[Modified Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index Scale used in patients with knee osteoarthritis].

Objective: To modify Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for more accurate evaluation of patients with knee osteoarthritis in China,and its reliability and validity were measured. Methods: The WOMAC was modified through reviewing relevant literatures and practical survey.Total of 120 patients were enrolled in this study. The subjects completed the WOMAC,the modified WOMAC and Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form(SF-36), and 113 of the questionnaires were valid for analysis [27 males (23.9%), 86 females (76.1%), aged (59±10) years]. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach α reliability coefficient were used to analyze the modified WOMAC's reliability; exploratory factor analysis was adopted to analyze the validity of WOMAC and the modified WOMAC; Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to make a correlation analysis among SF-36, WOMAC and the modified WOMAC. Results: For the four dimensions: pain, stiffness, function and life quality in the modified WOMAC, the intraclass correlation coefficient values were 0.861-0.910 and Cronbach α values were 0.751-0.936. In the content validity analysis, the number of extracted common factors for the four dimensions: pain,stiffness,function and life quality in the modified WOMAC were 1,1,2 and 1 respectively. The total variance interpretation rate was 65.684%, 84.367%, 67.252% and 67.572%, respectively. In the construct validity analysis, 4 common factors were extracted for WOMAC and the modified WOMAC respectively. The total variance interpretation rate was 70.100% and 67.213%, respectively. Both WOMAC and the modified WOMAC had a significant correlation with SF-36. Conclusion: The modified WOMAC is more suitable for Chinese living habits, but it still needs to be further evaluated with larger samples.

Antidamping-Torque-Induced Switching in Biaxial Antiferromagnetic Insulators.

We investigate the current-induced switching of the Néel order in NiO(001)/Pt heterostructures, which is manifested electrically via the spin Hall magnetoresistance. Significant reversible changes in the longitudinal and transverse resistances are found at room temperature for a current threshold lying in the range of 10^{7} A/cm^{2}. The order-parameter switching is ascribed to the antiferromagnetic dynamics triggered by the (current-induced) antidamping torque, which orients the Néel order towards the direction of the writing current. This is in stark contrast to the case of antiferromagnets such as Mn_{2}Au and CuMnAs, where fieldlike torques induced by the Edelstein effect drive the Néel switching, therefore resulting in an orthogonal alignment between the Néel order and the writing current. Our findings can be readily generalized to other biaxial antiferromagnets, providing broad opportunities for all-electrical writing and readout in antiferromagnetic spintronics.

Time Resolved Measurements of the Switching Trajectory of Pt/Co Elements Induced by Spin-Orbit Torques.

We report the experimental observation of spin-orbit torque induced switching of perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co elements in a time resolved stroboscopic experiment based on high resolution Kerr microscopy. Magnetization dynamics is induced by injecting subnanosecond current pulses into the bilayer while simultaneously applying static in-plane magnetic bias fields. Highly reproducible homogeneous switching on time scales of several tens of nanoseconds is observed. Our findings can be corroborated using micromagnetic modeling only when including a fieldlike torque term as well as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction mediated by finite temperature.

[Clinical experience of 2 543 cases of congenital heart diseases undergoing totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgery in a single center].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience of totally thoracoscopic cardiac surgical (TTCS) at congenital heart diseases (CHD) treatment. METHODS: From April 2000 to March 2016, 2 543 patients with CHD underwent TTCS in Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, including 957 male and 1 586 female patients. The age ranged from 0.5 to 66.0 years with a mean age of (21±18) years. The body weight ranged from 6 to 118 kg with a mean of (49±30) kg. Patients were diagnosed with echocardiography or transesophagel echocardiography as complex or complicated CHD which was unsuitable for percutaneous procedure. Surgical procedures were performed through 3 holes inserted at the right chest wall, and catheters were placed in the right femoral artery and vein to set up cardiopulmonary bypass.The ascending aorta was cross-clamped with long tailor-made forceps and the myocardium was protected by coronary perfusion with cold crystalloid(blood)cardioplegia. There were 787 cases (from January 2013 to December 2015) were selected to compare with 710 cases underwent conventional thoracotomy over the same period. Statistical analysis was performed by t test, t' test, rank-sum test, χ(2) test and Fisher exact test, respectively. RESULTS: The total death rate and the major complication rate of the operation were 0.35% (9/2 543) and 2.28% (58/2 543), respectively. All patients were followed up 1 to 190 months and the average follow-up time was (75±34) months. No residual shunt or obvious mitral/tricuspid regurgitation was observed, and the patients gained better cardiac function as level Ⅰ to Ⅱ (New York Heart Association classification). There was no significant difference in aorta clamp time, ICU stay, hospital cost, and surgical fatality rate between 787 patients underwent TTCS and 710 conventional thoracotomy. The cardiopulmonary bypass time ((31±20) minuets vs. (40±17) minuets, t'=9.407, P=0.001), operation time ((91±27) minuets vs. ( 102±64) minuets, t'=4.251, P=0.000), hospital stay ((5.3±2.2) d vs. (13.0±4.0) d, t'=45.463, P=0.000), postoperative drainage (M(QR): 33(17) ml vs. 121(53) ml, T=2.632, P=0.000) and major complications (7/787 vs. 23/710, χ(2)=10.49, P=0.001) were significantly reduced and no sternal deformation occurrence (0 vs. 192/710, χ(2)=244.10, P=0.000) in TTCS group. While the cost was higher in TTCS group ((24 000±400) yuan vs. (20 000±400) yuan, t=19.320, P=0.000). CONCLUSION: TTCS is feasible, safe, and minimal invasive for patients with CHD, resulting in quick recovery and good median-long term outcomes.

