlated with hexokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase A expression. Pim1-silenced cells were more vulnerable to glucose starvation, and Pim1-induced tumor proliferation or tolerance to glucose starvation was attenuated by blocking the Warburg effect. In conclusion, glucose deprivation is one of the mechanisms that leads to elevated Pim1 expression in CRC, and Pim1 upregulation ensures CRC growth in response to glucose deprivation by facilitating the Warburg effect in a compensatory way.

microRNAs expression profile related with response to preoperative radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: It is urgent to find some biochemical markers for predicting the radiochemotherapy sensitivity. microRNAs have a huge potential as a predictive biomarker in gastric cancer. The current study aims to identify the microRNAs related to the radiochemotherapy sensitivity in gastric cancer. METHODS: From April 2012 to August 2014, 40 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer were included into the clinical trial in the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. The lesion specimens of 15 patients were obtained by gastroendoscopy before treatment, and the RNA was extracted. microRNAs array was used to identify the microRNAs with different expression level between sensitive group and non-sensitive group. The microRNAs identified in the array were further confirmed by TaqMan Real-time PCR. RESULTS: 2006 microRNAs were identified by microRNA array, including 302 highly expressed microRNAs and 1704 lowly expressed microRNAs between non-sensitive group and sensitive group. According to the statistical significance (p < 0.05) and expression level (more than twofold or less than 0.5 times), 9 microRNAs were identified. Finally, we chose 6 microRNAs like miR-16-2-3p, miR-340-5p, miR-338-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p and miR-582-5p to determine the sensitive group and non-sensitive group. TaqMan Real-time PCR confirmed the results of microRNA array. CONCLUSIONS: microRNA array can be used to select the microRNAs associated with radiochemotherapy sensitivity in gastric cancer. miR-338-3p and miR-142-3p may be promising predictive biomarkers for such patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration number: NCT03013010 . Name of registry: Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Wtih S1 + Oxaliplatin (SOX) Regimen Followed by Chemoradiation Concurrent With S-1 in Patients With Potentially Resectable Gastric Carcinoma. Date registered: December 31, 2013. The trial was prospectively registered.

Phase II trial of preoperative chemoradiation plus perioperative SOX chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ideal treatment strategy of patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma is unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of preoperative chemoradiation in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients underwent laparoscopic exploration or exploratory laparotomy before chemoradiation. Patients received one cycle of S-1 and oxalipatin followed by concurrent radiation and chemotherapy, then underwent another cycle of S-1 and oxalipatin. Surgery was performed 6-8 weeks after completing radiochemotherapy. The rate of curative gastrectomy and survival were investigated. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrial.gov, number NCT02024217. RESULTS: From April 2012 to August 2014, 40 patients were enrolled in the trial, and 36 patients were assessable. The most common hematologic toxic effects were leukopenia (80.6%), neutropenia (69.4%), and thrombocytopenia (50%); the most common nonhematologic toxic effects were anorexia (50%), nausea (22.3%), and vomiting (13.9%). There were no treatment related deaths. A total of 33 patients underwent second exploratory laparotomy after preoperative chemoradiation, and 24 (67%) patients received curative gastrectomy. The rates of pathological complete response (pCR) were 13.9%. The medial survival time (MST) was 30.3 months. CONCLUSION: Preoperative chemoradiation may be an effective treatment strategy among patients with locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.

PTTG3P promotes gastric tumour cell proliferation and invasion and is an indicator of poor prognosis.

Pseudogenes play a crucial role in cancer progression. However, the role of pituitary tumour-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P) in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Here, we showed that PTTG3P expression was abnormally up-regulated in GC tissues compared with that in normal tissues both in our 198 cases of clinical samples and the cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. High PTTG3P expression was correlated with increased tumour size and enhanced tumour invasiveness and served as an independent negative prognostic predictor. Moreover, up-regulation of PTTG3P in GC cells stimulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro in cell experiments and in vivo in nude mouse models, and the pseudogene functioned independently of its parent genes. Overall, these results reveal that PTTG3P is a novel prognostic biomarker with independent oncogenic functions in GC.

DIXDC1 activates the Wnt signaling pathway and promotes gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis.

DIXDC1 (Dishevelled-Axin domain containing 1) is a DIX (Dishevelled-Axin) domain-possessing protein that promotes colon cancer cell proliferation and increases the invasion and migration ability of non-small-cell lung cancer via the PI3K pathway. As a positive regulator of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, the biological role of DIXDC1 in human gastric cancer and the relationship between DIXDC1 and the Wnt pathway are unclear. In the current study, the upregulation of DIXDC1 was detected in gastric cancer and was associated with advanced TNM stage cancer, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. We also found that the overexpression of DIXDC1 could promote the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells. The upregulation of MMPs and the downregulation of E-cadherin were found to be involved in the process. DIXDC1 enhanced ß-catenin nuclear accumulation, which activated the Wnt pathway. Additionally, the inhibition of ß-catenin in DIXDC1-overexpressing cells reversed the metastasis promotion effects of DIXDC1. These results demonstrate that the expression of DIXDC1 is associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients and that DIXDC1 promotes gastric cancer invasion and metastasis through the activation of the Wnt pathway; E-cadherin and MMPs are also involved in this process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pancreatic carcinosarcoma with the same KRAS gene mutation in both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components: molecular evidence for monoclonal origin of the tumour.

AIMS: To better understand the histogenesis, prognosis and feasible treatment of pancreatic carcinosarcoma, a rare type of neoplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated eight additional cases of pancreatic carcinosarcoma at a single institution, including the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and KRAS mutation characteristics. We have also reviewed the current literature on this rare type of neoplasia, and summarized the clinicopathological features and feasible treatments. As a result, concordant strong nuclear immunoreactivity for P53 protein and the same type of KRAS gene mutation, c.35G>A (p.G12D) or c.35G>T (p.G12V), were showed in both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in five of eight cases. Furthermore, we found that the patients treated with surgery plus postoperative chemotherapy had longer survival than those treated with surgery only (P = 0.034 and P = 0.131 for overall survival and disease-free survival, respectively), although Cox regression multivariate analysis indicated that it was not an independent predictor. In addition, we found KRAS mutant allele-specific imbalance in four of our five cases of pancreatic carcinosarcoma, which was associated with advanced disease and a worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest panel of cases of pancreatic carcinosarcoma studied so far, including clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular cytogenetic features. Our findings indicate that the tumour could have been of monoclonal origin, and that the sarcomatous components might have arisen from metaplastic transformation of the carcinomatous components. Our results also suggest that surgery plus POC including gemcitabine may be a good choice for patients with pancreatic carcinosarcoma.