Effects of BCL2 transfection on the cell cycle and proliferation of human GES-1 cells.

We investigated the effects of BCL2 transfection on the cell cycle and proliferation of GES-1 cells. A pcDNA3-BCL2 plasmid was used to transfect GES-1 cell line human gastric epithelial cells. Clones were obtained by G418 screening. BCL2-positive cells were identified by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The pcDNA3-BCL2 vectors carrying the NeoR gene were transfected into GES-1 cells, while the empty plasmid was transfected into the same cells as controls. BCL2-positive clones were screened by neomycin 418 (G418). Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed morphological changes, and the effects of BCL2 transfection on cell proliferation were analyzed by cell counting and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The plasmid pcDNA3-BCL2 was identified by restriction enzyme digestion. Different degrees of BCL2 gene expression were detected in all seven clones. BCL2 was expressed mainly in the cytoplasm and the nuclear membrane. There were significantly more S-phase cells in the transfection group than in the controls. The morphology did not change after H&E staining. Cell growth was faster than in the controls after transfection for 6 days. At 24, 48, and 72 h after transfection, the A values were 4.15 ± 0.31, 5.98 ± 0.56, and 8.94 ± 0.79; those of the controls were 3.01 ± 0.20, 4.76 ± 0.52, and 7.69 ± 0.84; there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). BCL2 transfection increased GES-1 cells in the S phase; the GES-1 cells were stable and BCL2 expression was high, which promoted cell proliferation.

Efficacy of dendritic cell-cytokine-induced killer immunotherapy plus intensity-modulated radiation therapy in treating elderly patients with esophageal carcinoma.

We investigated the clinical efficacy of adoptive cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell and dendritic cell (DC) therapy plus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for treating elderly patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC). In total, 68 elderly patients with EC were randomized to receive IMRT plus DC-CIK immunotherapy (study group, N = 34) or IMRT only (control group, N = 34). Clinical efficacy, immune function, toxicity and side effects, and life quality were evaluated after treatment. The efficacy rate was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. Remarkable increases were noted for quality of life and immune function in the study group relative to the control group. Regarding toxicity and side effects, compared with the control group, the study group displayed a higher fever rate, a lower incidence rate of bone marrow suppression, and a similar rate of digestive tract reactions. DC-CIK immunotherapy plus IMRT exhibited better short-term efficacy than IMRT alone in elderly patients with EC. The therapy could improve patients'quality of life and immune function, decrease bone marrow suppression, and lengthen survival time.

Pharmacogenetics of DNA repair gene polymorphisms in non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients on platinum-based chemotherapy.

Individual differences in chemosensitivity and clinical outcome of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients can be influenced by host-inherited factors. We investigated the impact of XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC1 Arg280His, XRCC1 Arg399Gln, XPD Arg156Arg, XPD Asp312Asn, XPD Asp711Asp, and XPD Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms on treatment efficacy in 375 NSCLC patients on platinum-based chemotherapy. We also examined progression-free survival and overall survival. The gene polymorphisms were analyzed by duplex PCR. The patients with XRCC1 399A/A had a significantly better response to chemotherapy. Individuals with XPD 711 Asp and XPD 312 Asn alleles responded poorly to chemotherapy when compared with the wide-type genotype. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) in the Cox regression model was calculated. The XRCC1 399A/A polymorphism was associated with better progression free survival and overall survival of NSCLC patients (HR=0.61 and 0.55). On the other hand, the XPD 711 Asp allele was associated with poorer progression free survival and overall survival compared to the C/C genotype, with HRs of 1.89 and 1.90. The XPD 312 Asn allele was found to be associated with non-significantly reduced survival of NSCLC patients (HR = 1.73). In conclusion, we found the polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XPD to be related to the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. This information should aid in therapeutic decisions for individualized therapy in NSCLC cases.

Role of XRCC1 and ERCC5 polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

We aimed to assess the role of polymorphisms of the XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC1 Arg399Gln, ERCC5 His1104Asp, and ERCC5 His46His genes on clinical outcomes of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. A total of 378 NSCLC patients were asked to participate within 1 month after diagnosis between January 2005 and January 2006, and they were followed up until November 2011. Genomic DNA of the four genes was extracted using the Qiagen Blood Kit. Results showed that individuals with XRCC1 399A/A and ERCC5 46T/T genotypes were more likely to show positive responses to chemotherapy, with odds ratio (OR) = 2.27 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.64-6.97, and OR = 1.90, CI = 1.10-3.28, respectively. The XRCC1 399A/A genotype was significantly associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates, and the hazard ratios (HRs) (95%CI) were 0.48 (0.25-0.88) and 0.51 (0.26-0.98), respectively. Similarly, NSCLC patients carrying the ERCC5 46T/T genotype were more likely to show increased PFS and OS, with HRs (95%CI) of 0.47 (0.22-0.82) and 0.52 (0.31-0.96), respectively. In conclusion, our study indicated that XRCC1 Arg399Gln and ERCC5 His46His might significantly influence the response to chemotherapy, and the two genetic polymorphisms are suggested to be routinely detected to determine NSCLC patients that are more likely to benefit from chemotherapy.

The role of nisin in fuel ethanol production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

AIMS: To investigate the effects of nisin on lactobacilli contamination of yeast during ethanol fermentation and to determine the appropriate concentration required to control the growth of selected lactobacilli in a YP/glucose media fermentation model. METHODS AND RESULTS: The lowest concentration of nisin tested (5 IU ml(-1) ) effectively controlled the contamination of YP/glucose media with 10(6) CFU ml(-1) lactobacilli. Lactic acid yield decreased from 5.0 to 2. 0 g l(-1) and potential ethanol yield losses owing to the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis were reduced by 11 and 7.8%, respectively. Approximately, equal concentrations of lactic acid were produced by Lact. plantarum and Lact. brevis in the presence of 5 and 2 IU ml(-1) nisin, respectively, thus demonstrating the relatively higher nisin sensitivity of Lact. brevis for the strains in this study. No differences were observed in the final ethanol concentrations produced by yeast in the absence of bacteria at any of the nisin concentrations tested. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolism of contaminating bacteria was reduced in the presence of 5 IU ml(-1) nisin, resulting in reduced lactic acid production and increased ethanol production by the yeast. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteriocins represent an alternative to the use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial contamination in fuel ethanol plants and may be important in preventing the emergence of antibiotic-resistant contaminating strains.

Construction of the industrial ethanol-producing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to ferment cellobiose and melibiose.

The gene mel1, encoding alpha-galactosidase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the gene bgl2, encoding and beta-glucosidase in Trichoderma reesei, were isolated and co-expressed in the industrial ethanol-producing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting strains were able to grow on cellobiose and melibiose through simultaneous production of sufficient extracellular alpha-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activity. Under aerobic conditions, the growth rate of the recombinant strain GC 1 co-expressing 2 genes could achieve 0.29 OD600 h(-1) and a biomass yield up to 7.8 g l(-1) dry cell weight on medium containing 10.0 g l(-1) cellobiose and 10.0 g l(-1) melibiose as sole carbohydrate source. Meanwhile, the new strain of S. cerevisiae CG 1 demonstrated the ability to directly produce ethanol from microcrystalline cellulose during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Approximately 36.5 g l(-1) ethanol was produced from 100 g of cellulose supplied with 5 g l(-1) melibose within 60 h. The yield (g of ethanol produced/g of carbohydrate consumed) was 0.44 g/g, which corresponds to 88.0% of the theoretical yield.

Spectroscopic studies on the thermodynamics of L-cysteine capped CdSe/CdS quantum dots--BSA interactions.

CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) capped with L-cysteine can provide an effective platform for the interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA). In this study, absorption and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy were used to study the binding reactions of QDs with BSA, respectively. The binding constant (≈10(4) M(-1)) from FL quenching method matches well with that determined from the absorption spectral changes. The modified Stern-Volmer quenching constant (5.23 × 10(4), 5.22 × 10(4), and 4.90 × 10(4) M(-1)) and the binding sites (≈1) at different temperatures (304 K, 309 K, and 314 K) and corresponding thermodynamic parameters were calculated (∆G < 0, ∆H < 0, and ∆S < 0). The results show the quenching constant is inversely correlated with temperature. It indicates the quenching mechanism is the static quenching in nature rather than dynamic quenching. The negative values of free energy (∆G < 0) suggest that the binding process is spontaneous, ∆H < 0 and ∆S < 0 suggest that the binding of QDs to BSA is enthalpy-driven. The enthalpy and entropy changes for the formation of ground state complex depend on the capping agent of QDs and the protein types. Furthermore, the reaction forces were discussed between QDs and BSA, and the results show hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play a major role in the binding reaction.

T-lymphocyte subpopulations and B7-H1/PD-1 expression in nasal polyposis.

T-lymphocyte subpopulations and B7-H1/programmed death-1 (PD-1) positive lymphocytes infiltrating nasal polyps were evaluated in 17 patients with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Peripheral blood samples were also obtained from the patients and from 11 healthy controls. The CD4(+), CD8(+), CD3(+), CD19(+), B7-H1(+) and PD-1(+) lymphocyte populations were measured using flow cytometry. Lymphocytes from nasal polyps had significantly fewer CD4(+) but significantly more CD8(+) T-cells compared with lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients and controls. The percentages of CD19(+)/B7-H1(+) B-cells and of CD3(+)/PD-1(+) T-cells were significantly higher in the nasal polyp samples than in those from peripheral blood of patients and controls. Changes in the T-lymphocyte subpopulations and in the up-regulation of B7-H1 and PD-1 in lymphocytes infiltrating nasal polyps may be involved in the development of the chronic inflammation associated with nasal polyposis.

Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance driven by magnetic phase transition.

The independent control of two magnetic electrodes and spin-coherent transport in magnetic tunnel junctions are strictly required for tunneling magnetoresistance, while junctions with only one ferromagnetic electrode exhibit tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance dependent on the anisotropic density of states with no room temperature performance so far. Here, we report an alternative approach to obtaining tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in α'-FeRh-based junctions driven by the magnetic phase transition of α'-FeRh and resultantly large variation of the density of states in the vicinity of MgO tunneling barrier, referred to as phase transition tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance. The junctions with only one α'-FeRh magnetic electrode show a magnetoresistance ratio up to 20% at room temperature. Both the polarity and magnitude of the phase transition tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance can be modulated by interfacial engineering at the α'-FeRh/MgO interface. Besides the fundamental significance, our finding might add a different dimension to magnetic random access memory and antiferromagnet spintronics.Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance is promising for next generation memory devices but limited by the low efficiency and functioning temperature. Here the authors achieved 20% tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance at room temperature in magnetic tunnel junctions with one α'-FeRh magnetic electrode.

Platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase A379V (exon 11) gene polymorphism is an independent and functional risk factor for premature myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Oxidation of low density lipoproteins is an initial step of atherogenesis that generates pro-inflammatory phospholipids, including platelet-activating factor (PAF). PAF is degraded by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which has been postulated to be a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI). The role of PAF-AH for the onset of premature MI is unclear. METHODS: Polymorphisms located in putatively functional regions were investigated in a cohort of patients having premature MI onset prior to 46 years of age (n = 200) and a sex-age-matched control group (n = 200). The activity of PAF-AH and coronary angiograms were evaluated for the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS: The V allele of A379V (exon 11) polymorphism on PAF-AH gene was more frequent in patients with premature MI (P = 0.001). This V allele polymorphism was also associated with a lower activity of plasma PAF-AH and a more complex coronary atherosclerosis (p Trends <0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that this polymorphism was an independent risk factor (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.66, 95% CI 1.14.1 to 5.80, P = 0.008) as well as smoking (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.77 to 9.28, P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.32, P = 0.007) and hypertension (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.36, P = 0.003) for the onset of premature MI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a functional and significant association between the A379V polymorphism on exon 11 of PAF-AH gene and premature MI exists in this Taiwanese population. This polymorphism is significantly associated with the PAF-AH activity and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.

Apoptosis and growth inhibition in malignant lymphocytes after treatment with arsenic trioxide at clinically achievable concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) can induce clinical remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia via induction of differentiation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). We investigated the effects of As2O3 on a panel of malignant lymphocytes to determine whether growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of As2O3 can be observed in these cells at clinically achievable concentrations. METHODS: Eight malignant lymphocytic cell lines and primary cultures of lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma cells were treated with As2O3, with or without dithiothreitol (DTT) or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis). Apoptosis was assessed by cell morphology, flow cytometry, annexin V protein level, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling of DNA fragments. Cellular proliferation was determined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA and flow cytometry and by use of a mitotic arrest assay. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi(m)) was measured by means of rhodamine 123 staining and flow cytometry. Protein expression was assessed by western blot analysis or immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Therapeutic concentrations of As2O3 (1-2 microM) had dual effects on malignant lymphocytes: 1) inhibition of growth through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and prolongation of cell cycle time and 2) induction of apoptosis. As2O3-induced apoptosis was preceded by delta psi(m) collapse. DTT antagonized and BSO enhanced As2O3-induced ATP depletion, delta psi(m) collapse, and apoptosis. Caspase-3 activation, usually resulting from delta psi(m) collapse, was not always associated with As2O3-induced apoptosis. As2O3 induced PML (promyelocytic leukemia) protein degradation but did not modulate expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including c-myc, retinoblastoma protein, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, cyclin D1, and p53, or expression of differentiation-related antigens. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial growth inhibition and apoptosis without evidence of differentiation were induced in most malignant lymphocytic cells treated with 1-2 microM As2O3. As2O3 may prove useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoproliferative disorders.

A novel Pt-Co alloy hydrogen anode catalyst with superlative activity, CO-tolerance and robustness.

PtCo nanoparticles, having two atomic layers of stabilized Pt skin, supported on carbon black (Pt2AL-PtCo/C), exhibited superlative mass activity for the CO-tolerant hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), together with high robustness with respect to air exposure, as a novel anode catalyst in reformate gas-based polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The high area-specific HOR activity and CO tolerance are consistent with DFT calculations.

Lipocortin 1 co-associates with cytokeratins 8 and 18 in A549 cells via the N-terminal domain.

An affinity chromatography strategy was used to search for proteins in A549 cells which interact with the N-terminus of lipocortin 1 (annexin 1). Using the biologically active fragment Lc13-25 as the affinity ligand, two proteins of molecular weight (m.w.) 52 and 48kDa were extracted. Affinity blots of these proteins bound iodinated Lc13-25. Partial tryptic digests of these proteins were analysed by matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry and found to display fragmentation patterns with a strong similarity to those of cytokeratin 8 and 18 respectively. Subsequent blotting with a panel of specific cytokeratin antibodies strongly supported the idea that the two proteins were cytokeratin 8 and cytokeratin 18. Cytokeratin 8 was isolated from A549 cells in intermediate filament (IF) preparations which were also found to contain lipocortin 1 as a potential intermediate filament associated protein (IFAP). This association persisted throughout cycles of IF assembly and disassembly. Dual-labelling immuno-histochemistry in A549 cells showed strong co-localization of lipocortin 1 and cytokeratin 8. The implications of this finding are discussed in the light of the biological activity and possible function of lipocortin 1.

Functional mutation in the promoter region of thrombomodulin gene in relation to carotid atherosclerosis.

Thrombomodulin is an important endothelial anticoagulant protein that decreases thrombin activity and activates protein C. Our recent study has shown that the G-33A promoter mutation of thrombomodulin gene is associated with coronary artery disease. This study was conducted to determine whether the G-33A mutation in the promoter region of thrombomodulin gene is a genetic risk factor for ischemic stroke or carotid atherosclerosis. The functional significance of this mutation was also evaluated. We recruited 333 patients (mean age 64 years, 59% male) with ischemic stroke and 257 age- and sex-matched controls. In all study participants, carotid atherosclerosis was assessed by Duplex scanning, and thrombomodulin G-33A promoter mutation was detected by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to assess the influence of this mutation on thrombomodulin promoter activity. There was no significant difference in the thrombomodulin G-33A mutation frequency (GA+AA genotypes) between the stroke and the control groups (18.3 vs. 24. 1%, P=0.105). The G-33A mutation frequency was also similar between the study participants with and without carotid atherosclerosis (22.2 vs. 19.8%, P=0.550). When only younger subjects (age

O-carbamoylsalicylates: agents for modification of hemoglobins.

To combine the attractive features of cyanate and of O-acetylsalicylate as hemoglobin-modifying agents we have prepared carbamoylsalicylate. This compound is a close analogue of aspirin and also resembles a masked cyanate. O-Carbamoylsalicylate and some related carbamates modify hemoglobin substantially, even at 5 mM concentration.